Gaillardia pulchella (Indian blanket)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Air Temperature
- Soil Tolerances
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Environmental Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Gaillardia pulchella Foug.
Preferred Common Name
- Indian blanket
Other Scientific Names
- Calonnea pulcherrima Buc'hoz
- Gaillardia bicolor Lam.
- Gaillardia bicolor var. bicolor
- Gaillardia drummondii (Hook.) DC.
- Gaillardia lobata Buckley
- Gaillardia neomexicana A. Nelson
- Gaillardia picta D. Don
- Gaillardia pulchella f. pulchella
- Gaillardia pulchella var. albiflora Cockerell
- Gaillardia pulchella var. drummondii (Hook.) B.L.Turner
- Gaillardia pulchella var. lorenziana Voss
- Gaillardia pulchella var. pulchella
- Gaillardia pulchella var. simplex Voss
- Gaillardia pulchella var. tubulosa Voss
- Gaillardia scabrosa Buckley
- Gaillardia villosa Rydb.
- Galordia alternifolia Raeusch.
International Common Names
- English: annual gaillardia; firewheel; gaillardia; rose-ring blanket; rose-ring gaillardia
- French: gaillarde; gaillarde jolie
- Chinese: tian ren ju
Local Common Names
- Cook Islands: tiare paratane
- Czech Republic: kokarda sli
- Dominican Republic: gallardia
- Japan: ten nin giku
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageG. pulchella is a plant species widely commercialized as an ornamental and included in the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012). This species is a fast-growing, annual herb with the capacity to escape from cultivation and colonize disturbed areas, waste ground, gardens, abandoned farmland, coastal forests, forest edges, pastures, roadsides, rocky areas, and riverbanks (Webb et al., 1988; Wagner et al., 1999; PIER, 2014). G. pulchella produces large amounts of wind-dispersed seed, which is a feature facilitating the probability of escaping and colonizing new habitats. Currently, it is listed as invasive in the Dominican Republic, Taiwan, Hawaii, New Caledonia, and French Polynesia (see distribution table for details; Kairo et al., 2003; Flora of Taiwan Editorial Committee, 2014; PIER, 2014).
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Asterales
- Family: Asteraceae
- Genus: Gaillardia
- Species: Gaillardia pulchella
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThe family Asteraceae is one of the most diverse groups among flowering plants including 1620 genera and about 23,600 species (Stevens, 2012). Species in the Asteraceae are very variable vegetatively, but may be recognized by their “capitulate” and involucrate inflorescences in which numerous small flowers open first on the outside and are infrequently subtended by bracts. The rather small, single-seeded fruits usually have a plumose “pappus” and are frequently dispersed by wind (Stevens, 2012).
The genus Gaillardia includes 15-17 species occurring in North America, Mexico, and South America (mostly Argentina). Some horticultural “Gaillardias” may be derived from hybrids involving species such as G. aristata and G. pulchella. Such horticultural plants sometimes persist after cultivation or occur sporadically in places well beyond the "natural" distribution ranges of the "parent" species; for example scattered and arid localities in Arizona and California (Turner and Whalen, 1975; Barkley et al., 2006). Individuals of G. pulchella from near or on beaches of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, usually with somewhat fleshy leaves and often persisting for more than one year, have been distinguished as G. pulchella var. picta (Barkley et al., 2006).
Description
Top of pageG. pulchella is an annual, biennial and sometimes perennial herb, 5–35(–60+) cm. Leaves cauline; petiolar bases 0–3+ cm; blades linear, oblong, or spatulate, 1–5(–12) cm × 4–12(–35) mm, (bases of distal ± clasping) margins usually entire, sometimes toothed or lobed, faces closely strigillose or hirtellous to ± villous (hairs jointed). Peduncles 3–10(–20) cm. Phyllaries 18–28, narrowly triangular- to linear-attenuate, 6–14 mm, usually ciliate with jointed hairs. Receptacular setae 1.5–3 mm. Ray florets usually 8–14, rarely 0; corollas usually reddish to purplish proximally, yellow to orange distally, rarely yellow, reddish, or purplish throughout, 13–30 mm. Disc florets 40–100; corollas yellowish to purple or brown, often bicolored, tubes 0.8–1.2 mm, throats campanulate to urceolate, 3–4 mm, lobes deltate to ovate, often attenuate, 1–3 mm, jointed hairs 0.3 mm. Cypselae obpyramidal, 2–2.5 mm, hairs 1.5–2 mm, inserted at bases and on angles; pappi of 7–8 deltate to lanceolate, aristate scales 4–7 mm (scarious bases 1–2.5 × 0.7–1.3 mm; Barkley et al., 2006).
