Hemiculter leucisculus
(common sawbelly)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Adult Caption Adult female. L = 124 mm. W = 15.7 g. Abs. fecundity = 4600 eggs. Muynak Canal, Low Amu Darya, Uzbekistan, 20th March 2003. Copyright Ernest Khurshut	Adult	Adult female. L = 124 mm. W = 15.7 g. Abs. fecundity = 4600 eggs. Muynak Canal, Low Amu Darya, Uzbekistan, 20th March 2003.	Ernest Khurshut

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855)

Preferred Common Name

• common sawbelly

Other Scientific Names

• Chanodichthys leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855)
• Culter leucisculus Basilewsky, 1855
• Cultriculus akoensis Oshima, 1920
• Hemiculter clupeoides Nichols, 1925
• Hemiculter eigenmanni (Jordan & Metz, 1913)
• Hemiculter kneri Warpachowski, 1887
• Hemiculter schrencki Warpachowski, 1888
• Hemiculterella eigenmanni Jordan & Mertz, 1913
• Kendallia goldsboroughi Evermann & Shaw, 1927
• Parapelecus eigenmanni Jordan & Metz, 1913
• Squaliobarbus annamiticus Tirant, 1883

International Common Names

• English: kili fish; knifefish; Korean sawbelly; minnow; sharpbelly
• Chinese: bai tiao; huahua

Local Common Names

• Germany: Beilbauch-Weißfish
• Iran: kuli-e mordab; shakam tiz; tizeh kuli
• Kazakhstan: bileu balyq
• Korea, DPR: chili; chiri
• Russian Federation/Russian Far East: koreyskaya vostrobryushka; obyknovennaya vostrobryushka
• Uzbekistan: oddiy qirraqorin balig'i

Summary of Invasiveness

Outside of its native area, H. leucisculus was first reported from Central Asia in the Amu Darya Basin in 1958, and in the Syr Darya Basin in 1961. In Iran, it was first found in the Anzali Lagoon (Holcík and Razavi, 1992) where it was probably introduced with Asian carp in 1967.

H. leucisculus is considered as a pest in fish farms where it competes with juveniles of commercial species. It also harms the local fish fauna, and displaces the small, native species, most probably by predation.

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Chordata
•             Subphylum: Vertebrata
•                 Class: Actinopterygii
•                     Order: Cypriniformes
•                         Family: Cyprinidae
•                             Genus: Hemiculter
•                                 Species: Hemiculter leucisculus

Description

The dorsal fin of H. leucisculus has a strong spine. Dorsal spines: 2-3; dorsal soft rays: 7; anal spines: 2-3; anal soft rays: 10-14 (mostly 11-12). Moderate-sized scales that easily fall off. Scale number in the lateral line: 40-59 (mostly 46-52). The gill raker count of the first arch 15-21 (mostly 16-18). Pharyngeal teeth are hooked at the tip: 2,4,4-5,4,2; 2,4,5-4,4,2; 2,3,5-4,3,2. Has a sharp scale-less keel from the throat to the anus. The lateral line goes downward behind the head and then parallels the lower body margin, at the anal fin it curves upward and extends along the middle part of the caudal peduncle. Dark above, green grey and silvery on the back, white on the belly. There is a dark stripe along the upper flank.

Distribution

The native range of H. leucisculus is East Asia: from Far East Russia and Mongolia in the north, through to China (including Hong Kong and Taiwan) and West Korea, to North Vietnam in the south.

Exotic distribution

H. leucisculus was unintentionally introduced into the Aral Sea Basin, Central Asia. It is currently widespread in the plains of the region up to foothills, and in the drainages of the Amu Darya, Syr Darya, Zarafshan, Qashqadarya, and Tedzhen rivers. In Iran it was reported from the Caspian Sea (Safid River, Aras River, Golestan Province) and Tigris basins. It is thought to be widespread in Iran, although this may be the native fish the Danube bleak (Chalcalburnus chalcoides), which is very similar.  H. leucisculus was probably introduced from Central Asia again with Asian carp (Holcík and Razavi, 1992).

