| Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity (2018) |
| Abutilon grandifolium (hairy Indian mallow) | No direct evidence of dispersal by water, its occurrence along riparian zones suggests this |
Yes
| | Coordinating Group Alien Pest Species (CGAPS) (2014) |
| Acacia decurrens (green wattle) | Seeds may be dispersed by ants, wind and water | |
Yes
| Henderson (2001); Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Acacia glauca (wild dividivi) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | | |
Yes
| Wilgen et al. (2004) |
| Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) | Seeds easily spread down rivers | |
Yes
| ISSG (2007) |
| Acacia mellifera (blackthorn) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acacia saligna (coojong) | Species grows along rivers, creeks and coastal dunes. Seeds mostly fall directly to the ground and may be transported further by water or people | |
Yes
| Doran and Turnbull (1997); Flora of Australia (2001); Cronk and Fuller (1995) |
| Acanthaster planci (crown-of-thorns starfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Timmers et al. (2011) |
| Acroceras zizanioides (oat grass) | | |
Yes
| Clayton and Renvoize (1982) |
| Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree) | Seeds |
Yes
| | Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise) | | |
Yes
| |
| Adiantum raddianum (delta maidenhair fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aegilops cylindrica | | |
Yes
| |
| Aeschynomene americana (shyleaf) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans (2009) |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Seeds, bulbils and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed) | | |
Yes
| Baker (1965) |
| Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | | |
Yes
| Johnson (1971) |
| Agrostis capillaris (common bent) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kowarik and Lippe (2011) |
| Albizia adinocephala (cream albizia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rico Arce et al. (2008) |
| Albizia chinensis (Chinese albizia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Alectra vogelii (yellow witchweed) | Seed in water run-off across fields | |
Yes
| Parker and Riches (1993) |
| Alitta succinea (pile worm) | Ocean currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Alosa aestivalis (blueback herring) | Migration through existing, interconnected, waterways. | |
Yes
| Owens et al. (1998) |
| Alpinia purpurata (red ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | Rhizomes, seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodriguez and Strong (2005); Henderson (2001); Oppenheimer (2008) |
| Alternanthera halimifolia (hairy joyweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) | Stem fragments or roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Alternaria japonica (pod spot of radish) | rain-splash | |
Yes
| Verma and Saharan (1994) |
| Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | Species is known to grow in coastal areas and sandy beaches |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014); Quattrocchi (2012) |
| Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | Seeds dispersed by rain action | |
Yes
| Liu et al. (2014) |
| Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) | Seeds can be dispersed by water | |
Yes
| Ward et al. (2013) |
| Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Waterhouse (1994) |
| Amaranthus tuberculatus (rough-fruited water-hemp) | | |
Yes
| Costea et al. (2005) |
| Amatitlania nigrofasciata (convict cichlid) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ambloplites rupestris (rock bass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ambrosia confertiflora | | |
Yes
| |
| Ambrosia tenuifolia (lacy ragweed) | Seeds and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Montagnani et al. (2017) |
| Ameiurus melas (black bullhead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo-bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Blagojević et al. (2015) |
| Amphibalanus improvisus (bay barnacle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Carlton et al. (2011) |
| Andropogon glomeratus (bushy bluestem) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2008) |
| Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge) | | |
Yes
| |
| Angiopteris evecta (king fern) | Spores |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christenhusz and Toivonen (2008) |
| Anguina tritici (wheat seed gall nematode) | Rehydrated galls, juveniles | |
Yes
| |
| Annona glabra (pond apple) | | |
Yes
| Land Protection (2005) |
| Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Antigonon leptopus (coral vine) | Seeds float on water |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2011) |
| Aphanomyces astaci | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oidtmann et al. (2005) |
| Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | | |
Yes
| PROTA (2016); PROTA (2016) |
| Argemone ochroleuca (pale Mexican pricklypoppy) | | |
Yes
| Northern Territory Government (2015) |
| Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | Dispersed in floodwaters | |
Yes
| PIER (2016) |
| Arrhenatherum elatius (false oat-grass) | | |
Yes
| Boedeltje et al. (2004) |