Distribution
Top of pageG. pulchella is native to North America and Mexico (USDA-NRCS, 2014). It has been widely cultivated as an ornamental and can be found cultivated and naturalized in Europe, South Africa, Central America, and on islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific Ocean (DAISIE, 2014; USDA-ARS, 2014).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
South Africa | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalised | |||
Asia |
|||||||
Bhutan | Present | Introduced | 1979 | ||||
China | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalised; Original citation: Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014) | |||
-Jiangsu | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalised; Original citation: Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014) | |||
-Shanghai | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalised; Original citation: Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014) | |||
Japan | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Ryukyu Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Taiwan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Original citation: Flora of Taiwan Editorial Committee (2014) | |||
Europe |
|||||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Present | Introduced | Casual alien | ||||
Czechia | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
France | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
Italy | Present | Introduced | Casual alien | ||||
Norway | Present | Introduced | 1946 | ||||
Portugal | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Madeira | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalised | |||
Romania | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalised | |||
Russia | Present | Introduced | Cultivated in European part of Russia | ||||
Slovakia | Present | Introduced | 1994 | ||||
Slovenia | Present | Introduced | Casual alien | ||||
Spain | Present | Introduced | Casual alien | ||||
Ukraine | Present | Introduced | Casual alien | ||||
North America |
|||||||
Bahamas | Present | Introduced | |||||
Canada | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Alberta | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Manitoba | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Ontario | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Quebec | Present | Introduced | |||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | |||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
El Salvador | Present | Introduced | |||||
Guatemala | Present | Introduced | |||||
Honduras | Present | Introduced | |||||
Mexico | Present | Native | |||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Alabama | Present | Native | |||||
-Alaska | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Arizona | Present | Native | |||||
-Arkansas | Present | Native | |||||
-California | Present | Native | |||||
-Colorado | Present | Native | |||||
-Connecticut | Present | Native | |||||
-Delaware | Present | Native | |||||
-Florida | Present | Native | |||||
-Georgia | Present | Native | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Illinois | Present | Native | |||||
-Indiana | Present | Native | |||||
-Iowa | Present | Native | |||||
-Kansas | Present | Native | |||||
-Louisiana | Present | Native | |||||
-Maine | Present | Native | |||||
-Massachusetts | Present | Native | |||||
-Michigan | Present | Native | |||||
-Minnesota | Present | Native | |||||
-Mississippi | Present | Native | |||||
-Missouri | Present | Native | |||||
-Nebraska | Present | Native | |||||
-Nevada | Present | Native | |||||
-New Hampshire | Present | Native | |||||
-New Jersey | Present | Native | |||||
-New Mexico | Present | Native | |||||
-New York | Present | Native | |||||
-North Carolina | Present | Native | |||||
-Ohio | Present | Native | |||||
-Oklahoma | Present | Native | |||||
-Pennsylvania | Present | Native | |||||
-South Carolina | Present | Native | |||||
-South Dakota | Present | Native | |||||
-Tennessee | Present | Native | |||||
-Texas | Present | Native | |||||
-Vermont | Present | Native | |||||
-Virginia | Present | Native | |||||
-Wisconsin | Present | Native | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Introduced | 1915 | ||||
Cook Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Federated States of Micronesia | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Guam | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
Kiribati | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Palau | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
South America |
|||||||
Colombia | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; Original citation: Idarraga-Piedrahita et al. (2011) |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageThe history of introduction of G. pulchella is uncertain. It was probably introduced as an ornamental. For the West Indies, there is only one herbarium collection made in the Dominican Republic (where now it is listed as invasive) in 1945 (US Herbarium Collection).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe risk of introduction of G. pulchella is moderate. This species has been listed as a weed and it is able to escape from cultivation and become naturalized into new habitat (principally ruderal and disturbed habitats) forming monospecific stands when it grows under favourable environmental conditions (Barkley et al., 2006; DAISIE, 2014; PIER, 2014; USDA-ARS, 2014).
Habitat
Top of pageIn North America, G. pulchella grows on sandy or calcareous soils, often in disturbed places, mostly in grasslands or open places at elevations from 0-1800 metres (Barkley et al., 2006). In Hawaii, G. pulchella is naturalized on disturbed or cultivated ground (Wagner et al., 1999). In New Zealand, it grows on sand dunes, waste land, roadsides, gardens and arable land, river banks, stony river terraces, railway yards, bare soil, and grassy places (Webb et al., 1988). In Taiwan, it is naturalized in coastal regions, and is particularly abundant in Penghu Hsien (Flora of Taiwan Editorial Committee, 2014).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Deserts | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Arid regions | Present, no further details | Natural |
Littoral | Coastal dunes | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Coastal dunes | Present, no further details | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The chromosome number reported for G. pulchella is 2n = 24 (Ward, 1983).
Reproductive Biology and Phenology
In North America, G. pulchella starts to produce flowers in spring, mostly from May to August. In the autumn, seeds are dispersed for the next growing season (Barkley et al., 2006).
Longevity
G. pulchella has the potential to grow as an annual, biennial or perennial herb, depending mainly on the prevailing micro-environmental conditions and the latitude (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014).
Environmental Requirements
G. pulchella grows best in areas with full sunlight and moderate and sandy-loam, neutral to alkaline soils (pH 7.1 to 8.5). It has good tolerance of saline and drought conditions.