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

In 1958, H. leucisculus was unintentionally introduced in Turkmenistan to the Karametniyaz fish farm and the Karakum Canal from the Yangtze River. Then in 1961 it was introduced (again with larvae of Asian carp) in Uzbekistan to the Akkurgan (later Balykchi) fish farm in the Tashkent region. It was transferred, with fish seed, to other fish farms of the region. H. leucisculus has escaped from fish farms and via the extensive network of irrigation canals has spread to the plains of the Aral Sea Basin to the drainages of the Amu Darya, Syr Darya, Zarafshan, Qashqa Darya, and Tedzhen rivers.

In Iran, H. leucisculus was first reported from the Anzali Lagoon by Holcík and Razavi (1992) where it was probably introduced by accident along with Asian carp from Central Asia in 1967 (Holcík and Razavi, 1992). Esmaeili and Gholamifard (2011) reported a significant range extension and the presence in two new drainage basis in Iran, over 370 km southwest of the nearest previous records from the Caspian Sea basin. They also warn that the presence of the species in the Tedzhen River of Turkmenistan may eventually lead to H. leucisculus being found throughout the entire Tedzhen (=Hari) River basin of Iran.

In the Razdolnaya River (Far East Russia) H. leucisculus was unintentionally introduced from Khanka Lake and probably from China as a result of aquaculture activity (Kolpakov et al., 2010). In the Artemovka River (Far East Russia) H. leucisculus was unintentionally introduced from Khanka Lake as a result of aquaculture activity.

Introductions

Risk of Introduction

The main pathway of introduction is the transfer of fish seed between fish farms. H. leucisculus then escapes from fishponds and spreads to the wild via irrigation canals. To help prevent spread of this species all transported fish seed should be properly checked for the presence of H. leucisculus before release into ponds.

Habitat

H. leucisculus is found in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals, and marshes. It keeps to the water surface in stagnant waters.

Habitat List

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

Molecular studies have been carried out on European cyprinids (Zardoya and Doadrio, 1999) and Asian cyprinids (Liu and Chen, 2003); both papers make reference to H. leucisculus.

The complete mitogenome of H. leucisculus was determined to be 16.62 kbp (Dong, et al., 2015; Xiang et al., 2016).

Reproductive Biology

In Uzbekistan sexual maturity is attained at the age of 2-3 years and at a length of 7-10 cm. Spawning is fractional and takes place from May to July. The average absolute fecundity is 19.9±2.2 thousand eggs and relative fecundity is 583±42 eggs per gram of total body weight (Khurshut, 2013). The average egg diameter is 0.58±0.01 mm. In Kazakhstan the absolute fecundity is 6000-13400 eggs (Mamilov, 2011).

In Erhai Lake, Yunnan Province, China the average batch fecundity is 11934±5921 eggs, while relative batch fecundity is 560±137 eggs g⁻¹ wet weight (Wang et al., 2014).

Physiology and Phenology

Longevity - 7 years.

Nutrition

H. leucisculus is an omnivorous species with a broad feeding plasticity.

In the native area, e.g. in the Amur drainage, H. leucisculus mainly feeds on macrophytes, zooplankton, algae and insects (Markovtsev, 1980). Nikolski (1956) indicated that the basis of diet for this species in Lake Khanka was zooplankton and in particular cladocerans.

The diet of introduced H. leucisculus in Peter the Great Bay (Far East Russia) is discussed in Dolganova et al. (2008).

In water bodies of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan the diet of this fish consists mostly of vegetative food both by the frequency of encounters and volume. Of the animal food, a significant part consists of crustaceans, insects and their larvae. Cases of predation have also been reported (Borisova, 1971; Shakirova and Nikolaev, 1991; Mitrofanov et al., 1992).

