Erechtites hieraciifolius (American burnweed)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC
Preferred Common Name
- American burnweed
Other Scientific Names
- Erechtites agrestis (Sw.) Standl. & Steyerm.
- Erechtites cacalioides (Fisch. ex Spreng.) Less.
- Erechtites carduifolius (Cass.) DC.
- Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf.
- Erechtites hieraciifolius Walp.
- Erechtites praealtus Raf.
- Erechtites sulcata Gardner
- Gynura aspera Ridl.
- Gynura malasica (Ridl.) Ridl.
- Neoceis carduifolia Cass.
- Senecio carduifolius (Cass.) Desf.
- Senecio hieraciifolius L.
International Common Names
- English: American fireweed; burnweed; fireweed; Malayan groundsel; pilewort
- Spanish: achicoria; lechiguilla
- French: crève-à-yeux; érechtite à feuilles d’ épervièr
- Chinese: liang zi cai
- Portuguese: caruru-amargoso
Local Common Names
- Bahamas: eastern fireweed
- Czech Republic: star
- Dominican Republic: semilla quemada
- El Salvador: té del suelo
- Germany: amerikanisches Scheingreiskraut; Scheinkreuzkraut
- Haiti: coté soleil
- Hungary: amerikai keresztlapu
- Lesser Antilles: laitue sauvage
- Poland: erechtites jastrzębcowaty
- Puerto Rico: achicoria de cabra
- USA: butterweed; eastern burnweed; white fireweed
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageErechtites hieraciifolius is a fast-growing, annual herb that is native to North, Central and South America and the Caribbean. It is recorded as an environmental and agricultural weed in areas both within and outside its native distribution. Mature plants can produce large amounts of wind-dispersed seed, facilitating the colonisation of new areas. It is adapted to grow in a wide range of disturbed anthropogenic habitats and can outcompete other species to form dense populations. It may also spread as a seed contaminant of crops. Currently, it is listed as invasive in Hong Kong, Hawaii, the Galapagos Islands, French Polynesia, Palau, US Minor Outlying Islands, New Zealand and Hungary. It is also considered a potential weed in Australia, where it is under quarantine.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Asterales
- Family: Asteraceae
- Genus: Erechtites
- Species: Erechtites hieraciifolius
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThe family Asteraceae, with 1620 genera and more than 23,600 species, is one of the most diverse families of flowering plants (Stevens, 2012). Species within the Asteraceae are very variable in their growth form and habitat, but may be recognized by their capitulate and involucrate inflorescences, in which numerous small flowers open on the outside and are infrequently subtended by bracts. The anthers in this family are usually fused and form a tube through which the style extends before the two stigmatic lobes separate and become recurved. The rather small, single-seeded fruits usually have a plumose ‘pappus’ and are frequently dispersed by wind (Stevens, 2012; Flora Mesoamericana, 2016).
Erechtites is a small genus native to the New World, which comprises about 15 species (Flora Mesoamericana, 2016). The species name Erechtites hieraciifolius is often misspelled as E. hieracifolia or E. hieraciifolia but, according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et al., 2006), Erechtites hieraciifolius is the correct name.
Description
Top of pageThe following description is from the Flora of China Editorial Committee (2016):
Herbs, annual. Stem solitary, erect, 40-100 cm tall, simple or much branched in upper part, striate, sparsely pubescent. Leaves sessile, winged; blade lanceolate to oblong, 7-16 x 3-4 cm, both surfaces glabrous or shortly pubescent on veins, pinnately veined, basally gradually attenuate or subamplexicaul, margin irregularly coarsely dentate, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Capitula numerous, arranged in terminal corymb, ca 15 x 1.5-1.8 mm. Involucres yellowish to brown-green, tubular, calyculate at base, bracteoles linear; phyllaries uniseriate, linear or linear-lanceolate, 8-11 x 0.5-1 mm, glabrous or sparsely pilose, margin narrowly scarious, apically acute or rather obtuse. Florets numerous, greenish or red tinged, tubular; outer florets uni- or biseriate, corolla filiform, 7-11 mm, 4- or 5-denticulate; central florets minutely tubular, 8-12 mm, 5-denticulate. Achenes cylindric, 2.5-3 mm, conspicuously ribbed. Pappus white, 7-8 mm.
