Bacopa monnieri (water hyssop)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Water Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.
Preferred Common Name
- water hyssop
Other Scientific Names
- Anisocalyx limnanthiflorus (L.) Hance
- Bacopa micromonnieria (Griseb.) B.L.Rob
- Bramia indica Lam.
- Bramia micromonnieria (Griseb.) Pennell
- Bramia monnieri (L.) Drake
- Bramia monnieri (L.) Pennell
- Calytriplex obovata Ruiz & Pav.
- Capraria monnieria Roxb.
- Gratiola monnieri (L.) L.
- Gratiola portulacacea Weinm.
- Gratiola tetrandra Stokes
- Habershamia cuneifolia (Michx.) Raf.
- Herpestis cuneifolia Michx
- Herpestis micromonnieria Griseb.
- Herpestis monnieri (L.) Kunth
- Herpestis monnieri (L.) Rothm.
- Herpestis procumbens Spreng.
- Limosella calycina Forssk.
- Lysimachia monnieri L.
- Monniera cuneifolia Michx.
- Septas repens Lour.
International Common Names
- English: bacopa; coastal water-hyssop; herb-of-grace; white hyssop
- French: bacopa de monnier; bacopa des herbalistes; bacopa médicinale; bramia de saint-paul; petite bacopa
- Chinese: jia ma chi xian
Local Common Names
- Cambodia: snau
- El Salvador: verdolaga
- India: adha-birni; afed chamni; brahmi; farfakh; gundala; Indian-pennywort; indravalli
- Lesser Antilles: veronique
- Malaysia: beremi
- Mexico: baraima
- Philippines: ulasimang-aso
- Puerto Rico: yerba de culebra
- Thailand: phak mi; phrommi
- Vietnam: rau sam
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageBacopa monnieri is an aquatic herb that has been used as an ornamental in ponds and aquaria and as a medicinal herb. It grows gregariously and often forms dense mats in marshy places, mangroves, riverbanks, coastal areas and along streams and ditches. It can tolerate brackish water and has adapted to grow under varying soil and climatic conditions, performing exceptionally well on poorly drained soils and waterlogged areas. It is native to the Americas, Asia and Africa and listed as invasive in Japan, Singapore, Spain, Portugal and the Cayman Islands. In aquatic habitats it has deleterious effects on native plants and animals, water quality, water flow and sedimentation. In terrestrial situations it degrades riverbanks, margins of ponds, lakes and coastal areas.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Scrophulariales
- Family: Scrophulariaceae
- Genus: Bacopa
- Species: Bacopa monnieri
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThe genus Bacopa has been assigned to the family Plantaginacae, following the disintegration of the family Scrophulariaceae (Olmstead et al., 2001; Olmstead, 2002), with Plantaginacae taking precedence over the younger proposed family name Veronicaceae.
Plantaginaceae is a diverse family comprising approximately 90 genera and 1900 species distributed mostly across temperate regions but also occurring in tropical and subtropical areas. Species within Plantaginaceae include herbs, shrubs and aquatic plants that can be distinguished by two features: the frequent absence of regular vertical partitions in the heads of the glandular hairs and septicidal capsule dehiscence (Stevens, 2017).
The genus Bacopa comprises approximately 55 to 70 species of aquatic herbs (most of which grow as amphibious plants) distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Bacopa is sometimes confused with other small prostrate herbs like Lindernia, Callitriche, Stemodia and Mecardonia that may be found in similar habitats (Flora Mesoamericana, 2017; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2017; The Plant List, 2013; Flora of Panama, 2017).
