Centaurea iberica (Iberian starthistle)

Pictures

Top of page

Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Habit

Centaurea iberica; habit. Turkey. June 2016.

©Erhan Yelekci/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 4.0

Habit

Centaurea iberica; flowering habit. Israel.

©Eitan f/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 3.0

Flower

Centaurea iberica; flower. Menashe hills, Israel. May 2008.

©Eitan f/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 3.0

Identity

Top of page

Preferred Scientific Name

Centaurea iberica Trev. Ex Sprengel (1826)

Preferred Common Name

Iberian starthistle

Other Scientific Names

Calcitrapa iberica (Spreng.) Schur (1866)
Leucantha iberica (Spreng.) Á. Löve & D. Löve (1961)

Local Common Names

: abrepuño gigante; azulejo gigante
: Iberian knapweed; Spanish centaury-thistle
Brazil: centáurea-gigante

Summary of Invasiveness

Top of page

C. iberica appears to be somewhat weedy in its native environment, but is less aggressively invasive elsewhere than other Centaurea species. The only South American country where it appears to have established as an invasive alien is Argentina. It has been introduced in Europe and North America, but has either failed to persist or eradication efforts have been successful to some degree. Only in California has eradication not been achieved. Introductions in Wyoming and Oregon have not expanded rapidly. In its native range, various uses in folk medicine are proving to have a scientific basis. C. iberica is on prohibited weed lists in Chile and Australia; and is a Class A noxious weed in California and Oregon, and a prohibited noxious weed in Arizona, Nevada and Wyoming.

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page

Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Centaurea
Species: Centaurea iberica

Description

Top of page

Plants 20-200 cm tall; stems 1-several, divaricately much branched (‘bushy’ in some references), often forming a rounded mound, puberulent to loosely tomentose. Leaves hispidulous to loosely tomentose, more or less glabrate, dotted with minute resin glands; proximal leaves petiolate, blades 10-20 cm, margins 1-2 times pinnately lobed or dissected, rosette with central cluster of spines; mid sessile, not decurrent, blades more or less lanceolate, shorter; distal blades linear to oblong, entire to coarsely dentate or shallowly lobed. Heads disciform, borne singly or in leafy cymiform arrays, sessile or short-pedunculate. Involucres ovoid to hemispheric, 10-18 mm. Principal phyllaries: bodies greenish or stramineous, ovate, scarious-margined, appendages stramineous, spiny-fringed at the base, each tipped by a stout, spreading spine 1-3 cm long. Inner phyllaries: appendages truncate, spineless. Florets many; corollas white, pink or pale purple, those of sterile florets slender, 15-20 mm, those of fertile florets 15-20 mm. Cypselae white or brown streaked, 3-4 mm, glabrous. Pappus of white bristles 1-2.5 mm (Keil and Ochsmann, 2006).