Distribution
Top of pageE. hieraciifolius is native to the Americas, from southeast Canada to northern Argentina and the Caribbean (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012; Flora Mesoamericana, 2016; USDA-ARS, 2016). It has been widely introduced to China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Cuba and middle and southeastern Europe (Darbyshire et al., 2012; DAISIE, 2016; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016; PIER, 2016). It is also listed as invasive in Hong Kong, Hawaii, the Galapagos Islands, Hungary and a number of islands in Oceania, including New Zealand (Wagner et al., 1999; Wu, 2001; Csiszár, 2006; PIER, 2016).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present | Introduced | Present based on regional records | ||||
-Fujian | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Guizhou | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Sichuan | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Yunnan | Present | Introduced | |||||
Hong Kong | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Indonesia | Present | Introduced | Present based on regional records | ||||
-Java | Present | Introduced | |||||
Japan | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Bonin Islands | Present | Introduced | |||||
North Korea | Present | Introduced | 1999 | As: Erechtites hieracifolia | |||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
South Korea | Present | Introduced | 1971 | As: Erechtites hieracifolia | |||
Taiwan | Present | Introduced | 1939 | As: Erechtites hieracifolia | |||
Europe |
|||||||
Austria | Present | Introduced | 1887 | ||||
Czechia | Present | Introduced | Listed as E. hieraciifolia. Established | ||||
Germany | Present | Introduced | Listed as E. hieraciifolia. Established | ||||
Hungary | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Neophyte | |||
Poland | Present | Introduced | Listed as E. hieraciifolia. Established | ||||
Romania | Present | Introduced | Listed as E. hieraciifolia. Established | ||||
Slovakia | Present | Introduced | 1896 | As: Erechtites hieraciifolia | |||
Slovenia | Present | Introduced | 1890 | As: Erechtites hieraciifolia | |||
North America |
|||||||
Antigua and Barbuda | Present | Native | |||||
Bahamas | Present | Native | |||||
Belize | Present | Native | |||||
Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba | |||||||
-Sint Eustatius | Present | Native | |||||
British Virgin Islands | Present | Native | Tortola | ||||
Canada | Present | Native | Present based on regional records | ||||
-New Brunswick | Present | Native | |||||
-Nova Scotia | Present | Native | |||||
-Ontario | Present | Native | |||||
-Prince Edward Island | Present | Native | |||||
-Quebec | Present | Native | |||||
Cayman Islands | Present | Native | |||||
Costa Rica | Present | Native | |||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | |||||
Dominica | Present | Native | |||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Native | |||||
El Salvador | Present | Native | |||||
Grenada | Present | Native | |||||
Guadeloupe | Present | Native | |||||
Guatemala | Present | Native | |||||
Haiti | Present | Native | |||||
Honduras | Present | Native | |||||
Jamaica | Present | Native | |||||
Martinique | Present | Native | |||||
Mexico | Present | Native | |||||
Netherlands Antilles | Present | Native | |||||
Nicaragua | Present | Native | |||||
Panama | Present | Native | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Lucia | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Present | Native | |||||
Sint Maarten | Present | Native | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | Native | |||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Native | St Croix, St Thomas | ||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional records | |||||
-Alabama | Present | Native | |||||
-Arkansas | Present | Native | |||||
-California | Present | Native | |||||
-Connecticut | Present | Native | |||||
-Delaware | Present | Native | |||||
-District of Columbia | Present | Native | |||||
-Florida | Present | Native | |||||
-Georgia | Present | Native | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Illinois | Present | Native | |||||
-Indiana | Present | Native | |||||
-Iowa | Present | Native | |||||
-Kansas | Present | Native | |||||
-Kentucky | Present | Native | |||||
-Louisiana | Present | Native | |||||
-Maine | Present | Native | |||||
-Maryland | Present | Native | |||||
-Massachusetts | Present | Native | |||||
-Michigan | Present | Native | |||||
-Minnesota | Present | Native | |||||
-Mississippi | Present | Native | |||||
-Missouri | Present | Native | |||||
-Nebraska | Present | Native | |||||
-New Hampshire | Present | Native | |||||
-New Jersey | Present | Native | |||||
-New York | Present | Native | |||||
-North Carolina | Present | Native | |||||