The intestines of H. leucisculus from Uzbekistan mainly contained detritus, and remnants of higher plants and algae (Khurshut and Rakhmatullaeva, 2005). Of the animals, the most frequently recorded were different stages of insects and crustaceans. Of the insects H. leucisculus prefers the larvae of dragonflies, chironomids and the larvae of other dipterans; of crustaceans, cladocerans are reported most frequently.

Climate

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Air Temperature

Water Tolerances

Natural enemies

Notes on Natural Enemies

In Central Asia, H. leucisculus is predated upon by Sander lucioperca, Silurus glanis and Aspius aspius. However, it is more resistant to predators than similar native species such as Alburnoides oblongus. The last strong spine of the dorsal fin serves as a deterrent to predators.

In Taiwan, H. leucisculus is eaten by the invasive fish species Parambassis siamensis and Channa micropeltes.

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Accidental Introduction

H. leucisculus has been accidentally transferred with juveniles of Asian carp.

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Impact Summary

Economic Impact

H. leucisculus is considered as a pest on fish farms and competitor of juveniles of commercial species. It has also been reported to feed on farmed fish eggs and fry.

Environmental Impact

Impact on Biodiversity

H. leucisculus may compete with the native species and might also feed on their eggs and fry. It has displaced native species in the Aral Sea Basin due to its higher resistance to predators, the high fecundity and its ability to eat a wide range of food.

Threatened Species

Risk and Impact Factors

• Invasive in its native range
• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Has a broad native range
• Abundant in its native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Has high reproductive potential
• Gregarious

• Damaged ecosystem services
• Negatively impacts aquaculture/fisheries
• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of endangered species
• Threat to/ loss of native species

• Competition (unspecified)
• Predation
• Rapid growth

• Difficult to identify/detect in the field
• Difficult/costly to control

Uses

Economic Value

In the native range has a minor commercial importance as a food fish (because it is very bony) and as bait.

In Central Asia and Iran H. leucisculus may be confused with the valuable commercial native species Chalcalburnus chalcoides.

Uses List

Animal feed, fodder, forage

• Bait/attractant

General

• Sport (hunting, shooting, fishing, racing)

Human food and beverage

• Meat/fat/offal/blood/bone (whole, cut, fresh, frozen, canned, cured, processed or smoked)

Detection and Inspection

H. leucisculus is easily distinguishable from the native species by the strong spine in the dorsal fin, the elongate anal fin and the curved lateral line, which goes downward behind the head and then parallels the lower body margin, at the anal fin it curves upward and extends along the middle part of the caudal peduncle.

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

H. leucisculus may be confused with the native species Alburnoides oblongus, Chalcalburnus chalcoides, and fingerlings of Aspius aspius. However, it is easy to recognize with its strong dorsal spine, an elongate anal fin and lateral line, which goes downward behind the head and then parallels the lower body margin, at the anal fin it curves upward and extends along the middle part of the caudal peduncle.

Prevention and Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Prevention

To prevent spread all transported fish seed should be properly checked for the presence of H. leucisculus before release in ponds.

Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs

Data on environmental requirements and interactions with native species are insufficient.

References

Abbasi K, 2005. Studying alien fishes and macrocrustaceans distribution and their effects on rivers and wetlands of the Iranian basin of Caspian Sea. In: II International Symposium "Invasion of Alien species in Holarctic (Borok-2)", 27 September-1 October 2005, Borok, Russia. 194-195

Aliev DS, Verigina IA, Svetovidova AA, 1963. The species composition of fish imported along with grass carp and silver carp from China. In: Problems of fishing of herbivorous fish in the reservoirs of the USSR. Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 178-180

Baensch HA, Fischer GW, 1998. Aquarien Atlas., Germany: Mergus

Banarescu, P., 1991. Zoogeography of fresh waters. Volume 2: distribution and dispersal of freshwater animals in North America and Eurasia, Wiesbaden, Germany: AULA-Verlag.519-1091.