| Arthraxon hispidus (small carpetgrass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Arundo donax (giant reed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2014) |
| Ascidiella aspersa (European sea squirt) | |
Yes
| | |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | | |
Yes
| Graham and Mitchell (1996) |
| Asparagus falcatus (sicklethorn) | Reported as colonizing areas near waterways. | |
Yes
| NSW Weedwise (2018) |
| Aspius aspius (asp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Asterias amurensis (northern Pacific seastar) | | |
Yes
| |
| Astronotus ocellatus (oscar) | Within River Systems (e.g. Florida) |
Yes
|
Yes
| USGS NAS (2014) |
| Atriplex semibaccata (Australian saltbush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (cane cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia subulata (Eve’s needle cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi) | Widely cultivated and freely escaping along rivers in China and Taiwan |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015) |
| Axonopus fissifolius | | |
Yes
| |
| Bacopa monnieri (water hyssop) | seed and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2017) |
| Bactrocera zonata (peach fruit fly) | Fruits infested with larvae and/or eggs |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) | Culm fragments, rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| O'Connor et al. (2000) |
| Barleria lupulina (hophead Philippine violet) | seeds | |
Yes
| Smith (2002) |
| Barleria prionitis (porcupine flower) | seeds | |
Yes
| Francis (2004) |
| Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree) | Fruits |
Yes
|
Yes
| Yaplito (2001) |
| Basella alba (malabar spinach) | Possibly water dispersed as it grows near rivers and streams | |
Yes
| PIER (2017) |
| Batis maritima (saltwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) | | |
Yes
| Johnson and Speare (2003) |
| Bauhinia monandra (Napoleon's plume) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
| Bauhinia tomentosa (yellow bauhinia) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bergia capensis (white water fire) | It is reported to occur along stream banks and irrigation channels | |
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life (2019) |
| Bidens frondosa (beggarticks) | | |
Yes
| Comes et al. (1978) |
| Bidens pilosa (blackjack) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2018) |
| Blechnum appendiculatum (palm fern) | | |
Yes
| |
| Bocconia frutescens (plume poppy) | Frequently encountered in gulches below infestation site - seeds washed down during heavy rains | |
Yes
| Benitez and Saulibio (2007) |
| Bontia daphnoides (white alling) | Fruits are dispersed by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zona (1998) |
| Bothriocephalus acheilognathi | Water may contain propagative stages such as eggs, and copepods infected with parasite larvae |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bothriochloa pertusa (pitted beard grass) | Presumed | |
Yes
| |
| Botrylloides perspicuus | Larvae |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Botryosphaeria berengeriana f.sp. pyricola (Physalospora canker) | rain-splash carries conidia | |
Yes
| Koga and Ohkubo (1994) |
| Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea) | Fruits with wing-like structure |
Yes
|
Yes
| McMullen (1999) |
| Brachidontes pharaonis | Constant immersion |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Brachypodium distachyon (purple false brome) | B. distachyon is spread by waterways | |
Yes
| Cal-IPC (California Invasive Plant Council) (2016) |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | Likely. Commonly grows streamside |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Possible as it grows at river margins | |
Yes
| Kell (2011) |
| Brassica tournefortii (African mustard) | Seeds |
Yes
| | Bangle et al. (2008) |
| Briza maxima (large quaking grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Brugmansia suaveolens (white angel's trumpet) | | |
Yes
| |
| Buddleja asiatica (dog tail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Säumel and Kowarik (2010) |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja madagascariensis (smokebush) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Bunias orientalis (Turkish warty-cabbage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jehlik and Slavik (1968) |
| Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) | | |
Yes
| GBIF (2008) |
| Caesalpinia pulcherrima (peacock flower) | Grows along waterways and in floodplains |
Yes
|
Yes
| Graveson (2012) |
| Calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus (calliandra) | | |
Yes
| |
| Callisia repens (creeping inch-plant) | Plants and plant segments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
| Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Buxus blight) | Water-splash | |
Yes
| Crous (2002) |
| Canna indica (canna lilly) | | |
Yes
| |
| Caprella mutica | Short distance current driven dispersal | |
Yes
| Ashton (2006) |
| Carassius carassius (crucian carp) | | |
Yes
| |
| Carcinus maenas (European shore crab) | Larvae are dispersed by wind-driven surface currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cardiospermum grandiflorum (balloon vine) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2015) |
| Cardiospermum halicacabum (balloon vine) | Fruits can float in seawater | |