Description
Top of pageHerbs prostrate to decumbent, succulent, glabrous. Stems creeping, to 50 cm, loosely ascending, rooting at nodes, much-branched. Leaves sessile, 0.5-2 cm by 0.15-0.8 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, the bases cuneate, the margins entire or denticulate, the apices rounded, with 1-3 parallel veins from the base of the blade, glabrous. Inflorescences of solitary axillary flowers; pedicels 0.5 cm to 1(-3.5) cm; bracteoles 2, 1.3-4.5 mm, lanceolate-linear, below calyx. Calyx 4.2-7 mm; outer 3 sepals succulent, ovate-lanceolate, apices rounded, inner 2 lanceolate to linear, keeled, ciliate. Corolla 6-9 mm, campanulate, 5-lobed, nearly regular, but the lower central lobe somewhat longer and more separated from the other lobes, white, pink or lavender blue, often with purple lines, the throat dark purple, the tube yellow within. Stigma capitate, united. Capsule 4.5-5 mm, ovoid, enveloped in persistent calyx; seeds numerous 0.5 mm long, longitudinally reticulate, the reticulum reddish brown (Flora Mesoamericana, 2017; Flora of Panama, 2017).
Plant Type
Top of pageAquatic
Herbaceous
Perennial
Seed propagated
Succulent
Vegetatively propagated
Distribution
Top of pageIt is most likely that B. monnieri originates from tropical Asia, and is now widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics. It can be found across Asia, Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Australia, the Iberian Peninsula, the Americas and the Caribbean (Lansdown et al., 2013; USDA-ARS, 2017). It is listed as introduced in Japan, Singapore, Spain, Portugal and the Cayman Islands (Díaz and Beiras, 2007; APASD, 2007; DAISIE, 2017; ISSG, 2017; GRIIS, 2017).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Eswatini | Present | Native | |||||
Madagascar | Present | Native | |||||
Mozambique | Present | Native | |||||
Nigeria | Present | Native | |||||
Somalia | Present | Native | |||||
South Africa | Present | Native | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
Bahrain | Present | Native | |||||
Bhutan | Present | Native | Recorded as native by Lansdown et al. and GISD and introduced (but not verified) by GRIIS | ||||
Cambodia | Present | Native | |||||
China | Present | Native | |||||
-Fujian | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangdong | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Hainan | Present | Native | |||||
-Yunnan | Present | Native | |||||
India | Present | Native | |||||
-Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Present | Native | |||||
-Andhra Pradesh | Present | Native | |||||
-Assam | Present | Native | |||||
-Bihar | Present | Native | |||||
-Delhi | Present | Native | |||||
-Goa | Present | Native | |||||
-Gujarat | Present | Native | |||||
-Karnataka | Present | Native | |||||
-Kerala | Present | Native | |||||
-Odisha | Present | Native | |||||
-Punjab | Present | Native | |||||
-Rajasthan | Present | Native | |||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | Native | |||||
-West Bengal | Present | Native | |||||
Indonesia | Present | Native | |||||
Japan | Present | Introduced | |||||
Kuwait | Present | Native | |||||
Laos | Present | Native | |||||
Malaysia | Present | Native | |||||
Nepal | Present | Native | |||||
Oman | Present | Native | |||||
Pakistan | Present | Native | |||||
Philippines | Present | Native | |||||
Saudi Arabia | Present | Native | |||||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | |||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Native | |||||
Taiwan | Present | Native | |||||
Thailand | Present | Native | |||||
Yemen | Present | Native | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Hungary | Present | Introduced | 2005 | ||||
Portugal | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Spain | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Original citation: ?Díaz and Beiras (2007?) | |||
North America |
|||||||
Antigua and Barbuda | Present | Status uncertain | |||||
Bahamas | Present | Native | |||||
Barbados | Present | Status uncertain | |||||
Belize | Present | Native | |||||
British Virgin Islands | Present | Native | |||||
Cayman Islands | Present | Introduced | Recorded as introduced by ISSG and native by Acevedo and Strong | ||||
Costa Rica | Present | Native | |||||
Cuba | Present | Native | |||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Native | |||||
El Salvador | Present | Native | |||||
Grenada | Present | Status uncertain | |||||
Guadeloupe | Present | Status uncertain | |||||
Guatemala | Present | Native | |||||
Haiti | Present | Native | |||||
Honduras | Present | Native | |||||
Jamaica | Present | Native | |||||
Martinique | Present | ||||||
Mexico | Present | Native | |||||
Nicaragua | Present | Native | |||||
Panama | Present | Native | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Lucia | Present | Status uncertain | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | Native | |||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Native | |||||
United States | Present | Native | |||||
-Alabama | Present | Native | |||||
-Arizona | Present | Native | |||||
-California | Present | Native | |||||
-Florida | Present | Native | |||||
-Georgia | Present | Native | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Native | |||||