-Ohio | Present | Native | |||||
-Oklahoma | Present | Native | |||||
-Oregon | Present | Native | |||||
-Pennsylvania | Present | Native | |||||
-Rhode Island | Present | Native | |||||
-South Carolina | Present | Native | |||||
-South Dakota | Present | Native | |||||
-Tennessee | Present | Native | |||||
-Texas | Present | Native | |||||
-Vermont | Present | Native | |||||
-Virginia | Present | Native | |||||
-Washington | Present | Native | |||||
-West Virginia | Present | Native | |||||
-Wisconsin | Present | Native | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Palau | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
U.S. Minor Outlying Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | Native | |||||
Bolivia | Present | Native | |||||
Brazil | Present | Native | |||||
-Acre | Present | Native | |||||
-Amazonas | Present | Native | |||||
-Bahia | Present | Native | |||||
-Ceara | Present | Native | |||||
-Distrito Federal | Present | Native | |||||
-Espirito Santo | Present | Native | |||||
-Goias | Present | Native | |||||
-Maranhao | Present | ||||||
-Mato Grosso | Present | Native | |||||
-Mato Grosso do Sul | Present | Native | |||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | Native | |||||
-Para | Present | Native | |||||
-Parana | Present | Native | |||||
-Pernambuco | Present | Native | |||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | Native | |||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | Native | |||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Native | |||||
-Sergipe | Present | Native | |||||
Colombia | Present | Native | |||||
Ecuador | Present | Native | |||||
-Galapagos Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
French Guiana | Present | Native | |||||
Guyana | Present | Native | |||||
Paraguay | Present | Native | |||||
Peru | Present | Native | |||||
Suriname | Present | Native | |||||
Uruguay | Present | Native | |||||
Venezuela | Present | Native |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageE. hieraciifolius became a common weed across North America after the great forests were cleared in the early nineteenth century. It became particularly abundant in disturbed sites and areas of forest clearance, particularly those that had been cleared by fire (Darbyshire et al., 2012). By 1818, this species was described as one of the most common weeds in the USA (Darbyshire et al., 2012). This species may also have been introduced to countries outside its native range as a seed contaminant (USDA-ARS, 2016).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe risk of introduction of E. hieraciifolius is moderate to high. Even though this species does not have any notable economic uses, it is one of the most common weeds in agricultural lands in North America and its seeds can easily be dispersed as a contaminant among crop and pasture seed.
Habitat
Top of pageE. hieraciifolius behaves as a weed, growing in a wide range of anthropogenic habitats where vegetation is regularly disturbed or maintained at early successional stages; these include burned areas, clearings, cultivated lands, disturbed sites, open hillsides, pastures, roadsides, secondary vegetation, strand vegetation and stream sides (Vibrans, 2009; Darbyshire et al., 2012; Flora de Nicaragua, 2016; Flora Mesoamericana, 2016; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016). In the USA, Mexico and Canada, it is a common herb in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests, where it grows in places receiving some direct sunlight such as openings, forest edges or along trails (Vibrans, 2009; Darbyshire et al., 2012). E. hieraciifolius grows at elevations from sea level to 1400 m (Flora de Nicaragua, 2016).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageE. hieraciifolius has been listed as a weed of the following crops: oat (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays), strawberry (Fragaria ananassa), onion (Allium cepa), carrot (Daucus carota), cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum); it is also a weed of fodder crops (e.g. Medicago sativa) and of mixed pastures (Darbyshire et al., 2012).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Allium cepa (onion) | Liliaceae | ||
Avena sativa (oats) | Poaceae | ||
Daucus carota (carrot) | Apiaceae | ||
Fragaria ananassa (strawberry) | Rosaceae | ||
Hordeum vulgare (barley) | Poaceae | ||
Medicago sativa (lucerne) | Fabaceae | ||
Oryza sativa (rice) | Poaceae | Unknown | |
Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) | Poaceae | ||
Vaccinium (blueberries) | Ericaceae | ||
Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) | Ericaceae | ||
Zea mays (maize) | Poaceae |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The chromosome number reported for E. hieraciifolius is 2n = 40 (Coleman, 1982).