Distribution Table

Top of page

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	First Reported	Invasive	Reference	Notes
Asia
Afghanistan	Present	Native		Not invasive	Holm et al., 1979
Armenia	Present	Native		Not invasive	USDA-ARS, 2009
Azerbaijan	Present	Native		Not invasive	USDA-ARS, 2009
China	Present					Present based on regional distribution.
-Xinjiang	Present	Native		Not invasive	Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1959
Georgia (Republic of)	Present	Native		Not invasive	USDA-ARS, 2009
India	Present					Present based on regional distribution.
-Jammu and Kashmir	Present	Native		Not invasive	Hooker, 1882; Kaul, 1986; Sharma et al., 1995	Kashmir 5-6000 ft. Westward to the Atlantic
Iran	Present	Native		Not invasive	Rechinger, 1963; Parsa, 1978; Khaniki, 1995
Iraq	Present	Native		Not invasive	Field, 1940	Jebel Baykhair near Zakho, near Amara
Israel	Present	Native		Not invasive	Tadmor et al., 1974; Feinbrun-Dothan, 1978; Rubin and Benjamin, 1984
Jordan	Present	Native		Not invasive	Petney, 1988; Qasem, 2006
Kazakhstan	Present	Native		Not invasive	USDA-ARS, 2009
Kyrgyzstan	Present	Native		Not invasive	Komarov et al., 1934-1964; USDA-ARS, 2009
Lebanon	Present	Native		Not invasive	Mouterde, 1966; Senatore et al., 2005
Pakistan	Present	Native		Not invasive	USDA-ARS, 2009
Syria	Present only under cover/indoors	Native		Not invasive	Mouterde, 1966
Tajikistan	Present	Native		Not invasive	USDA-ARS, 2009
Turkey	Widespread	Native		Not invasive	Wagenitz, 1975	Fields, roadsides, waste land s.l. -2300 m
Turkmenistan	Present	Native		Not invasive	USDA-ARS, 2009
Uzbekistan	Present	Native		Not invasive	USDA-ARS, 2009
North America
USA	Present					Present based on regional distribution.
-California	Present, few occurrences	Introduced	1923	Invasive	Howell, 1959; Robbins et al., 1970; Hickman, 1993	Eradicated in 1 location, ongoing in 2 others
-Kansas	Present	Introduced			McGregor et al., 1976; McGregor, 1986
-Oregon	Present, few occurrences	Introduced	1954	Not invasive	Roché and Roché, 1998; Institute of Natural Resources, 2009	Jackson Co. Clackamas & Wheeler counties
-Washington	Absent, formerly present	Introduced	1929	Not invasive	Roché and Talbott, 1986	Kittitas Co.
-Wyoming	Present	Introduced	1955		Dorn, 1977	Converse (2000), Big Horn counties
South America
Argentina	Present	Introduced	1956		PARODI, 1956; Holm et al., 1979; Rodolfo de la Peña M, 1997	Also collections at Smithsonian Herbarium from 1961-1988
Chile						Prohibited weed seed
Europe
Bulgaria	Present	Native		Not invasive	USDA-ARS, 2009
Cyprus	Present	Native		Not invasive	Meikle, 1977
France	Absent, formerly present	Introduced		Not invasive	Touchy, 1857	Transitory species at Juvenal Port
Greece	Present	Native		Not invasive	USDA-ARS, 2009
Italy	Present	Introduced		Not invasive	Pignatti, 1982	Adventive, disturbed places
Lithuania	Present	Introduced	1967		Gudzinskas, 1997
Romania	Present	Native		Not invasive	USDA-ARS, 2009
UK	Absent, formerly present	Introduced	>1900	Not invasive	Dunn, 1905; Fraser, 1905; Clement and Foster, 1994	Casual alien e.g., once or twice near Slateford Railway Sta. & Leith Docks in 1904
Ukraine	Present	Native		Not invasive	USDA-ARS, 2009
Yugoslavia (former)	Present	Native		Not invasive	Dostàl, 1976
Oceania
Australia						Prohibited to import

History of Introduction and Spread

Top of page

C. iberica was introduced in Europe in the 1800s and early 1900s (e.g., Juvenal Gate in southern France and grain fields and railway stations in England and Scotland) but most introductions have failed to persist. Ballast ground introductions in North America have also not established. In California, C. iberica was first reported in 1923 near Solvang, Santa Ynez Canyon, Santa Barbara County (Robbins et al., 1970). In July 1929 a larger population was found near Santa Rosa. Two infestations, one of about 80 acres, were reported in San Diego County (near Ramona in 1932 and in Santa Teresa Valley in 1938) (Howell, 1959; Robbins et al., 1970). As a Class A noxious weed, an eradication program is in effect; one population has been eradicated and eradication is on-going for the other two (Rejmanek and Pitcairn, 2006). C. iberica was reported from 1955 through 2000 in Converse County, Wyoming (Dorn, 1977; Rice, 2009).

Habitat

Top of page

C. iberica has been reported in fields and on roadsides and wasteland in Turkey, from sea level to 2300 m (Wagenitz, 1975).

In North America, C. iberica grows along roadsides and in fields and pastures (Keil and Ochsmann, 2006). In California it has often been reported to colonize the banks of watercourses and other moist sites (DiTomaso and Healy, 2007).