Yes
| Gildenhuys et al. (2013) |
| Cascabela thevetia (yellow oleander) | Fruits dispersed by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fallen (1986); Ridley (1930) |
| Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | Seeds are carried by ocean currents, rivers and streams |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nelson (2008) |
| Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
| Cecropia peltata (trumpet tree) | | |
Yes
| Binggelli (1999) |
| Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Centaurea debeauxii (meadow knapweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ceratocephala testiculata (bur buttercup) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ceratocystis platani (canker stain of plane) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ceratopteris thalictroides (watersprite) | Can disperse through waterways by plant fragments or by production of plantlets | |
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species may be transported by soil or water drained from areas where it is cultivated |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2020) |
| Chloris virgata (feather finger grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
| Chthamalus proteus | Potential vector for larvae from established populations. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zabin (2005); Zabin et al. (2007) |
| Cichla ocellaris (peacock cichlid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Shafland (1999); Zaret and Paine (1973) |
| Cichlasoma urophthalmum (Mayan cichlid) | Naturally dispersed through interconnected canal systems in south and central Florida |
Yes
|
Yes
| Schofield et al. (2016) |
| Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) | | |
Yes
| Firth (1979) |
| Cirsium mexicanum (Mexican thistle) | Secondary dispersal of seeds | |
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Cissus quadrangularis (treebine) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nzengue et al. (2016) |
| Clavibacter insidiosus (bacterial lucerne wilt) | | |
Yes
| |
| Clavibacter michiganensis (bacterial canker of tomato) | | |
Yes
| |
| Clavibacter nebraskensis (Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight) | | |
Yes
| |
| Clavibacter sepedonicus (potato ring rot) | | |
Yes
| |
| Claviceps fusiformis (pearl millet ergot) | Rain-splash | |
Yes
| Chahal and Dhindsa (1985) |
| Clupeonella cultriventris (Black Sea kilka) | All life stages by natural dispersal |
Yes
| | Kiyashko et al. (2006); Leppäkoski et al. (2002) |
| Cocos nucifera (coconut) | Nuts can survive up to 120 days floating in the sea |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chan and Elevitch (2006) |
| Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides | Fragments, erect plants and gametes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Carlton and Scanlon (1985) |
| Codium parvulum | Along the Suez Canal | |
Yes
| Israel et al. (2010); ISPRA (2018) |
| Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's-tears) | Seeds dispersed by waterways |
Yes
|
Yes
| Technigro (2010) |
| Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Corm and stem fragments can float on water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Safo-Kantaka (2004) |
| Colubrina asiatica (latherleaf) | Seeds dispersed by ocean currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| McCormick (2007) |
| Combretum indicum (Rangoon creeper) | | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015); PIER (2015); Staples et al. (2000) |
| Coniothyrium glycines (red leaf blotch) | | |
Yes
| Hartman et al. (1987) |
| Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) | | |
Yes
| |
| Coptotermes gestroi (Asian subterranean termite) | Alates, larvae or nymphs in wood and wooden structure |
Yes
|
Yes
| Scheffrahn and Su (2000) |
| Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam) | |
Yes
| | Prezant and Chalermwat (1984) |
| Corella eumyota (orange-tipped sea squirt) | Larvae (tadpoles) |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tatian and Lagger (2009) |
| Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | Parts of plant transported by water |
Yes
| | Kelly (1990) |
| Cortaderia jubata (purple pampas grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Doran (1999) |
| Corynocarpus laevigatus (karaka) | Dispersed short distances by white water | |
Yes
| |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Dispersal by water is possible as species grows along riverbanks and coastal areas | |
Yes
| Vascular Plants of Ecuador (2016) |
| Crassocephalum crepidioides (redflower ragleaf) | Seeds with silky pappus hairs |
Yes
| | Denton (2004) |
| Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Crassula helmsii (Australian swamp stonecrop) | | |
Yes
| CAPM-CEH (2004) |
| Crepidula fornicata (American slipper limpet) | The natural transport of mobile pelagic larva |
Yes
| | |
| Crescentia cujete (calabash tree) | Dispersed through ocean currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Panama (2020) |
| Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) | Corms and rhizomes dispersed by watercourses |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Cryptostegia madagascariensis (Madagascar rubbervine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus | Virus can be detected in irrigation water and could move locally in this way | |