Reproductive Biology
The capitula of E. hieraciifolius are thought to be primarily autogamous. The absence of ligulate florets suggests it is unlikely to be insect pollinated (Darbyshire et al., 2012). This species does not reproduce vegetatively (Darbyshire et al., 2012).
Physiology and Phenology
Seeds of E. hieraciifolius usually germinate in spring, but this can occur later at higher latitudes (Darbyshire et al., 2012). In Mexico and Central America, E. hieraciifolius produces flowers and fruits throughout the year (Vibrans, 2009; Flora de Nicaragua, 2016; Flora Mesoamericana, 2016). However, in North America, flowering often begins in late July, and seed maturation occurs mostly through mid-August to early October (Darbyshire et al., 2012).
Associations
In Tennessee, USA, the roots of E. hieraciifolius are extensively colonized by endomycorrhizae (Farmer et al., 1982).
Environmental Requirements
E. hieraciifolius has a wide native distribution, so it can be found in areas with considerable variation in mean annual temperature, rainfall and day length. It is adapted to a wide range of soil types including sand, clay, loam, rock and gravel, with pH ranging from 4.5 to 8 (Darbyshire et al., 2012; Flora Mesoamericana, 2016).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Tolerated | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) | |
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Tolerated | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
49 | 45 | 0 | 1400 |
Natural enemies
Top of pageNotes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageA number of herbivorous insects have been recorded on E. hieraciifolius, including the Chinese labybeetle, Harmonia conformis, which feeds on blossom (Darbyshire et al., 2012). Several moth species such as Hypercompe icasia, Platyptilia farfarellus and Platphalonidia subolivacea have been reported to include E. hieraciifolius in their host range (Robinson et al., 2010). E. hieraciifolius is also a host of a number of leaf-mining insects. Phyllocnistis insignis occurs in the USA, but has not yet been reported in Canada, despite its presence in border US states (Darbyshire et al., 2012). Nemorimyza maculosa, a leaf miner fly, causes large blotch mines on leaves (Darbyshire et al., 2012). The extent of any damage to E. hieraciifolia by these species is unknown.
In tropical and subtropical regions, the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne enterolobii, M. javanica and M. incognita have been reported on E. hieraciifolius (Darbyshire et al., 2012). A wide range of fungi have also been reported on E. hieraciifolius, including powdery mildews, downy mildews, leaf spot fungi and stem and root rot fungi (Darbyshire et al., 2012).
E. hieraciifolius is also a host for the Bidens mottle virus (BMV), which affects lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and endive (Cichorium endivia) crops (Darbyshire et al., 2012).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageE. hieraciifolius spreads by seed (Flora de Nicaragua, 2016; Flora Mesoamericana, 2016). The pappus of copious large hairs at the apex of the seed facilitates wind dispersal. Mature plants are capable of producing thousands of seeds (>30,000 seeds per plant). Seeds are also dispersed as a seed contaminant of crops and through the movement of harvesting equipment and vehicles (Csiszár, 2006; Darbyshire et al., 2012).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Disturbance | Yes | Yes | ||
Medicinal use | Used in traditional medicine | Yes | Darbyshire et al. (2012) | |
People foraging | Young leaves are eaten as a vegetable | Yes | Yes | Flora of China Editorial Committee (2016) |
Seed trade | Seed contaminant of crops | Yes | Yes | Darbyshire et al. (2012) |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Seed contaminant of crops | Yes | Yes | Darbyshire et al. (2012) |
Machinery and equipment | Movement of harvesting equipment and vehicles | Yes | Yes | Darbyshire et al. (2012) |
Wind | Hairy pappus on seeds aids wind dispersal | Yes | Yes | Darbyshire et al. (2012) |
Economic Impact
Top of pageE. hieraciifolius is an environmental and agricultural weed. In Canada and the USA, it is a serious weed of crops (e.g. oat, barley, maize, cranberry and blueberry) and mixed pastures (Darbyshire et al., 2012). It has also become a serious agricultural weed in Hawaii, invading sugar cane plantations, cultivated areas and pastures (Wagner et al., 1999; Darbyshire et al., 2012; PIER, 2016).