Habitat List

Top of page

Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial
	Terrestrial – Managed	Cultivated / agricultural land	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
		Disturbed areas	Present, no further details
		Rail / roadsides	Present, no further details
	Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural	Natural grasslands	Present, no further details
		Scrub / shrublands	Present, no further details
		Arid regions	Present, no further details

Hosts/Species Affected

Top of page

C. iberica was reported to be one of the top three weeds in mustard fields in the district of Chakwal in Pakistan, and was ranked seventh overall in importance among all the weeds (Nasir and Sultan, 2006).

Biology and Ecology

Top of page

Genetics

2n=20 (Plitman, 1976; Hellwig, 1994; Garcia-Jacas et al., 1997)

2n=16 (Tonian, 1980)

x=10 (Powell et al., 1974; Goldblatt and Johnson, 1991; Khaniki, 1995).

Reproductive Biology

C. iberica reproduces prolifically by seed (Whitson et al., 1996).

Physiology and Phenology

C. iberica plants form a rosette in late May and June and flower in July and August (Whitson et al., 1996). In California, flowering occurs between July and October (DiTomaso and Healy, 2007). It is a winter annual, biennial (Whitson et al., 1996) or short-lived perennial (Keil and Ochsmann, 2006). DiTomaso and Healy (2007) state that “the biology of this species is probably similar to purple starthistle” indicating that little is known about C. iberica in North America. Turkoglu et al. (2009) studied the effects of temperature on germination in C. iberica above 1750 m in Turkey. In Israel, it flowers in April, May, June and July (http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Centaureaiberica_page.htm).

Environmental Requirements

In Israel, C. iberica grows on light soils and in the Mediterranean it occurs in woodlands and on shrublands, semi-steppes and the montane vegetation of Mt. Hermon.

Natural enemies

Top of page

Natural enemy	Type	Life stages	Specificity	References	Biological control in	Biological control on
Bruchidius tuberculatus	Herbivore	Seeds		Nakeer et al., 2013

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Top of page

Natural Dispersal (Non-Biotic)

Most seed falls near the parent plant or is dispersed over short distances by wind or sometimes water (DiTomaso and Healy, 2007).

Vector Transmission (Biotic)

Longer distance dispersal is probably mediated by human or other animal activities, for example, on vehicles, in mud or soil, on hooves or equipment, clinging to fur or hair, or passing through the digestive tract of an animal. The presence of C. iberica at woollen mills indicates that sheep transport the seeds (Fraser, 1905).

Accidental Introduction

All of the introductions appear to have been accidental, or at least caused by carelessness. Soil carried as ballast on ships may have been the most significant long distance dispersal mechanism for C. iberica between continents (Roché and Talbott, 1986) but it has also been transported with grains (Dunn, 1905).

Economic Impact

Top of page

In Israel, where it is native, C. iberica is a weed in agricultural fields (Rubin and Benjamin, 1984; Hadar et al., 1988) as well as a dominant plant in some annual grasslands. It is used as rangeland for sheep production (Tadmor et al., 1974).

Environmental Impact

Top of page

Impact on Biodiversity

C. iberica is present as a part of the diverse native flora in the best rangelands on the West Bank, which are suitable for a Highly Sensitive Area (HSA): in the District of Jenin, on the northeastern side of the mountain of Lehif Jader (Palestine Institute For Arid Land and Environmental Studies, 1996).

Risk and Impact Factors

Top of page Invasiveness

Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Has high reproductive potential

Impact outcomes

Negatively impacts agriculture

Uses

Top of page

Economic Value

Drozda (1965) reported the occurrence of cnicin in C. iberica. Dumlu and Gürkan (2006) isolated sesquiterpene lactones and a steroidal compound from C. iberica in Turkey, which showed significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Ulusoylu et al. (2001) reported antibacterial and antifungal activities in extracts from C. iberica in Turkey.

C. iberica is one of several Centaurea species used in Turkish folk medicine to alleviate the pain and inflammatory symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis, high fever, headache, and for healing of wounds (in particular, the aerial part of C. iberica is applied on wounds for healing). Koca et al. (2009) evaluated the anti-inflammatory and healing properties of extracts of C. iberica. They found that C. iberica displays remarkable wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity. Senatore et al. (2005) studied the chemistry of C. iberica in Lebanon and isolated 91 volatile components, mostly fatty acids and hydrocarbons. In Pakistan, Hussain et al. (2004) studied antidiabetic compounds in C. iberica and found insulin secretagogue activity at 10 µg/mL in its extracts. Abdel-Jalil (2002) also investigated extracts of C. iberica for possible hypoglycaemic activity.

