Clematis terniflora (sweet autumn clematis)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Introductions
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Environmental Impact
- Impact: Biodiversity
- Social Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Clematis terniflora DC.
Preferred Common Name
- sweet autumn clematis
Other Scientific Names
- Clematis dioscoreifolia H. Lév. & Vaniot
- Clematis dioscoreifolia var. robusta (Carrière)
- Clematis flammula var. robusta (Carrière)
- Clematis maximowicziana Franch. & Sav.
- Clematis paniculata Thunb.
- Clematis recta subsp. paniculata (Thunb.) Kuntze
- Clematis terniflora var. robusta (Carrière) Tamura
International Common Names
- English: fall clematis; Japanese clematis; leatherleaf clematis; sweet autumn virginsbower; yam-leaved clematis
- French: clématite à panicules
- Chinese: yuan zhui tie xian lian
- German: rispenblütige waldrebe
Local Common Names
- Japan: sennin-sô
- Sweden: stor vippklematis
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageClematis terniflora is a perennial woody vine, native to Asia and introduced to North America as an ornamental. It can self-seed, and has escaped cultivation and naturalized in many parts of the USA. It is reported to be invasive in a number of eastern states. It grows in forest margins, scrub, grassy areas on hills and slopes, and in disturbed areas such as roadsides, thickets and urban green spaces. Seeds are widely dispersed by wind. It grows rapidly, forming dense clumps that outcompete and cover young native trees, shrubs and herbs at ground level and suppress seed germination. It can also climb to nearly 10 m, smothering trees and pulling down telephone poles. C. terniflora is difficult to control. Removal by hand can help encourage the growth of native species, but is unlikely to eliminate C. terniflora entirely due to root re-sprouting and prolific seed production. Some herbicides have proven effective in controlling the spread of this species; however, repeated applications are necessary.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Ranunculales
- Family: Ranunculaceae
- Genus: Clematis
- Species: Clematis terniflora
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThe name C. paniculata was incorrectly used for this species by Thunberg in 1794 (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018). C. paniculata is a separate species, native to New Zealand (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018).
Some authors have recognized two or more varieties of this species, correlated with their distribution in Asia. However these have now been reduced to synonymy (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018).
Description
Top of pageC. terniflora is a climbing, semi-evergreen, woody vine (Swearingen and Bargeron, 2016). Stems are 3-6 m, climbing with tendril-like petioles and leaf rachises (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018). Leaves are shiny, green and leathery (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018), and are opposite, compound, with 3-5 leaflets of 5-7.5 cm and margins entire (Swearingen and Bargeron, 2016). Leaflets are ovate or broadly lanceolate to narrowly deltate (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018). Inflorescences are axillary 3-12-flowered cymes (or compound cymes or paniculate with cymose subunits) (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018). Flowers are 1.4-3.0 cm in diameter (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018), bisexual often with some unisexual flowers in the same inflorescence, with pedicels of 1-3.5 cm (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018). Flowers are fragrant with four slender white petal-like sepals (Swearingen and Bargeron, 2016) that are obovate-oblong and measure 5-15 x 2-6 mm (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018). Flowers have up to 50 stamens and 5-10 unicarpellate pistils (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018). The ovary is superior (Burnham, 2013). Seeds are enclosed in flattened achenes, production is prolific, and seed heads have long, silvery-grey, feather-like hairs (Swearingen and Bargeron, 2016). Each achene has a plume attached (Mahr, 2017), and this helps with wind dispersal (Burnham, 2013). The mature bark is light brown and shreds longitudinally (Burnham, 2013).