Environmental Impact
Top of pageE. hieraciifolius is primarily a weed of ruderal areas, is fast-growing and can form dense populations, altering successional processes. Growing to almost 2 m in height, it is able to outcompete other species for light, water and nutrients (Csiszár, 2006). Its high seed production and seed viability lead to abundant and long-term seed reserves in soil (Csiszár, 2006). This is likely to present challenges for the control of the species.
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Highly mobile locally
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Gregarious
- Modification of successional patterns
- Monoculture formation
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - smothering
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
- Difficult to identify/detect in the field
- Difficult/costly to control
Uses
Top of pageSocial Benefit
In Bolivia, the leaves and flowers of E. hieraciifolius are used in traditional medicine as a blood depurative and the roots are used to treat cardiac disease (Lorenzo et al., 2001). In Asia, young leaves are sometimes eaten as a vegetable (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016; USDA-ARS, 2016).
Environmental Services
Trials performed in Japan using E. hieraciifolius showed that this species is very efficient at assimilating atmospheric nitrogen dioxide. These studies suggested that E. hieraciifolius plants have the potential to act as important sinks for anthropogenic nitrogen oxides and that “green walls” using this species could be set up around buildings and highway corridors to help sequester pollutants from car emissions or other sources (Morikawa et al., 1998; 2003; Darbyshire et al., 2012).
Uses List
Top of pageHuman food and beverage
- Vegetable
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageE. hieraciifolius is morphologically similar to Senecio vulgaris. However, S. vulgaris has deeply lobed mid-stem leaves (appearing coarsely pinnatifid), lobes obtuse rather than acute, calycular bracts with black tips and smaller capitula than E. hieraciifolius (Darbyshire et al., 2012).
In Canada, several native perennial species of Packera, such as P. indecora and P. paupercula, can be confused with E. hieraciifolius. These perennial species can be distinguished by their smaller seeds, lower leaves that are distinctly spatulate with a long petiole (usually as long as or longer than the blade) and their lyrate mid-stem leaves (Darbyshire et al., 2012).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Control
Physical/Mechanical Control
Small infestations of E. hieraciifolius can be controlled by hoeing and hand pulling. Manual pulling and mowing should be performed prior to seed production (Darbyshire et al., 2012).
Chemical Control
The following herbicides have been used in Canada and the USA to control E. hieraciifolius infestations (Darbyshire et al., 2012):
- Sulfometuron
- Hexazinone
- Mixture of clopyralid and triclopyr
- Mixture of dicamba, thiencarbazone-methyl and iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium
- Mixture of trifluralin and isoxaben
Herbicide tolerance was reported in E. hieraciifolius in Hawaii after less than 10 years of heavy use of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in sugarcane fields (Darbyshire et al., 2012).