In Jordan, Qasem (2002) studied the effects of root exudates of C. iberica on parasitic branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) and determined that they did not reduce parasitic infection in tomatoes.

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Top of page

C. iberica closely resembles Centaurea calcitrapa (Keil and Ochsmann, 2006). The rosettes of both species have deeply lobed leaves with light coloured midribs and spines develop in the centre of the rosette. The introductions in Kansas and Wyoming were first reported as C. calcitrapa (McGregor, 1986). The capitula of C. iberica are more globose than the narrow heads of C. calcitrapa (Roché and Roché, 1998). Achenes of C. iberica are plumed with a pappus, whereas those of C. calcitrapa lack this feature (Keil and Ochsmann, 2006; DiTomaso and Healy, 2007). Plants of C. iberica tend to be taller and more robust thanthose of C. calcitrapa (McGregor, 1986).

Prevention and Control

Top of page

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Prevention

In 1978 Chile included C. iberica in a list of species whose seeds were prohibited from entry to the country (faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/chi9312.pdf). It is also on the prohibited seed list for Australia (http://www.invasive.org/gist/global/australia/ast.html).

References

Top of page

Abdel-Jalil H, 2002. Screenng for a possible hypoglycemic activity of selected Jordanian medicinal plants. Jordan Journal of Applied Science (Natural Sciences), 4(1):1-7.

Ahmed N; Bibi R, 1979. Chemical investigation of Centaurea iberica. Fitoterapia, 5:199-200.

Al-Ali AS; Abbas SA; Al-Neamy IK; Abdul-Masih AME, 1978. On the biology of the yellow safflower fly Chaetorellia carthami Diptera Tephritidae in Iraq. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 87:439-445.

Bazzaz BSF; Haririzadeh G, 2003. Screening of Iranian plants for antimicrobial activity. Pharmaceutical Biology, 41(8):573-583.

Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1959. [English title not available]. (Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae.) Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. unpaginated.

Clement EJ; Foster MC, 1994. Alien plants of the British Isles: a provisional catalogue of vascular plants (excluding grasses). Oundle, UK; Botanical Society of the British Isles, 590 pp.

DiTomaso JM; Healy EA, 2007. Weeds of California and other Western States. Vol 1. California, USA: UC Davis, 1808 pp. [University of California ANR Pub. 3488.]

Dorn RD, 1977. Manual of the vascular plants of Wyoming. 2 vols. New York, USA: Garland Publishing Inc., 1498 pp.

Dostàl J, 1976. Centaurea L. In: Flora Europaea. Vol. 4. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 254-301.

Drozda B, 1965. The occurrence of cnicin in the herbs Centaurea calcitrapa L., C. iberica Trev. and C. ovina Pal. Diss. Pharm. Pharmacol, 19:223-225.

Dumlu MU; Gürkan E, 2006. A new active compound from Centaurea species. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences, 61(1/2):44-46. http://znaturforsch.com/c.htm

Dunn ST, 1905. Alien flora of Britain. London, UK: West, Newman & Co., 109.

Feinbrun-Dothan N, 1978. Flora Palaestina 3: Ericaceae to Compositae. Jerusalem, Israel: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Field H, 1940. The anthropology of Iraq: the Upper Euphrates. The anthropology of Iraq: the Upper Euphrates, 30(1). Chicago, USA: Field Museum of Natural History, unpaginated. [Field Museum of Natural History Anthropological Publication 469.]

Font M; Garcia-Jacas N; Vilatersana R; Roquet C; Susanna A, 2009. Evolution and biogeography of Centaurea section Acrocentron inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA sequence analyses. Annals of Botany, 103(6):985-997.

Fraser J, 1905. Alien plants near Edinburgh. The Annals of Scottish Natural History, 53. Edinburgh, UK: David Douglas.

Garcia-Jacas N; Susanna A; Ilarslan R; Ilarslan H, 1997. New chromosome counts in the subtribe Centaureinae (Asteraceae, Cardueae) from West Asia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 125(4):343-349.