Distribution
Top of pageC. terniflora is native to China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan and parts of Russia (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018; USDA-ARS, 2018). It has escaped cultivation and is naturalized in many parts of the USA, particularly in the East and Midwest (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018). It is reported as invasive in Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and Tennessee in the USA (Alabama Invasive Species Council, 2007; SC-EPPC, 2011; FLEPPC, 2017; GA-EPPC, 2018; TE-EPPC, 2018; Delaware Invasive Species Council, 2019). It is also introduced in Canada, Indonesia and Nepal (Roskov et al., 2018).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2020Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present | Native | Original citation: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2018) | ||||
-Anhui | Present | Native | |||||
-Heilongjiang | Present | Native | |||||
-Henan | Present | Native | |||||
-Hubei | Present | Native | |||||
-Hunan | Present | Native | |||||
-Inner Mongolia | Present | Native | |||||
-Jiangsu | Present | Native | |||||
-Jiangxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Jilin | Present | Native | |||||
-Liaoning | Present | Native | |||||
-Shaanxi | Present | Native | Southeast | ||||
-Shanxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Zhejiang | Present | Native | |||||
Indonesia | Present | Introduced | Present based on regional distribution | ||||
-Java | Present | Introduced | |||||
Japan | Present | Native | |||||
-Hokkaido | Present | Native | |||||
-Honshu | Present | Native | |||||
-Kyushu | Present | Native | |||||
-Ryukyu Islands | Present | Introduced | Ryukyu Island | ||||
-Shikoku | Present | Introduced | |||||
Mongolia | Present | Native | Original citation: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2018) | ||||
Nepal | Present | Introduced | |||||
North Korea | Present | Native | |||||
South Korea | Present | Native | |||||
Taiwan | Present | Native | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Russia | Present | Native | Present based on regional distribution | ||||
-Eastern Siberia | Present | Native | |||||
-Russian Far East | Present | Native | Amur, Primorye | ||||
-Western Siberia | Present | Native | |||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Present | Introduced | Present based on regional distribution | ||||
-Ontario | Present | Introduced | |||||
United States | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Alabama | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Scattered and localized infestations in urban areas, natural areas, rights-of-way and parks. On watch list for managed forests and wetland areas | |||
-Arizona | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Arkansas | Present | Introduced | |||||
-California | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Connecticut | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Delaware | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-District of Columbia | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | Invasive | North and central zones. Invasive, increasing in abundance | |||
-Georgia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Category 3 - a minor problem in Georgia natural areas, or is not yet known to be a problem in Georgia but is known to be a problem in adjacent states | |||
-Illinois | Present | Introduced | Include on the ‘General invasive’ plant list | ||||
-Indiana | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Kansas | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Kentucky | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Louisiana | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Maryland | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Massachusetts | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Michigan | Present | Introduced | Found in the counties of Genesee, Washtenaw and recently in Allegan | ||||
-Minnesota | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Mississippi | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Missouri | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Nebraska | Present | Introduced | |||||
-New Hampshire | Present | Introduced | |||||
-New Jersey | Present | Introduced | |||||
-New York | Present | Introduced | |||||
-North Carolina | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Ohio | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Oklahoma | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Pennsylvania | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Rhode Island | Present | Introduced | |||||
-South Carolina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Classed a ‘Significant threat’ | |||
-Tennessee | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Considered a ‘lesser threat’ – an exotic plant species that spreads in or near disturbed areas, and is not presently considered a threat to native plant communities; Original citation: TE-EPPC (2018) | |||
-Texas | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Vermont | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Virginia | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Washington | Present | Introduced | |||||
-West Virginia | Present | Introduced |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageC. terniflora was introduced to the USA as an ornamental plant in 1877 (Mahr, 2017; SC-EPPC, undated) via seeds sent to an Arboretum in Boston (Mahr, 2017).
Introductions
Top of pageIntroduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reason | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
USA | Asia | 1877 | Horticulture (pathway cause) | Yes | No | SC-EPPC (undated); Mahr (2017) |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageC. terniflora is still widely available as an ornamental, so it is likely that it will continue to spread into wild areas from gardens, where it is grown.
Habitat
Top of pageIn the USA, C. terniflora is found along roadsides and in thickets, forest edges, rights of ways and urban green space, especially near creeks (Swearingen and Bargeron, 2016; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018).
In China, C. terniflora is found in forest margins, scrub on slopes, grassy areas on hills, among rocks in coastal areas at sea level to 800 m (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
C. terniflora is tetraploid (2n = 4x = 32) (Wang et al., 2017).
Reproductive Biology
When C. terniflora was grown under natural photoperiods of at least 14 h, flowering was favoured by day/night temperatures of 24/19˚C and 30/25˚C (Suzuki and Hori, 1991). At temperatures of 17/12˚C, shoot growth was delayed and flower buds did not develop (Suzuki and Hori, 1991). Flower buds did not develop under short photoperiods of 8 h or 12 h (Suzuki and Hori, 1991). Spraying plants with GA3 decreased flower numbers and resulted in over 50% of the flowers having degenerated anthers and undeveloped pistils (Suzuki and Hori, 1991).