Yes
| |
| Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito) | Larvae |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dine (1904) |
| Cuphea carthagenensis (Colombian waxweed) | | |
Yes
| Technigro (2011) |
| Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Cyathea cooperi (australian tree fern) | Spores are carried by water | |
Yes
| Medeiros et al. (1992) |
| Cyclosorus parasiticus (parasitic maiden fern) | Likely mode of spore dispersal | |
Yes
| |
| Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) | |
Yes
| | NARO (2004) |
| Cynara cardunculus (cardoon) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Kelly (2000) |
| Cyperus difformis (small-flowered nutsedge) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1979) |
| Cyperus imbricatus (shingle flatsedge) | Seeds and stem segments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
| Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cyprinus carpio (common carp) | | |
Yes
| Adamek (1998); Roberts and Ebner (1997) |
| Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Peterson and Raj Prasad (1998) |
| Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
| Dalbergia sissoo | | |
Yes
| Morton (2007) |
| Daphnia lumholtzi | Daphnia can easily drft between lakes and reservoirs via connecting streams | |
Yes
| Havel and Shurin (2004); Shurin and Havel (2003); Soeken-Gittinger et al. (2007); Stoeckel et al. (1996); Thorp et al. (1994) |
| Datura ferox (fierce thornapple) | | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | | |
Yes
| |
| Delonix regia (flamboyant) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2009) |
| Deparia petersenii subsp. petersenii (Petersen’s lady fern) | Potential propagule and spore distribution |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Deroceras laeve (meadow slug) | Flooding | |
Yes
| AnimalBase (2015) |
| Derris elliptica (tuba root) | Seed and stem fragments float on water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kaua’i Invasive Species Committee (2012) |
| Descurainia sophia (flixweed) | | |
Yes
| University of Alaska Anchorage (2011) |
| Dickeya solani (black leg disease of potato) | Spread within a field in ground-water. Infested water can infect healthy plants | |
Yes
| Toth et al. (2011) |
| Didymella fabae (leaf and pod spot) | Rain-splashed conidia | |
Yes
| Bond and Pope (1980); Hewett (1973) |
| Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass) | Seeds, plant segments, rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1979) |
| Digitaria fuscescens (yellow crab grass) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2016) |
| Digitaria insularis (sourgrass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Diplazium esculentum (vegetable fern) | Possible as it occurs near waterways. | |
Yes
| HEAR (2020) |
| Diplodia seriata (grapevine trunk disease) | | |
Yes
| |
| Dolichandra unguis-cati (cat's claw creeper) | Winged seeds dispersed by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (quagga mussel) | Larvae dispersed by wind-driven and downstream water currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orlova et al. (2005) |
| Drymaria arenarioides (alfombrilla) | Reported as dispersed by water | |
Yes
| Allison (1977) |
| Drymaria cordata (tropical chickweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2013) |
| Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Waterhouse (1994) |
| Echinochloa pyramidalis | | |
Yes
| |
| Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ehrharta calycina (perennial veldtgrass) | | |
Yes
| Bossard et al. (2000) |
| Eichhornia paniculata (Brazilian water hyacinth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Husband and Barrett (1998) |
| Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) | | |
Yes
| Katz and Shafroth (2003) |
| Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) | Evident, but no supporting refs | |
Yes
| |
| Elephantopus mollis (elephant's foot) | | |
Yes
| Queensland Government (2014) |
| Eleutherodactylus planirostris (greenhouse frog) | Oceanic crossings were probable for pre-human introductions to Bahamas and Cayman Islands |
Yes
|
Yes
| Heinicke et al. (2011); Wilson and Porras (1983) |
| Elodea canadensis (Canadian pondweed) | | |
Yes
| Barrat-Segretain and Elger; 2004 |
| Emex spinosa (spiny emex) | |
Yes
| | |
| Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Davidse et al. (2018) |
| Emilia praetermissa (yellow thistle) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Emilia sonchifolia (red tasselflower) | Seed dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fern (2019) |
| Entada gigas (sea-bean) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Black et al. (2006); Bridgewater (2012) |
| Eragrostis ciliaris (gophertail lovegrass) | Seed | |
Yes
| PIER (2018) |
| Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA Forest Service (2014) |
| Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass) | Seed | |
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Eragrostis plana (South African lovegrass) | Disperses via streams, rivers, flooding, irrigation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Reis (1993) |
| Eriocheir hepuensis (Hepu mitten crab) | Can travel large distances along rivers and coasts | | | Naser et al. (2012); Herborg et al. (2005) |