Garcia-Jacas N; Susanna A; Mozaffarian V; Ilarslan R, 2000. The natural delimitation of Centaurea (Asteraceae: Cardueae): ITS sequence analysis of the Centaurea jacea group. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 223(3/4):185-199.

Garcia-Jacas N; Susanna A; Vilatersana R; Guara M, 1998. New chromosome counts in the subtribe Centaureinae (Asteraceae, Cardueae) from west Asia, II. Botany Journal of the Linnaean Society, 128:403-412.

Garcia-Jacas N; Uysal T; Romashchenko K; Suárez-Santiago VN; Ertugrul K; Susanna A, 2006. Centaurea revisited: a molecular survey of the Jacea group. Annals of Botany, 98(4):741-753. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/

Goldblatt P; Johnson DE, 1991. Index to plant chromosome numbers 1988-1989. Index to plant chromosome numbers 1988-1989. Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden, unpaginated. [Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden.]

Gudzinskas Z, 1997. Conspectus of alien plant species of Lithuania. 4. Asteraceae. Botanica Lithuanica, 3(4):335-366.

Hadar A; Chachlon Y; Yovel H; Colodney G; Glidai S; Shuli T, 1998. Derby for postemergence broadleaves control in wheat. In: Phytoparasitica, 27(2). 109-126.

Hellwig FH, 1994. [English title not available]. (Chromosomenzahlen aus der Tribus Cardueae (Compositae).) Willdenowia, 24:219-248.

Hickman JC, 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. Berkeley, USA: University of California Press.

Holm LG; Pancho JV; Herberger JP; Plucknett DL, 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 391 pp.

Hooker JD, 1882. The flora of British India. The flora of British India, 3(1). London, UK: L. Beeve & Co., Covent Garden, 385.

Howell JT, 1959. Distributional data on weedy thistles in western North America. Leafl. West. Bot, 9(2):17-29.

Institute of Natural Resources, 2009. List of key exotic species in Oregon. List of key exotic species in Oregon. Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, Oregon State University, unpaginated. http://oregonstate.edu/ornhic/exotic_plants.html#Centaurea%20iberica

ISSG, 2009. Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). Invasive Species Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. http://www.issg.org/database

Katar'yan BT; Torgashova GG, 1976. Spectrum of herbicidal activity of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol. Doklady Akademii Nauk Armyanskoi SSR, 63(2):109-112.

Kaul MK, 1986. Weed Flora of Kashmir Valley. Jodhpur, India: Scientific Publishers, 422 pp.

Keil DJ; Ochsmann J, 2006. Centaurea. In: Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol..19. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 181-194.

Khaniki GB, 1995. Meiotic studies on some Iranian Centaurea (Compositae). Cytologia, 60(4):341-346.

Koca U; Süntar IP; Keles H; Yesilada E; Akkol EK, 2009. In vivo anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of Centaurea iberica Trev. ex Spreng. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 126(3):551-556. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03788741

Komarov VL; Shishkin BK; Bobrov EG, 1934-1964. Flora SSSR, 28. Leningrad, USSR: Agropromizdat.

Litardiere Rde; Maire R, 1930. [English title not available]. (Contributions a l'etude de la flore du Maroc.) Fascicule 2 Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc, 26:1-56.

McGregor RL, 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, USA: University Press of Kansas.

McGregor RL; Brooks RE; Hauser LA, 1976. Checklist of Kansas vascular plants. Checklist of Kansas vascular plants. Kansas, USA: Kansas State University, unpaginated. [Technical Publications of State Biological Survey of Kansas, No. 2.]

Meikle RD, 1977. Flora of Cyprus. Volume One. Kew, UK: Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens., xii + 832 pp.

Meikle RD, 1985. Flora of Cyprus. Volume Two. 1985, xiii + 1136 (833 1970) pp.; many ref.

Mouterde P, 1966. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. Beirut, Lebanon: Del'imprimerie Catholique.