-Louisiana | Present | Native | |||||
-Maryland | Present | Native | |||||
-Mississippi | Present | Native | |||||
-North Carolina | Present | Native | |||||
-Oklahoma | Present | Native | |||||
-South Carolina | Present | Native | |||||
-Texas | Present | Native | |||||
-Virginia | Present | Native | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Native | |||||
-New South Wales | Present | Native | |||||
-Queensland | Present | Native | |||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | Native | |||||
Bolivia | Present | Native | |||||
Brazil | Present | Native | |||||
-Bahia | Present | Native | |||||
-Ceara | Present | Native | |||||
-Espirito Santo | Present | Native | |||||
-Parana | Present | Native | |||||
-Pernambuco | Present | Native | |||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | Native | |||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | Native | |||||
-Santa Catarina | Present | Native | |||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Native | |||||
Chile | Present | Native | |||||
Colombia | Present | ||||||
Ecuador | Present | Native | |||||
French Guiana | Present | Native | |||||
Paraguay | Present | ||||||
Peru | Present | Native | |||||
Uruguay | Present | ||||||
Venezuela | Present |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageIntentional introduction
B. monnieri has been intentionally introduced by humans to be grown as a medicinal herb and also as an ornamental plant in ponds and aquaria (USDA-ARS, 2017). It is listed as introduced and invasive in Japan, Singapore, Spain, Portugal and the Cayman Islands (Díaz and Beiras, 2007; APASD, 2007; DAISIE, 2017; ISSG, 2017; GRIIS, 2017).
Habitat
Top of pageB. monnieri is an amphibious plant that can be found growing in both terrestrial and submersed aquatic conditions, as well as in the interface between these two environments. It often grows in wet places, roadsides, gardens, in mud or sand along riverbanks, ponds and lakes, wooded slopes, on the edges of mangroves, estuaries, swamps and on sandy beaches along the coast at elevations below 1400 m (Flora Mesoamericana, 2017; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2017). It can tolerate somewhat brackish water and is often found on foreshores (Flora of Panama, 2017).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | |
Littoral | Coastal dunes | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Coastal dunes | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Littoral | Coastal dunes | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | |
Littoral | Mangroves | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Mangroves | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Littoral | Mangroves | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | |
Littoral | Mud flats | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Mud flats | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Littoral | Mud flats | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | |
Littoral | Intertidal zone | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Intertidal zone | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Littoral | Intertidal zone | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | |
Littoral | Salt marshes | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Salt marshes | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Littoral | Salt marshes | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | |
Freshwater | Irrigation channels | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Irrigation channels | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Freshwater | Irrigation channels | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | |
Freshwater | Lakes | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Lakes | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Freshwater | Lakes | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | |
Freshwater | Rivers / streams | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Rivers / streams | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Freshwater | Rivers / streams | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | |
Freshwater | Ponds | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Ponds | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Freshwater | Ponds | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | |
Brackish | Springs | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Brackish | Springs | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Brackish | Springs | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | |
Brackish | Estuaries | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Brackish | Estuaries | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Brackish | Estuaries | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | |
Brackish | Lagoons | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Brackish | Lagoons | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Brackish | Lagoons | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageB. monnieri grows as a weed of rice fields and wet pastures and it can also colonize small-scale irrigated fields beneath date palms (Lansdown et al., 2013; ISSG, 2017; PROSEA, 2017).