| Eriocheir sinensis (Chinese mitten crab) | Larvae disperse with water currents | |
Yes
| Gollasch (2006) |
| Erwinia amylovora (fireblight) | Rain, water | |
Yes
| Thomson (2000) |
| Esox lucius (pike) | All life stages by natural dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eucalyptus robusta (swamp mahogany) | Seed | |
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Euphorbia terracina (false caper) | | |
Yes
| |
| Fallopia convolvulus (black bindweed) | Seed | |
Yes
| Rutledge and McLendon (1996) |
| Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) | Flood events | |
Yes
| |
| Fallopia x bohemica | | |
Yes
| |
| Ficus elastica (rubber plant) | Grows in coastal areas and could possibly be dispersed by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador (2014); Randall (2012) |
| Fimbristylis cymosa (tropical fimbry) | | |
Yes
| |
| Fimbristylis littoralis (lesser fimbristylis) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
| Flemingia strobilifera (wild hops) | Seeds | |
Yes
| ISSG (2014) |
| Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) | | |
Yes
| |
| Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash) | | |
Yes
| |
| Fumaria muralis (common ramping-fumitory) | | |
Yes
| Western Australian Herbarium (1998) |
| Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | It occurs along waterways and it is possible it is dispersed by water | |
Yes
| Fleriag (2010) |
| Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) | | |
Yes
| |
| Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis (fusarium wilt of alfalfa) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Galega officinalis (goatsrue) | | |
Yes
| |
| Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas (2008) |
| Galphimia glauca (goldshower) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Anderson (2007) |
| Gammarus tigrinus | Dispersal by water currents or through connected waterways |
Yes
|
Yes
| van der Velde et al. (2000); Wooten et al. (2006) |
| Geophagus brasiliensis (pearl cichlid) | Within rivers/tributaries |
Yes
|
Yes
| Beatty et al. (2013) |
| Globodera pallida (white potato cyst nematode) | | |
Yes
| Been and Schomaker (2006) |
| Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode) | Cysts | |
Yes
| |
| Glyceria maxima (reed sweet-grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Gossypium barbadense (Gallini cotton) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2017) |
| Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Senegal tea plant) | | |
Yes
| Weeds CRC (2008) |
| Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gurib-Fakim (2005) |
| Hakea sericea (silky hakea) | | |
Yes
| |
| Halogeton glomeratus (halogeton) | | |
Yes
| Tilley et al. (2015) |
| Halophila stipulacea (halophila seagrass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | Seeds and rhizome fragments | |
Yes
| |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
| | |
| Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) | Transported in winter floods |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Helminthotheca echioides (bristly oxtongue) | Seeds are transported via irrigation water | |
Yes
| Tosso et al. (1986) |
| Hemichromis letourneuxi (African jewelfish) | Dispersed in Florida by seasonal flooding, drainage canals and interconnected waterways | |
Yes
| Loftus et al. (2006) |
| Hemigrapsus takanoi (brush-clawed shore crab) | Natural dispersal following initial introductions occurs when pelagic larvae dispersed by currents | |
Yes
| Dauvin and Dufossé (2011) |
| Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | | |
Yes
| Tiley et al. (1996) |
| Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Very important natural factor, as H. sosnowskyi often grows along/near streams and rivers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce (2006); Moravcová et al. (2007a) |
| Herichthys cyanoguttatus (Rio Grande cichlid) | Flooding, natural dispersal, etc. | |
Yes
| Lorenz (2008); Nico et al. (2015) |
| Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) | | |
Yes
| |
| Heterotheca grandiflora (telegraph weed) | | |
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy (2007) |
| Heterotis rotundifolia (pink lady) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
| Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Salazar and Soihet (2001) |
| Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | | |
Yes
| USGS-NAS (2002) |
| Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (floating pennywort) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hygrophila polysperma (Indian swampweed) | | |
Yes
| DCR (2003) |
| Hymenachne amplexicaulis (hymenachne) | Spread with water flow through natural and engineered waterways |
Yes
|
Yes
| Australian Weeds Committee (2012) |
| Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hyptis alata (clustered bushmint) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Harley (1983) |
| Hyptis suaveolens (pignut) | | |
Yes
| Cullen et al. (2012) |
| Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara (2001) |
| Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | seed |
Yes
| | Beerling and Perrins (1993) |
| Impatiens parviflora (small balsam) | Seed |
Yes
| | Trepl (1984) |
| Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2018) |