C. terniflora is a perennial plant that reproduces both vegetatively and by seed (Global Invasive Species Database, 2010). Seeds (achenes) are small and brown and germinate within 1-9 months (Global Invasive Species Database, 2010). C. terniflora is self-pollinating and a high proportion of its seed is viable (Skibo, 2006).
Physiology and Phenology
With support, C. terniflora can grow to over 9 m high (Global Invasive Species Database, 2010). Where it is unable to climb, it will sprawl across the ground forming dense, 15-30 cm tall and 3 m wide, clumps (Global Invasive Species Database, 2010; Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018).
Flowering occurs from July to September (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018), and flowers attract bees and flies (Burnham, 2013).
Environmental Requirements
C. terniflora prefers full sun or partial shade, where its leaves can be in the sun and its roots in the shade (Floridata, 2015; Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018). It can grow in light (sandy), medium (loamy), or heavy (clay) soils that are fairly well drained. It also tolerates a variety of pH, including highly alkaline settings (Global Invasive Species Database, 2010).
In the USA, C. terniflora grows to elevations of 1000 m, and in China, it has been recorded up to 800 m above sea level (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) | |
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | |
Df - Continental climate, wet all year | Continental climate, wet all year (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, wet all year) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
50 | 30 |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
Soil reaction
- acid
- alkaline
- neutral
- very alkaline
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aculops jilinensis | Parasite | Adults | ||||
Colophina clematicola | Adults | |||||
Phyllocoptes terniflores | Parasite | Adults |
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageNatural Dispersal
Seeds have long feathery plumes and are widely dispersed by the wind (Skibo, 2006; Global Invasive Species Database, 2010).
Vector Transmission (biotic)
Seeds of C. terniflora are spread by wildlife and human activity (Skibo, 2006).
Accidental Introduction
C. terniflora can self-seed and has escaped cultivation and naturalized in many parts of the USA (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018).
Intentional Introduction
C. terniflora has been introduced outside its native range as an ornamental plant (Mahr, 2017).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Horticulture | Grown as an ornamental and used for landscaping in the USA | Yes | Yes | Langeland and Meisenburg (2009); Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2018); Missouri Botanical Garden (2018) |
Medicinal use | Used in traditional Chinese medicine and sold in Chinese and Korean markets | Yes | Han et al. (2013); Liu et al. (2015) | |
Ornamental purposes | Yes | Yes | Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2018); Missouri Botanical Garden (2018) |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Spread of seeds through acitivities of humans | Yes | Yes | Skibo (2006) |
Wind | Yes | Yes | Skibo (2006); Global Invasive Species Database (2010) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Negative |
Human health | Positive |
Environmental Impact
Top of pageC. terniflora can aggressively self-seed and invade roadsides, thickets and wood edges near creeks (SC-EPPC, undated). The presence of C. terniflora degrades the quality of natural habitats by decreasing the light, space, moisture and nutrients available to other species (SC-EPPC, undated). It also inhibits the growth of legumes (Burnham 2013; SC-EPPC, undated).
Impact: Biodiversity
Top of pageC. terniflora grows rapidly and forms dense clumps that smother and shade slower growing trees, shrubs and herbs, and also suppress seed bank germination (Skibo, 2006; Global Invasive Species Database, 2010; Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018).
Social Impact
Top of pageC. terniflora is capable of pulling down telephone poles (Global Invasive Species Database, 2010).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - shading
- Competition - smothering
- Competition - strangling
- Rapid growth
Uses
Top of pageEconomic Value
C. terniflora is traded as an ornamental and used for landscaping in southeastern USA (Langeland and Meisenburg, 2009).
Social Benefit
C. terniflora has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat tonsillitis, rheumatoid arthritis and prostatitis, and investigations have found it to contain anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive compounds (Liu et al., 2015). In Korea, C. terniflora is used to treat dysentery, neuralgia and gynecological problems (Burnham, 2013). It is sold in Chinese and Korean markets (Han et al., 2013).
Some Clematis species are mildly poisonous; however young shoots and buds of C. ternifolia can be eaten if carefully boiled, roasted or pickled (PFAF, 2012).