Barabanshchikov EI, Magomedov RA, 2002. Species composition and some features of biology of fishes in the estuaries of Southern Primorye's rivers. Izv. TINRO, 131:179-200

Berg LS, 1949. Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. Moscow, Russia: USSR Academy of Sciences

Borisova AT, 1971. Materials on distribution and biology of sawbelly (Hemiculter bleeker) in water bodies of Kalgan-Chirchik fish farm. In: The biological basics of fishery in Uzbekistan [ed. by The biological basics of fishery in Uzbekista]. Fan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 281-289

Borisova AT, 1972. Accidental invaders in water bodies of Uzbekistan. Journal of Ichthyology, 12(1):49-53

Coad BW, 1981. Fishes of Afghanistan, an Annotated Checklist. National Museum of Natural Sciences (Ottawa) Publications in Zoology, 14:1-26

Coad BW, 1995. Freshwater fishes of Iran. Acta Sci. Nat. Acad. Sci. Brno. 29(1):1-64

Dolganova NT, Kolpakov NV, Chuchukalo VI, 2008. Feeding interactions and foraging of juvenile fish and shrimp in the Estuaries of Peter the Great Bay in the summer-fall period. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 34(7):482-489

Dong F, Tong GX, Kuang YY, Zheng XH, Sun XW, 1015. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Hemiculter leucisculus. Mitochondrial DNA, 26(5), 747-748.

Dulmaa A, 1999. Fish and fisheries in Mongolia. Fish and fisheries at higher altitudes: Asia. [ed. by Petr T]. Rome, Italy: FAO, 187-236. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 385. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x2614e/x2614e00.htm

Esmaeili HR, Gholamifard A, 2011. Range extension and translocation for Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855) (Cyprinidae) in western and northwestern Iran. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 27(6), 1394-1395.

Esmaeili HR, Gholamifard A, Freyhof J, 2011. Ichthyofauna of Zarivar Lake (Iran) with the first records of Hemiculter leucisculus and Alburnus hohenackeri in the Tigris drainage. Electronic Journal of Ichthyology, 7(1):1-6

Garstecki T, Amr Z, 2011. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management in the Iraqi Marshlands - Screening Study on Potential World Heritage Nomination. Amman, Jordan: IUCN, 189 pp

Holcík J, Olah J, 1992. Fish, fisheries and water quality in Anzali Lagoon and its watershed. Fish, fisheries and water quality in Anzali Lagoon and its watershed. Rome, Italy: FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/AD192E/AD192E00.htm

Holcík J, Razavi BA, 1992. On some new or little known freshwater fishes from the Iranian coast of the Caspian Sea. Folia Zoologica, 41(3):271-280

Jang MH, Joo GJ, Choi SS, 2003. The impact of monsoon on the distribution of fish in a small stream, Korea. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 3(1):87-95

Jang MH, Kyong H, Joo GJ, 2002. Interaction between cyanobacterial bloom and fishes in a small reservoir: laboratory and enclosure experiment. In: International Conference on Limnology of Shallow Lakes. Balaton fured, Hungary: Veszprem

Junkil C, Osamu M, Yasushi S, Kaoru F, 2006. Fish fauna of the Hwajinpo Lake, Korea. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 30(6):633-637

Junxing Y, 1996. The Alien and Indigenous Fishes of Yunnan: A Study on Impact Ways, Degrees and Relevant Issues. In: Conserving China's Biodiversity (II) [ed. by Schei, P. J. \Sung, W. \Yan, X.]. Beijing, China: China Environmental Science Press, 157-168

Kamilov G, Urchinov Zh U, 1995. Fish and fisheries in Uzbekistan under the impact of irrigated agriculture. In: Petr T, ed. Inland fisheries under the impact of irrigated agriculture: Central Asia. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 894, 10-41