| Indigofera spicata (creeping indigo) | | |
Yes
| Brisbane City Council (2013) |
| Indigofera suffruticosa (Anil indigo) | | |
Yes
| |
| Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ipomoea alba (white moonflower ) | Seeds and pieces of stems may be dispersed by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2016) |
| Ipomoea cairica (five-fingered morning glory) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weber (2003) |
| Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory) | Seeds dispersed by water | |
Yes
| Al-Sodany (2016) |
| Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Seeds and stem fragments can be dispersed by waterways and currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurches (2016) |
| Ipomoea nil (white edge morning-glory) | Seeds | |
Yes
| PIER (2017) |
| Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Ipomoea quamoclit (cypress vine) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (2010) |
| Isatis tinctoria (dyer's woad) | Suggested fruit adapted for water transport |
Yes
|
Yes
| Farah et al. (1988) |
| Iva xanthiifolia (marsh-elder) | | |
Yes
| Froebe and Oesau (1969); Milanova and Valkova (2004) |
| Jacaranda mimosifolia (jacaranda) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Jatropha curcas (jatropha) | | |
Yes
| Pitt (1999) |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Juncus effusus (common rush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | | |
Yes
| NZPCN (New Zealand Plant Conservation Network) (2015) |
| Juncus planifolius (broadleaf rush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Kalanchoe delagoensis (chandelier plant) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET (2011) |
| Kyllinga nemoralis (white kyllinga) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| MPI (2016) |
| Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | | |
Yes
| Cronk and Fuller (1995) |
| Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) | Fruits float in the sea and can be dispersed by sea currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Lantana camara (lantana) | Flash floods | |
Yes
| |
| Lates niloticus (Nile perch) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2017) |
| Launaea intybacea (bitter lettuce) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kilian (1997) |
| Lemna aequinoctialis (lesser duckweed) | Moved by water into nearby connected waterways | |
Yes
| |
| Lemna minuta | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Landolt (1986) |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | A. Mikulyuk, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, USA, personal communcation, 2010 | |
Yes
| |
| Leonurus japonicus (honeyweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| eFloras (2014) |
| Lepidium latifolium (perennial pepperweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lepomis cyanellus (green sunfish) | River drainage systems |
Yes
|
Yes
| USGS (2013) |
| Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leptochloa fusca (sprangletop) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leuciscus idus (ide) | | |
Yes
| Nico and Fuller (2008) |
| Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) | If ripe fruit enters rivers | |
Yes
| |
| Limnobium laevigatum (South American spongeplant) | | |
Yes
| Akers (2010) |
| Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | | |
Yes
| |
| Limnoperna fortunei (golden mussel) | Larval stages in water; juveniles and adults | |
Yes
| Darrigran (2002) |
| Limnoria lignorum (gribble) | Dispersal of larva and adults with local water currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cragg et al. (1999); Ryabchikov (1957); Thiel and Haye (2006) |
| Linaria dalmatica (dalmatian toadflax) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lindernia crustacea (Malaysian false pimpernel) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1979) |
| Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm) | seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Lucania parva (rainwater killifish) | |
Yes
| | Hubbs and Miller (1965) |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Okada et al. (2009); Ruaux et al. (2009) |
| Ludwigia palustris (marsh seedbox) | Stem fragments, seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| NZPCN (2020) |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ruaux et al. (2009) |
| Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leaf lupin) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2017) |
| Lupinus plattensis (Nebraska lupine) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Georgia (1914) |
| Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Timmins and MacKenzie (1995) |
| Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ferriter (2001) |
| Lygodium microphyllum (old world climbing fern) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lysichiton americanus (American skunk cabbage) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Thompson et al. (1987) |
| Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree) | | |
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Macroptilium atropurpureum (siratro) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Macrothelypteris torresiana (swordfern) | Spores |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Magallana gigas (Pacific oyster) | Pelagic larvae dispersed by water currents | |