References
Top of pageAcevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm
Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Barbados: The University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
Chong KY, Tan HTW, Corlett RT, 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Singapore: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, 273 pp. https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/04/flora_of_singapore_tc.pdf
Coleman JR, 1982. Chromosome numbers of Angiosperms collected in the state of São Paulo. Revista Brasil Genetica, 5:533-549
Csiszár Á, 2006. Study of the generative reproduction of the fireweed (Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. ex DC.). In: Rabitsch W, Klingenstein F, Essl F, eds. Neobiota: From Ecology to Conservation. 4th European Conference on Biological Invasions. Vienna, Austria, 27-29 September 2006. Bonn, Germany: Bfn-Skripten, 101
DAISIE, 2016. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. European Invasive Alien Species Gateway. http://www.europe-aliens.org/default.do
Darbyshire SJ, Francis A, DiTommaso A, Clements DR, 2012. The Biology of Canadian weeds. 150 Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 92:729-746
Díaz PJ, Guézou A, Mauchamp A, Tye A, 2018. CDF Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants. In: Bungartz F, Herrera H, Jaramillo P, Tirado N, Jiménez-Uzcátegui G, Ruiz D, Guézou A. and Ziemmeck F., eds. Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos: Charles Darwin Foundation
Farmer RE, Cunningham M, Barnhill MA, 1982. First-year development of plant communities originating from forest topsoils placed on southern Appalachian minesoils. Journal of Applied Ecology, 19:283-294
Flora de Nicaragua, 2016. Flora de Nicaragua. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org.Project/FN
Flora do Brasil, 2016. Brazilian Flora 2020 in construction. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br
Flora Mesoamericana, 2016. Flora Mesoamericana. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org.Project/fm
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016. Flora of China, St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2016. Flora of North America North of Mexico. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1
Graveson R, 2012. Plants of Saint Lucia (in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean). http://www.saintlucianplants.com
Lorenzo D, Saavedra G, Loayza I, Dellacassa E, 2001. Composition of the essential oil of Erechtites hieracifolia from Bolivia. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 16:353-355
McNeill J, Barrie FR, Burdet HM, Demoulin V, Hawksworth DL, Marhold K, Nicolson DL, Prado J, Silva PC, Skog JE, Wiersema JH, Turland NJ, 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Regnum Vegetabile 146. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG, 568 pp
Mito T, Uesugi T, 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research, 8:171-191
Morikawa H, Higaki A, Nohno M, Takahashi M, Kamada M, Nakata M, Toyohara G, Okamura Y, Matsui K, Kitani S, Fujita K, Irifune K, Goshima N, 1998. More than 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant Cell and Environment, 21:180-190
PIER, 2016. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
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USDA-ARS, 2016. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl
USDA-NRCS, 2016. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov/
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Distribution References
Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean., Barbados: The University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Chong KY, Tan HTW, Corlett RT, 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species., Singapore: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp. https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/dna/docs/aa8af9d5572a44368d5aaab9042c470b.pdf
Csiszár Á, 2006. Study of the generative reproduction of the fireweed (Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. ex DC.). In: Neobiota: From Ecology to Conservation. 4th European Conference on Biological Invasions. Vienna, Austria, 27-29 September 2006, [ed. by Rabitsch W, Klingenstein F, Essl F]. Bonn, Germany: Bfn-Skripten. 101.
DAISIE, 2016. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. http://www.europe-aliens.org/
Darbyshire SJ, Francis A, DiTommaso A, Clements DR, 2012. The Biology of Canadian weeds. 150 Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. In: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 92 729-746.
Díaz PJ, Guézou A, Mauchamp A, Tye A, 2018. CDF Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants. In: Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist, [ed. by Bungartz F, Herrera H, Jaramillo P, Tirado N, Jiménez-Uzcátegui G, Ruiz D, Guézou A, Ziemmeck F]. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Charles Darwin Foundation.
Flora do Brasil, 2016. Brazilian Flora 2020 in construction., http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/
Flora, Mesoamericana, 2016. Flora Mesoamericana., St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org.Project/fm
Graveson R, 2012. Plants of Saint Lucia (in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean)., http://www.saintlucianplants.com
Mito T, Uesugi T, 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. In: Global Environmental Research, 8 171-191.
PIER, 2016. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk., Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.htm
USDA-ARS, 2016. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2016. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
Wu T, 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Hong Kong Herbarium and the South China Institute of Botany. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised)., 384 pp. http://www.hkflora.com/v2/flora/plant_check_list.php
Contributors
Top of page13/02/17 Original text by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
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