Kamilov GC, Borisova AT, 1966. Low-value and pest fish species in "Kalgan-Chirchik" fish farm. In: Vertebrates of Central Asia. Tashkent, Uzbekistan 31-32

Khurshut EE, 2002. Invasive fish species in the Charvak reservoir. In: Biodiversity of the West Tien Shan: protection and efficient use. Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Chinor ENK, 253-257

Khurshut EE, Rakhmatullaeva GM, 2005. Korean sawbelly, Hemiculter leucisculus, a competitor of indigenous species in Uzbekistan. In: II International Symposium "Invasion of Alien species in Holarctic (Borok-2)", 27 September-1 October 2005, Borok, Russia. 198-199

Kolpakov NV, Barabanshchikov EI, Chepurnoi AYu, 2010. Species composition, distribution, and biological conditions of nonindigenous fishes in the estuary of the Razdol'naya River (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 1(2):87-94. http://www.maik.ru/abstract/bioinv/10/bioinv0087_abstract.pdf

Kottelat M, 2006. Fishes of Mongolia. A check-list of the fishes known to occur in Mongolia with comments on systematics and nomenclature. Washington DC, USA: El Banc Mundial, 103 pp

Kurshut EE, 2013. Reproductive capacity of Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855) in Uzbekistan. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 78(4), 207-207.

Liu H, Chen Y, 2003. Phylogeny of the east Asian cyprinids inferred from sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Can. J. Zool, 81(12):1938-1946

Mamilov Sh N, 2011. Modern diversity of alien fish species in Chu and Talas river basins. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 4(1):65-76

Markovtsev VG, 1980. Nutrition of the Korean sawbelly Hemiculter eigenmanni (Jordan et Metz) in Lake Khanka. Journal of Ichthyology, 20:168-170

Mitrofanov VP, 1967. Characteristics of fish fauna of water bodies of the inundation area of Kapchagai reservoir. In: Biological Basis of Fisheries in Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan. Balkhash, Kazakhstan 193-195

Mitrofanov VP, Dukravets GM, Sidorova AF, 1992. Fishes of Kazakhstan. Vol. 5. Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan: Gylym

Nah CS, 1989. A Comparative Study on Limno-biological Aspects of the Dammed Lakes in the Youngsan River in Korea - Centering on Fish Fauna. The Korean Journal of Ecology, 12(1):51-65

Nie P, Wang GT, Yao WJ, Zhang YA, Gao Q, 2000. Occurrence of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi in cyprinid fish from three lakes in the flood plain of the Yangtze River, China. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 41(1):81-82

Nikolski GV, 1956. Fishes of the River Amur basin. Results of the 1945-1949 Amur ichthyological expedition. Izdatelstvo Akad. Nauk SSSR, 551 pp

Patimar R, Abdoli A, Kiabi BH, 2008. Biological characteristics of the introduced sawbelly, Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewski, 1855), in three wetlands of northern Iran: Alma-Gol, Adji-Gol and Ala-Gol. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 24(5):617-620

Patimar R, Kiabi BH, 2005. Alien fish species, implications for conservation and management programes; a case study of wetlands of Golestan Province (north of Iran). In: II International Symposium "Invasion of Alien species in Holarctic (Borok-2)", 27 September-1 October 2005, Borok, Russia. 206

Reshetnikov YuS, 1998. Annotated catalog of cyclostomes and fishes of continental waters of Russia. Moscow, Russia: Nauka, 220 pp

Sal'nikov VB, 1998. Anthropogenic Migration of Fish in Turkmenistan. Journal of Ichthyology, 38(8):591-602

Savvaitova KA, Petr T, 1999. Fish and fisheries in Lake Issyk-kul (Tien Shan), River Chu and Pamir lakes. In: T. Petr (ed.) Fish and fisheries at higher altitudes: Asia. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. No. 385. FAO, Rome, 168-186