Yes
| Minchin and Gollasch (2008) |
| Malvaviscus penduliflorus (Turk's cap mallow) | Stem fragments may be dislodged and spread downstream during floods |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weed Watch (2012) |
| Marisa cornuarietis (giant ramshorn) | | |
Yes
| |
| Marsupenaeus japonicus (kuruma shrimp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Medicago lupulina (black medick) | Seeds float in water for up to five days |
Yes
|
Yes
| Turkington and Cavers (1979) |
| Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark tree) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2007) |
| Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) | | |
Yes
| |
| Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | Most important means of seed dispersal | |
Yes
| Klein (2011); USDA-NRCS (2017) |
| Merremia tuberosa (woodrose) | Stem fragments and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mansur (2001) |
| Mesosphaerum pectinatum (comb bushmint) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Miconia calvescens (miconia) | Fruits | |
Yes
| |
| Micropterus dolomieu (smallmouth bass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) | | |
Yes
| Crossman (1991) |
| Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mikania scandens | | |
Yes
| PIER (2013) |
| Mimosa arenosa (elegant mimosa) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2004) |
| Mimosa casta (graceful mimosa) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Mimosa ceratonia (climbing mimosa) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Mimosa diplotricha (giant sensitive plant) | | |
Yes
| DAF (2016); Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Mnemiopsis leidyi (sea walnut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Shiganova et al. (2001) |
| Molineria capitulata (palm-grass) | | |
Yes
| Flynn and Lorence (2002) |
| Monilinia fructigena (brown rot) | rain-splash carries ascospores and conidia | |
Yes
| Batra (1991); Byrde and Willetts (1977) |
| Monochoria hastata (hastate-leaved pondweed) | Dispersed by interconnected waterways and flooding |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ali et al. (2018) |
| Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Eggs, crawlers/adults. Rare pathway | |
Yes
| |
| Moraea (Cape tulip) | | |
Yes
| |
| Moraea collina (Cape tulip) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Moraea miniata (two-leaf Cape-tulip) | | |
Yes
| |
| Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | Seeds floating in water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nelson (2006) |
| Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | | |
Yes
| Csurhes and Navie (2016) |
| Murdannia nudiflora (doveweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2017) |
| Mycosphaerella gibsonii (needle blight of pine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | | |
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum heterophyllum (broadleaf watermilfoil) | | |
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum pinnatum (cutleaf watermilfoil) | can disperse naturally through waterways | |
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum spicatum (spiked watermilfoil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mytilicola intestinalis (mussel red worm) | Free living larvae dispersed via water movements | |
Yes
| Davey and Gee (1976) |
| Mytilicola orientalis (oyster redworm) | Free living larvae dispersed via water movements | |
Yes
| Bernard (1969) |
| Myxobolus cerebralis (whirling disease agent) | Both spore stages are disseminated naturally in water | |
Yes
| Steinbach et al. (2009) |
| Nandina domestica (Nandina) | | |
Yes
| Stone (2009) |
| Nelsonia canescens (blue pussyleaf) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Daniel (2001) |
| Neonotonia wightii (perennial soybean) | Pods and seeds may be carried by water | |
Yes
| Queensland Government (2013) |
| Nerium oleander (oleander) | Seeds dispersed through water after heavy rainfall | |
Yes
| Herrera (1991) |
| Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) | Seeds are primarily dispersed by water | |
Yes
| Florentine and Westbrooke (2005) |
| Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | Tiny, numerous seeds easily dispersed by rainwater and flooding |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Noronhia emarginata (Madagascar olive) | Fruit dispersed via water | |
Yes
| Rohwer (1995) |
| Nymphaea lotus (white Egyptian lotus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Nymphoides peltata (yellow floating-heart) | | |
Yes
| USGS-NAS (2007) |
| Odontonema callistachyum (purple firespike) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Odontonema cuspidatum (Cardinal’s guard) | Stems and roots may be transported by steams |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2005) |
| Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines) | Seeds, roots, stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Oldenlandia lancifolia (calycose mille graines) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pringle (1982) |