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The chromosome number reported for B. monnieri is 2n = 64 (Samaddar et al., 2012).
Reproductive biology
In India, plants of B. monnieri bear hundreds of small blue-white flowers throughout the year. The reproductive system was found to be self compatible with entomophilous behavior. The honeybees Apis dorsata and Apis florea are regular visitors of the flowers of B. monnieri in India. The seeds of B. monnieri show a distinct dormancy period and sunlight appears to be an essential requirement for seed germination (Mathur and Kumar, 2001; PROSEA, 2017).
Physiology and phenology
In America and India, B. monnieri has been reported flowering and fruiting throughout the year (Flora Mesoamericana, 2017; India Biodiversity Portal, 2017). In China, it has been recorded flowering from May to October (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2017).
Activity patterns
B. monnieri is a perennial or sometimes annual plant. Plants may grow from seed to adult in around 6 months (PROSEA, 2017).
Environmental requirements
B. monnieri performs exceptionally well in poorly drained soils and waterlogged areas. It prefers areas with temperature range from 16°C to 28°C and sandy soils with pH in the range of 6.3 to 8.8. It can also grow in water with pH ranging from 5.5. to 7.3 and water hardness (dGH) in the range 142.86 - 535.71 ppm. B. monnieri has adapted to grow in foreshore, seashore and marshy areas within the influence of salt and brackish water (Flora Mesoamericana, 2017; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2017; PROSEA, 2017).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Tolerated | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Tolerated | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
40 | 30 | 0 | 1400 |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- seasonally waterlogged
Soil reaction
- alkaline
- neutral
Soil texture
- light
Special soil tolerances
- saline
Water Tolerances
Top of pageParameter | Minimum Value | Maximum Value | Typical Value | Status | Life Stage | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hardness (mg/l of Calcium Carbonate) | 142.86 | 535.71 | ||||
Water pH (pH) | 5.5 | 7.3 | ||||
Water temperature (ºC temperature) | 8 | 20 |
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anartia jatrophae | Herbivore | Plants|Whole plant | not specific | |||
Meloidogyne | Pathogen | Plants|Whole plant | not specific | |||
Spodoptera litura | Herbivore | Plants|Whole plant | not specific |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageB. monnieri is a caterpillar food plant of the white peacock butterfly, Anartia jatrophae. The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura, has been observed to cause damage under greenhouse conditions (Tripathi et al., 1997). B. monnieri is also a host for several nematodes in the genus Meloidogyne (PROSEA, 2017).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageB. monnieri spreads both by seeds and vegetatively by stem fragments. Seeds and stem fragments are commonly spread by waterways and floods, with new plants developing rapidly from any piece of stem or root material containing a node (PROSEA, 2017).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Medicinal use | Widely commercialized as medicinal herb | Yes | Yes | PROSEA (2017) |
Ornamental purposes | Cultivated as an ornamental of ponds, gardens, and aquaria | Yes | Yes | USDA-ARS (2017) |
Pet trade | Bacopa monnieri is a very popular aquatic plant for use in aquaria | Yes | Yes | PROSEA (2017) |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities | seed and stem fragments | Yes | Yes | PROSEA (2017) |
Floating vegetation and debris | seed and stem fragments | Yes | Yes | PROSEA (2017) |
Water | seed and stem fragments | Yes | Yes | PROSEA (2017) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive |
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Human health | Positive |
Impact
Top of pageB. monnieri is a weed of terrestrial and aquatic habitats, forming dense mats in wetlands, wet pastures, rice fields, irrigated areas, riversides and coastal areas. In aquatic habitats, it has deleterious effects on native plants and animals, water quality, water flow and sedimentation. In terrestrial situations, it degrades riverbanks, margins of ponds, lakes and coastal areas. It has been listed as invasive in Japan, Singapore, Portugal, Spain and the Cayman Islands (Díaz and Beiras, 2007; APASD, 2007; Varnham, 2009; DAISIE, 2017; ISSG, 2017; GRIIS, 2017).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Highly mobile locally