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Tolerated | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Tolerated | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Tolerated | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
BS - Steppe climate | Preferred | > 430mm and < 860mm annual precipitation | |
BW - Desert climate | Preferred | < 430mm annual precipitation | |
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) | |
Ds - Continental climate with dry summer | Tolerated | Continental climate with dry summer (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry summers) | |
Dw - Continental climate with dry winter | Tolerated | Continental climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry winters) |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 20 | |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 1.7 |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
Soil reaction
- alkaline
- neutral
Soil texture
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- saline
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageG. pulchella spreads by seeds. Each plant has the potential to produce hundreds of seeds which are adapted to wind-dispersal (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Widely cultivated as ornamental and escaped from cultivation | Yes | Yes | Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014) |
Medicinal use | Used in traditional Native-American medicine | Yes | Yes | Turner and Whalen (1975) |
Ornamental purposes | Yes | Yes | Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014) |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Seeds | Yes | Yes | USDA-ARS (2014) |
Wind | Seeds are wind-dispersed | Yes | Yes | Turner and Whalen (1975) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive |
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Human health | Positive |
Environmental Impact
Top of pageG. pulchella can invade disturbed areas, pastures, roadsides, forest edges, sand dunes, gardens and arable land, river banks, and sandy river terraces (Webb et al., 1988). Under suitable environmental conditions, this species has the potential to grow forming monospecific stands and consequently altering plant communities by displacing and out-competing native species (Wagner et al., 1999; PIER, 2014).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Highly mobile locally
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Modification of successional patterns
- Monoculture formation
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - shading
- Competition - smothering
- Hybridization
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Uses
Top of pageIn North America, Native American cultures use G. pulchella in traditional medicine. Tea of roots is used to treat gastroenteritis; and chewed powdered root is applied to skin disorders and for sore eyes. It is also believed that this species brings good luck. G. pulchella is also widely cultivated as an ornamental and many horticultural varieties have been created (Barkley et al., 2006; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014; USDA-ARS, 2014).
Uses List
Top of pageDrugs, stimulants, social uses
- Religious
Environmental
- Amenity
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Ornamental
- Cut flower
- Potted plant
References
Top of pageAcevedo-Rodríguez P; Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm
Barkley TM; Brouillet L; Strother JL, 2006. Asteraceae. Flora of North America, Provisional Publication. Flora of North America Association. http://floranorthamerica.org/volumes
DAISIE, 2014. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. European Invasive Alien Species Gateway. www.europe-aliens.org/default.do
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014. Flora of China. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2
Flora of Taiwan Editorial Committee, 2014. Digital flora of Taiwan, eFloras website. St. Louis, MO and Cambridge, MA, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=100
Florence J; Chevillotte H; Ollier C; Meyer J-Y, 2013. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP) (Botanical database of the Nadeaud Herbarium of French Polynesia). http://www.herbier-tahiti.pf
Idárraga-Piedrahita A; Ortiz RDC; Callejas Posada R; Merello M, 2011. Flora of Antioquia. (Flora de Antioquia.) Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares, vol. 2. Listado de las Plantas Vasculares del Departamento de Antioquia:939 pp.
Lorence DH; Flynn T, 2010. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Lawai, Hawaii: National Tropical Botanical Garden, 26.
McCormack G, 2013. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database. Rarotonga, Cook Islands: Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust. http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/search.asp
Missouri Botanical Garden, 2014. Tropicos database. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/
Nelson CH, 2008. Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Honduras (Catalogue of the vascular plants of Honduras). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, 1576 pp.
PIER, 2014. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Randall RP, 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Perth, Australia: Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 1124 pp. http://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2013/20133109119.pdf
Stevens PF, 2012. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
Turner BL; Whalen M, 1975. Taxonomic study of Gaillardia pulchella (Asteraceae-Heliantheae). Wrightia, 5:189-192.
USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2014. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov/
Ward DE, 1983. Chromosome counts from New Mexico and southern Colorado. Phytologia, 54:302-309.
Webb CJ; Sykes WR; Garnock-Jones PJ, 1988. Flora of New Zealand Volume IV. Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons. Christchurch, New Zealand: DSIR Botany Division, 1365 pp. http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Book.aspx?fileName=Flora%204.xml
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
DAISIE, 2014. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. http://www.europe-aliens.org/
Florence J, Chevillotte H, Ollier C, Meyer J-Y, 2013. Nadeaud botanical database of the Herbarium of French Polynesia. (Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP))., https://nadeaud.ilm.pf/
Lorence DH, Flynn T, 2010. Checklist of the plants of Kosrae. Unpublished checklist., Lawai, Hawaii, National Tropical Botanical Garden. 26.
Missouri Botanical Garden, 2014. Tropicos database., St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/
Nelson CH, 2008. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Honduras. (Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Honduras)., Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 1576 pp.
PIER, 2014. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk., Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2014. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
Florida Native Plant Society : blanket flower | http://www.fnps.org/assets/pdf/pubs/gaillardia_pulchella_blanketflower_3_1.pdf | |
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global Compositae Checklist | http://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/Default.aspx | |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
PIER | http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html |
Contributors
Top of page18/06/14 Original text by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
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