Uses List
Top of pageGeneral
- Botanical garden/zoo
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Ornamental
- garden plant
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageThe species C. virginiana, native to the USA, is very similar to C. terniflora, although it tends to have toothed leaf margins and is not as prone to self-seeding and spreading as C. terniflora (Swearingen and Bargeron, 2016). The floristic changes in the New York metropolitan region were monitored between two time periods (1901-1950 and 1951-2000) (Clemants and Moore, 2005). It was found that C. terniflora was spreading in the area, whilst the native C. virginiana was declining (Clemants and Moore, 2005).
C. terniflora is easily distinguished from C. occidentalis during flowering as the latter has purple, solitary flowers (Burnham, 2013).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Prevention
It has been suggested that one way to limit the spread of C. terniflora, is to encourage people to plant alternative species, such as native vines, in their gardens instead (Skibo, 2006).
Control
Physical/Mechanical Control
In a study conducted over six growing seasons, removal of non-native plants, including C. terniflora, either by hand, using chemicals, or a combination of both, led to an increase in native plant cover and richness, and a decline in the abundance of non-native species (Farmer et al., 2016). However, C. terniflora was still a significant community component even after removal treatments, suggesting that it is difficult to control (Farmer et al., 2016).
C. terniflora seedlings can be pulled by hand or mowed, and mature plants can be cut down by hand or mowed (Skibo, 2006). Plants are dormant in winter, making it easier to cut down larger plants at this time (Skibo, 2006).
Chemical Control
In Alachua County, Florida, C. terniflora is treated with foliar applications of the herbicides, glyphosate and pelargonic acid (Global Invasive Species Database, 2010). Glyphosate-based products or growth regulator herbicides such as 2,4-D and Dicamba may be used to control C. terniflora (Skibo, 2006).
In herbicide trials in Florida, imazapic 0.6 g ae/L, glyphosate as low as 3.6 g ae/L, triclopyr as low as 3.6 g ae/L, metsulfuron 0.07 g ai/L, and fluroxypyr as low as 1.8 g ae/L, resulted in 72-99% control of C. terniflora 90 days after application (Langeland and Meisenburg, 2009). It is suggested that repeat applications will be required to control this plant where it is invasive (Langeland and Meisenburg, 2009).
Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
Top of pageThere is a lack of information about the direct effects of C. terniflora on native species, such as C. virginiana. More information is also needed about the costs and timescales required to clear C. terniflora infestations and the potential for use of biological control agents.
References
Top of pageAlabama Invasive Plant Council, 2007. Invasive Plant List. https://www.se-eppc.org/alabama/2007plantlist.pdf
Bowen B, Johnson K, Franklin S, Call G, Webber M, 2002. Invasive exotic pest plants in Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 77(2), 45-48. http://www.tennacadofsci.org/journal/articles/vol77/JTAS77-2-45.pdf
Burnham RJ, 2013. Climbers. Censusing lianas in mesic biomes of Eastern regions. http://climbers.lsa.umich.edu/
Clemants SE, Moore G, 2005. The changing flora of the New York metropolitan region. Urban Habitats, 3(1), 192-210.