Shakirova FM, Nikolaev AA, 1991. Peculiarities of the biology of sawbelly (Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky) in the Murgab basin. Izv. AN TSSR. Biological Sciences Series, 1:24-33

Shed'ko SV, 2001. List of cyclostomes and fishes of fresh waters of Primorye coast. In: Chteniya pamyati Vladimira Yakovlevicha Levanidova Vol. 1., Russia: Dalnauka Publ., 220-249

Uzbek Academy of Sciences, 2006. The Red Data Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Volume 2: Animals. Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Wang Teng, Huang Dan, Shen JianZhong, Chen YuShun, Sun GuangWen, Wang HaiSheng, 2014. Batch fecundity and spawning frequency of invasive Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855) in Erhai Lake, China. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 97(10), 1161-1168. http://rd.springer.com/journal/10641 doi: 10.1007/s10641-013-0205-8

Wang XingLu, Xiang JianGuo, Liu JiaShou, Liu Ming, Wu Lang, Murphy, B. R., Xie SongGuang, 2013. Reduced growth and reproductive investment of Hemiculter leucisculus (Cyprinidae) in a reservoir with introduced icefish Neosalanx taihuensis (Salangidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes, 96(7), 895-903. http://rd.springer.com/journal/10641 doi: 10.1007/s10641-012-0085-3

Xiang D, Ai WM, Peng X, Qiu JB, Chen SB, 2016. Complete mitogenome of Hemiculter leucisculus (Cyprinidae: Cultrinae). Mitochondrial DNA, 27(1), 145-146.

Xie S, Cui Y, Li Z, 2001. Small fish communities in two regions of the Liangzi Lake, China, with or without submersed macrophytes. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 17(2):89-92

Zardoya R, Doadrio I, 1999. Molecular evidence on the evolutionary and biogeographical patterns of European cyprinids. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 49(2):227-237

Zareian H, Esmaeili HR, Rejad RZ, Vatandoust S, 2015. Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855) and Alburnus caeruleus Heckel, 1843: new data on their distributions in Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 13(1), 11-20.

Distribution References

Abbasi K, 2005. Studying alien fishes and macrocrustaceans distribution and their effects on rivers and wetlands of the Iranian basin of Caspian Sea. In: II International Symposium "Invasion of Alien species in Holarctic (Borok-2)", 27 September-1 October 2005, Borok, Russia, 194-195.

Aliev DS, Verigina IA, Svetovidova AA, 1963. The species composition of fish imported along with grass carp and silver carp from China. In: Problems of fishing of herbivorous fish in the reservoirs of the USSR, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. 178-180.

Bănărescu P, 1991. Zoogeography of fresh waters. Volume 2: distribution and dispersal of freshwater animals in North America and Eurasia. Wiesbaden, Germany: AULA-Verlag. 519-1091.

Barabanshchikov EI, Magomedov RA, 2002. Species composition and some features of biology of fishes in the estuaries of Southern Primorye's rivers. In: Izv. TINRO, 131 179-200.

BERG T, 1949. Swedish Sugar Company's investigations of cultivation technique. 2.e. Crop rotation. (Sockerbolagets odlingstekniska undersökningar. 2.e. Skiftesbruk.). Socker. 107-117.

Borisova AT, 1971. Materials on distribution and biology of sawbelly (Hemiculter bleeker) in water bodies of Kalgan-Chirchik fish farm. In: The biological basics of fishery in Uzbekistan, [ed. by The biological basics of fishery in Uzbekista]. Fan Tashkent, Uzbekistan: 281-289.

Borisova AT, 1972. Accidental invaders in water bodies of Uzbekistan. In: Journal of Ichthyology, 12 (1) 49-53.

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Coad B W, 1995. Freshwater fishes of Iran. Acta Sci. Nat. Acad. Sci. Brno. 29 (1), 1-64.