Nakeer Razak; Saini MS; Irfan Ahmad; Irfan Rashid, 2013. Report of Bruchidius tuberculatus (Hochhut 1847) (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) from biodiversity hotspot region of Kashmir Himalaya - a promising biocontrol agent against invasive alien weed Centurea iberica Trev. ex Spreng. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7(23):1670-1674. http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR/PDF/pdf2013/17Jun/Razak%20et%20al.pdf

Nasir ZA; Sikander Sultan, 2006. Noxious weeds of winter crops in District Chakwal, Pakistan. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(5):480-487. http://www.academicjournals.net/2/detail.php?id=2&jid=ijar&theme=2&issueno=5&articleno=52

Palestinian Institute for Arid Land and Environmental Studies, 1996. Palestine: country report to the FAO International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources, Leipzig. Palestine: country report to the FAO International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources, Leipzig. Hebron, West Bank: PIALES, unpaginated.

PARODI LR, 1956. A new weed in the fields of Buenos Aires province. (Una nueva maleza en los campos bonaerenses.) Revista Argentina de Agronomia, 23(3):132-7.

Parsa A, 1978. Flora of Iran. Tehran, Iran: Offset Press.

Peachey E, 2009. Pacific northwest weed management handbook. Pacific northwest weed management handbook. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, unpaginated. http://weeds.ippc.orst.edu/pnw/weeds

Petney TN, 1988. Influence of insect attack on reproductive potential of thistle species in Jordan. Entomologia Generalis, 14(1):25-35.

Pignatti S, 1982. Flora of Italy. [Flora d'Italia.]. Bologna, Italy: Edagricole.

Plitman U, 1976. Taxonomic studies in Centaurea sect. Calcitrapa. III. Cytotaxonomic notes. Israel Journal of Botany, 25:84-89.

Plitmann U, 1973. Taxonomic studies in Centaurea section Calcitrapa. Part 1. New taxa in Palestine. Israel Journal of Botany, 22:47-66.

Plitmann U, 1975. Taxonomic studies in Centaurea section Calcitrapa. Part 2. The Middle-East. Israel Journal of Botany, 24:10-25.

Powell AM; Kyhos DW; Raven PH, 1974. Chromosome numbers in Compositae. X. American Journal of Botany, 61:909-913.

Qasem JR, 2002. Plants as sources of natural herbicides against branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.). In: Allelopathy: from molecules to ecosystems [ed. by Reigosa, M. J.\Pedrol, N.]. Enfield, USA: Science Publishers, Inc., 153-182.

Qasem JR, 2006. Response of onion (Allium cepa L.) plants to fertilizers, weed competition duration, and planting times in the central Jordan Valley. Weed Biology and Management, 6(4):212-220. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/servlet/useragent?func=showIssues&code=wbm

Qasem JR; Foy CL, 2006. Selective weed control in Syrian marjoram (Origanum syriacum) with oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen herbicides. Weed Technology, 20(3):670-676. http://apt.allenpress.com/aptonline/?request=get-abstract&issn=0890-037X&volume=020&issue=03&page=0670

Rechinger KH, 1963. Flora Iranica: flora of the Iranian Plateau and the surrounding mountains. (Flora Iranica: Flora des iranischen Hochlandes und der umrahmenden Gebirge). Graz, Austria.

Rejmánek M; Pitcairn MJ, 2003. When is eradication of exotic pest plants a realistic goal? In: Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species: Proceedings of the International Conference on eradication of island invasives [ed. by Veitch, C. R.\Clout, M. N.]. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN-The World Conservation Union, 249-253.

Rice P, 2009. Invaders database system. Division of Biological Sciences. Invaders database system. Division of Biological Sciences. Missoula, USA: University of Montana, unpaginated. http://invader.dbs.umt.edu

Robbins WW; Bellue MK; Ball WS, 1970. Weeds of California. Sacramento, USA: CDA, 547 pp.

Robson TO; Americanos PJ; Abu Irmaileh BE, 1991. Major weeds of the Near East. 242 pp.

Roché BF Jr; Roché CT, 1991. Identification, introduction, distribution, ecology and economics of Centaurea species. chapter 28. In: Noxious Range Weeds [ed. by James LF, Evans JO, Ralphs MH, Child RD]. Boulder, USA: Westview Press, 274-291.