Delaware Invasive Species Council, 2019. Invasive Plant List. https://www.invasive.org/species/list.cfm?id=90
FLEPPC, 2017. 2017 FLEPPC List of Invasive Plant Species. The Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council.http://bugwoodcloud.org/CDN/fleppc/plantlists/2017/2017FLEPPCLIST-TRIFOLD-FINALAPPROVEDBYKEN-SUBMITTEDTOALTA.pdf
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018. Flora of China. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria.http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018. Flora of North America of Mexico. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria.http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1
Floridata, 2015. Floridata Plant Encyclopedia. https://floridata.com/plantlist/
GA-EPPC, 2018. List of non-native invasive plants in Georgia. Georgia Exotic Plant Pest Council.https://www.gaeppc.org/list/
Global Invasive Species Database, 2010. Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). http://issg.org/database/welcome/
Mahr S, 2017. Sweet Autumn Clematis, Clematis terniflora. In: Master Gardener Program, Wisconsin, USA: University of Wisconsin Extension.https://wimastergardener.org/article/sweet-autumn-clematis-clematis-terniflora/
MIPN, 2018. Midwest Invasive Plant List. https://www.mipn.org/plantlist/
Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018. Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. St. Louis, MO, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden.http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plantfinder/plantfindersearch.aspx
PFAF, 2012. Plants For A Future Database. http://www.pfaf.org/USER/Default.aspx
Roskov Y, Abucay L, Orrell T, Nicolson D, Bailly N, Kirk PM, Bourgoin T, DeWalt RE, Decock W, De Wever A, Nieukerken E van, Zarucchi J, Penev L, 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Leiden, The Netherlands: Species 2000, Naturalis.www.catalogueoflife.org/col
SC-EPPC, 2004. South Carolina Exotic Pest Plant Council Non-Native Invasive Plant Species List – March, 2004. https://www.se-eppc.org/southcarolina/SCList.pdf
SC-EPPC, 2011. Invasive Plant Pest Species of South Carolina. Forestry Leaflet 28, July 2011. Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service. South Carolina Exotic Pest Plant Council.https://www.se-eppc.org/southcarolina/scinvasives.pdf
SC-EPPC, undated. Green Gone Bad. South Carolina Exotic Pest Plant Council.https://www.se-eppc.org/southcarolina/Publications/ClematisTernifoliaArticleSCNLA.pdf
Skibo AZ, 2006. Invasive Plant List. Planting for a livable Delaware. http://dnrec.delaware.gov/fw/dplap/information/Documents/DE%20Invasive%20Plant%20Booklet%20(DDA%20Plant%20Industries).pdf
Swearingen J, Bargeron C, 2016. Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States. University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/
TE-EPPC, 2009. Invasive Exotic Pest Plants in Tennessee – 2009. Tennessee Exotic Plant Pest Council.http://s3.amazonaws.com/tneppc2/uploads/619/original/tn-eppc-plant-list-ww-w09-final-1.pdf
USDA-ARS, 2018. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory.http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl
USDA-NRCS, 2018. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center.http://plants.usda.gov/
Distribution References
Alabama Invasive Plant Council, 2007. Invasive Plant List., https://www.se-eppc.org/alabama/2007plantlist.pdf
Bowen B, Johnson K, Franklin S, Call G, Webber M, 2002. Invasive exotic pest plants in Tennessee. In: Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 77 (2) 45-48. http://www.tennacadofsci.org/journal/articles/vol77/JTAS77-2-45.pdf
Burnham RJ, 2013. Climbers. Censusing lianas in mesic biomes of Eastern regions., http://climbers.lsa.umich.edu/
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Clemants SE, Moore G, 2005. The changing flora of the New York metropolitan region. In: Urban Habitats, 3 (1) 192-210.
Delaware Invasive Species Council, 2019. Invasive Plant List., https://www.invasive.org/species/list.cfm?id=90
FLEPPC, 2017. 2017 FLEPPC List of Invasive Plant Species., The Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council. http://bugwoodcloud.org/CDN/fleppc/plantlists/2017/2017FLEPPCLIST-TRIFOLD-FINALAPPROVEDBYKEN-SUBMITTEDTOALTA.pdf
GA-EPPC, 2018. List of non-native invasive plants in Georgia., Georgia Exotic Plant Pest Council. https://www.gaeppc.org/list/
MIPN, 2018. Midwest Invasive Plant List., https://www.mipn.org/plantlist/
Roskov Y, Abucay L, Orrell T, Nicolson D, Bailly N, Kirk PM, Bourgoin T, DeWalt RE, Decock W, De Wever A, Nieukerken E van, Zarucchi J, Penev L, 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life., Leiden, The Netherlands: Species 2000, Naturalis. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col
SC-EPPC, 2004. South Carolina Exotic Pest Plant Council Non-Native Invasive Plant Species List – March, 2004., https://www.se-eppc.org/southcarolina/SCList.pdf
SC-EPPC, 2011. Invasive Plant Pest Species of South Carolina. Forestry Leaflet 28, July 2011., Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service. South Carolina Exotic Pest Plant Council. https://www.se-eppc.org/southcarolina/scinvasives.pdf
Skibo AZ, 2006. Invasive Plant List. Planting for a livable Delaware., http://dnrec.delaware.gov/fw/dplap/information/Documents/DE%20Invasive%20Plant%20Booklet%20(DDA%20Plant%20Industries).pdf
Swearingen J, Bargeron C, 2016. Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States., University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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