Coad BW, 1981. Fishes of Afghanistan, an Annotated Checklist. In: National Museum of Natural Sciences (Ottawa) Publications in Zoology, 14 1-26.

Dulmaa A, 1999. Fish and fisheries in Mongolia. In: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. [ed. by Petr T]. Rome, Italy: FAO. 187-236. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x2614e/x2614e00.htm

Garstecki T, Amr Z, 2011. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management in the Iraqi Marshlands - Screening Study on Potential World Heritage Nomination., Amman, Jordan: IUCN. 189 pp.

Jang MH, Joo GJ, Choi SS, 2003. The impact of monsoon on the distribution of fish in a small stream, Korea., 3 (1) 87-95.

Jang MH, Kyong H, Joo GJ, 2002. Interaction between cyanobacterial bloom and fishes in a small reservoir: laboratory and enclosure experiment. In: International Conference on Limnology of Shallow Lakes, Balaton fured, Hungary: Veszprem.

Junkil C, Osamu M, Yasushi S, Kaoru F, 2006. Fish fauna of the Hwajinpo Lake, Korea. In: Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 30 (6) 633-637.

Junxing Y, 1996. The Alien and Indigenous Fishes of Yunnan: A Study on Impact Ways, Degrees and Relevant Issues. In: Conserving China's Biodiversity (II), [ed. by Schei PJ, Sung W, Yan X]. Beijing, China: China Environmental Science Press. 157-168.

Kamilov G, Urchinov ZhU, 1995. Fish and fisheries in Uzbekistan under the impact of irrigated agriculture. In: Inland fisheries under the impact of irrigated agriculture: Central Asia, [ed. by Petr T]. 10-41.

Kamilov GC, Borisova AT, 1966. Low-value and pest fish species in "Kalgan-Chirchik" fish farm. In: Vertebrates of Central Asia, Tashkent, 31-32.

Khurshut EE, 2002. Invasive fish species in the Charvak reservoir. In: Biodiversity of the West Tien Shan: protection and efficient use, Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Chinor ENK. 253-257.

Khurshut EE, Rakhmatullaeva GM, 2005. Korean sawbelly, Hemiculter leucisculus, a competitor of indigenous species in Uzbekistan. In: II International Symposium "Invasion of Alien species in Holarctic (Borok-2)", 27 September-1 October 2005, Borok, Russia, 198-199.

Kolpakov N V, Barabanshchikov E I, Chepurnoi A Yu, 2010. Species composition, distribution, and biological conditions of nonindigenous fishes in the estuary of the Razdol'naya River (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Biological Invasions. 1 (2), 87-94. http://www.maik.ru/abstract/bioinv/10/bioinv0087_abstract.pdf DOI:10.1134/S2075111710020062

Kottelat M, 2006. Fishes of Mongolia. A check-list of the fishes known to occur in Mongolia with comments on systematics and nomenclature., Washington DC, USA: El Banc Mundial. 103 pp.

Mamilov N Sh, 2011. Modern diversity of alien fish species in the Chu and Talas river basins. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions. 2 (2/3), 112-119. http://www.springerlink.com/content/66685w6gr1940743/ DOI:10.1134/S207511171102007X

Mitrofanov VP, 1967. Characteristics of fish fauna of water bodies of the inundation area of Kapchagai reservoir. In: Biological Basis of Fisheries in Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan, 193-195. http://Balkhash

Mitrofanov VP, Dukravets GM, Sidorova AF, 1992. Fishes of Kazakhstan., 5 Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan: Gylym.

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Links to Websites

Contributors

16/10/2016 Updated by: 

Ernest Khurshut, Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, 2 Universitet St., Tashkent 111215. Toshkent vil., Qibray tum., Uzbekistan

25/07/11 Original text by:

Ernest Khurshut, Institute of Zoology, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, 1 Niyazov St., Tashkent 100095. Uzbekistan

Reviewers' names are available on request.

Distribution Maps