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Long lived
- Fast growing
- Gregarious
- Reproduces asexually
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Modification of hydrology
- Monoculture formation
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Reduced amenity values
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Rapid growth
- Rooting
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
- Difficult to identify/detect in the field
Uses
Top of pageProductive Uses and Management
B. monnieri is a medicinal plant used for centuries in traditional Indian medicine and in Ayurveda medicine. It is widely promoted to enhance memory, learning and concentration and also to treat anxiety, depression, and cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, neurological and respiratory problems. Plant extract and isolated bacosides (the major active components) have been extensively investigated in laboratory and clinical tests for their neuropharmacological effects and nootropic action. Studies have suggested that the active ingredients within B. monnieri may improve memory, attention, cognition and mood (Pase et al., 2012). In Peninsular Malaysia and Vietnam, the plant is sometimes eaten as a vegetable despite its bitterness. It is also a very popular aquatic plant among aquarium fish keepers (Russo and Borrelli, 2005; Charoenphon et al., 2016; PROSEA, 2017; USDA-ARS, 2017).
Economic value
In India, B. monnieri is cultivated as a medicinal plant. The dried herb is found in several Indian herbal nutritional supplements called "Smart Drugs", specifically for cognitive enhancement, reducing fatigue and forgetfulness. Across South East Asia, herbalists trade the dried plant in pharmacies (PROSEA, 2017).
Uses List
Top of pageEnvironmental
- Amenity
General
- Pet/aquarium trade
Human food and beverage
- Vegetable
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Ornamental
- garden plant
References
Top of pageAPASD, 2007. Asian-Pacific Alien Species Database. http://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/archive/niaes/techdoc/apasd/Bacopa%20monnieri%20-B.html
Barringer KA, 2015. Scrophulariaceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. VIII , 131 [ed. by Hammel BE, Grayum MH, Herrera C, Zamora N ]. 149–192.
Charoenphon N, Anandsongvit N, Kosai P, et al., 2016. Bacopa monnieri: Up-to-date of memory boosting medicinal plant: A review. Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research, 1, 50-60.
Díaz JF, Beiras MB, 2007. Invasive Plants Of Galicia. Biology, distribution and control methods. (Plantas Invasoras De Galicia. Bioloxía, distribución e métodos de control). Xunta De Galicia, http://www.siam-cma.org/PUBLICACIONS/doc.asp?id=373
GRIIS, 2017. Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species. http://www.griis.org/
Lansdown RV, Knees SG, Patzelt A, 2013. Bacopa monnieri. In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 . http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164168A17722668.en
Olmstead RG, 2002. Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?. Fremontia, 30(2), 13-22.
Olmstead RG, dePamphilis CW, Wolfe ND, et al., 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany, 88, 348-361.
PROSEA, 2017. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Online resources. Bogor, Indonesia: PROSEA Foundation.https://www.prota4u.org/prosea/
Samaddar T, Nath S, Halder M, et al., 2012. Karyotype analysis of three important traditional Indian medicinal plants, Bacopa monnieri, Tylophora indica and Withania somnifera. The Nucleus, 55, 17-20.
Varnham K, 2009. Database of non-native species occurring in UK Overseas Territories. JNCC Report 372, Peterborough, UK
Distribution References
APASD, 2007. Asian-Pacific Alien Species Database., http://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/archive/niaes/techdoc/apasd/Bacopa%20monnieri%20-B.html
Barringer KA, 2015. Scrophulariaceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. VIII, 131 [ed. by Hammel BE, Grayum MH, Herrera C, Zamora N]. 149–192.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
GRIIS, 2017. Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species., http://www.griis.org/
Lansdown RV, Knees SG, Patzelt A, 2013. Bacopa monnieri. In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164168A17722668.en
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Contributors
Top of page04/01/18 Original text by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
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