Roché BF Jr; Talbott CJ, 1986. The collection history of Centaureas found in Washington State. Research Bulletin, Agriculture Research Center, Washington State University, No.XB 0978:36pp.

Roché CT; Roché BF Jr, 1998. Purple starthistle and Iberian starthistle. Purple starthistle and Iberian starthistle. Pullman, USA: Washington State University, unpaginated. [PNW 0350. Coop. Ext. Bull PNW 0350.] http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/pnw0350/pnw0350.html

Roché Jr BF; Piper GL; Talbott CJ, 1986. Knapweeds of Washington, EB1393. Washington, USA: Washington State University, 41 pp.

Rodolfo de la Peña M, 1997. Catàlogo de nombres vulgares de la flora Argentina: (lista preliminar). Santa Fe, Argentina: Centro de Publicaciones, Universidad Nacional del Litoral.

Rosenthal SS; Davarci T; Ercis A; Platts B; Tait S, 1994. Turkish herbivores and pathogens associated with some knapweeds (Asteraceae: Centaurea and Acroptilon) that are weeds in the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 96(1):162-175

Rubin B; Benjamin A, 1984. Solar heating of the soil: involvement of environmental factors in the weed control process. Weed Science, 32(1):138-142.

Senatore F; Arnold NA; Bruno M, 2005. Volatile components of Centaurea eryngioides Lam. and Centaurea iberica Trev. var. hermonis Boiss. Lam., two Asteraceae growing wild in Lebanon. Natural Product Research, 19(8):749-754. http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/link.asp?id=109426

Shamyanov ID; Akhmedov UA; Saidkhodzhaev AI, 1998. Sesquiterpene lactones and other components of Centaurea iberica. Khimiya prirodnykh Soedinenii, 3:377-379.

Sharma BD; Hajra PK; Rao RR; Singh DK; Uniyal BP, 1995. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 12-13.

Susanna A; Garcia-Jacas N; Soltis DE; Soltis PS, 1995. Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Cardueae (Asteraceae) based on ITS sequences. American Journal of Botany, 32(8):1056-1068.

Tadmor NH; Eyal E; Benjamin RW, 1974. Plant and sheep production on semiarid annual grassland in Israel. Journal of Range Management, 27(6):427-432.

Tonian TR, 1980. Relation between chromosome number and some morphological features of Centaureinae Less representatives. Review of Biology, 33(5):552-554.

Touchy M, 1857. [English title not available]. (Bulletin de la Société botanique de France.) Bulletin de la Société botanique de France, 4(1):1051.

Turkoglu N; Alp S; Cig A, 2009. Effect of temperature on germination biology in Centaurea species. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(3):259-261. http://www.academicjournals.org/ajar/PDF/pdf%202009/Mar/Turkoglu%20et%20al.pdf

Ulusoylu M; Ondersev DV; Soyogul U; Gurkan E; Tuzlaci E, 2001. The cytotoxic and the biological (antibacterial and antifungal) activities of Centaurea iberica and Ferulago confusa. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Gazi University, 18:75-80.

USDA-ARS, 2009. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx

USDA-NRCS, 2009. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov/

Wagenitz G, 1975. Centaurea. In: Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, volume 5 [ed. by Davis PH] Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 522.

Whitson TD; Burrill LC; Dewey SA; Cudney DW; Nelson BE; Lee RD; Parker R, 1996. Weeds of the west. Laramie, Wyoming, USA: Western Society of Weed Science in cooperation with Cooperative Extension Services, University of Wyoming, 630 pp.

Zakir Hussain; Abdul Waheed; Qureshi RA; Burdi DK; Verspohl EJ; Naeema Khan; Mashooda Hasan, 2004. The effect of medicinal plants of Islamabad and Murree Region of Pakistan on insulin secretion from INS-1 cells. Phytotherapy Research, 18(1):73-77.

Links to Websites

Top of page

Website	URL	Comment
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway	https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS)	http://griis.org/	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.

Contributors

Top of page

30/11/09 Original text by:

Cindy Roché, Consultant, USA

Distribution Maps

Top of page

You can pan and zoom the map

Save map

Unsupported Web Browser:

One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.

Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.

More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/

Datasheet

Centaurea iberica (Iberian starthistle)

Toolbox