| Onopordum illyricum (Illyrian thistle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia aurantiaca (jointed cactus) | Along river systems | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia elatior (red-flower prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia monacantha (common prickly pear) | Along river systems |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia stricta (erect prickly pear) | In floods, rain, etc. | |
Yes
| |
| Orbea variegata (carrion-flower) | | |
Yes
| NSW Department of Primary Industries (2020) |
| Orobanche cernua (nodding broomrape) | | |
Yes
| |
| Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) | | |
Yes
| |
| Oryza barthii | | |
Yes
| |
| Pachira aquatica (pachira nut) | Seeds disperse by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lopez (2001); Infante-Mata et al. (2014) |
| Pacifastacus leniusculus (American signal crayfish) | Natural migration | |
Yes
| Johnsen and Taugbøl (2010) |
| Pandanus dubius (bakong) | Pandanus seeds are reported as being water-dispersed | |
Yes
| Gallaher et al. (2015) |
| Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pandanus utilis (common screw pine) | | |
Yes
| Cox (1990) |
| Papuana huebneri (taro beetle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug) | Crawlers on water in irrigation channels | |
Yes
| Tanwar et al. (2010) |
| Parkia biglobosa (néré) | | |
Yes
| |
| Parmentiera aculeata (cucumber tree) | Seeds can be dispersed by water | |
Yes
| Queensland Government (2018) |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | | |
Yes
| PAG (2000) |
| Paspalum botterii (rusty-seed crown grass) | | |
Yes
| Hitchcock (1936) |
| Paspalum dilatatum (dallisgrass) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2017) |
| Paspalum paniculatum (Russell River grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Más and Garcia-Molinari (2006) |
| Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | | |
Yes
| Hitchcock (1936); FAO (2012b); Catasús Guerra (2015) |
| Paspalum vaginatum (seashore paspalum) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) | Infrequent short distance dispersal of seeds | |
Yes
| Cain et al. (2010) |
| Paulownia tomentosa (paulownia) | | |
Yes
| SE-EPPC (2003) |
| Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pelagia noctiluca (mauve stinger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Pelargonium spp.genus can disperse their small seeds by wind, water, and soil. | |
Yes
| Dixon (2011); Western Australian Herbarium (2014) |
| Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | Members of the Pelargonium genus can disperse their small seeds by wind, water, and soil. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dixon (2011); Western Australian Herbarium (2014) |
| Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pennisetum polystachion (mission grass) | | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Rahlao et al. (2010a) |
| Pentas lanceolata (Egyptian starcluster) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Perca fluviatilis (perch) | Swimming to new areas within a water body | |
Yes
| ISSG (2011) |
| Peromyscus fraterculus (Northern Baja deermouse) | | |
Yes
| Hafner et al. (2001) |
| Peronosclerospora philippinensis (Philippine downy mildew of maize) | One of the common agents responsible for the spread of P. philippinensis is rain |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA (2013) |
| Persicaria wallichii (Himalayan knotweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pethia conchonius | Within river systems - supposition by author | |
Yes
| |
| Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Seeds can be water dispersed | |
Yes
| Monaco Nature Encyclopedia (2019) |
| Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey) | Adults. Migrated through Erie canal, Welland and St Lawrence canal systems into Great lakes | |
Yes
| Fuller et al. (2008) |
| Phakopsora meibomiae (soybean rust) | Urediniospores | |
Yes
| Stavely and Pastor-Corrales (2005) |
| Phalaris aquatica (bulbous canarygrass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Phalloceros caudimaculatus (dusky millions fish) | Dispersal by flooding, etc. | |
Yes
| Maddern (2007b) |
| Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm) | | |
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy (2006) |
| Phoma tracheiphila (mal secco) | Rain splash, surface flow | |
Yes
| Punithalingam and Holliday (1973); Solel and Salerno (2000) |
| Phomopsis vexans (Phomopsis blight of eggplant) | rain splash | |
Yes
| Edgerton and Moreland (1921) |
| Phragmites australis (common reed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phyllostachys aurea (golden bamboo) | Potential to spread by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-APHIS (2012) |
| Phyllostachys aureosulcata (yellow groove bamboo) | Rhizome spread by water | |
Yes
| USDA-APHIS (2012) |
| Physalis angulata (cutleaf groundcherry) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phytophthora alni species complex (alder Phytophthora) | Along watercourses | |
Yes
| Gibbs et al. (1999); Jung and Blaschke (2004) |
| Phytophthora cinnamomi (Phytophthora dieback) | In rivers and irrigation water | |
Yes
| Broembsen (1984); MacDonald et al. (1994) |
| Phytophthora kernoviae | Rain splash disseminates pathogen propagules | |
Yes
| Anon. (2016) |
| Phytophthora lateralis (Port-Orford-cedar root disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hansen et al. (2000); Jules et al. (2002) |
| Pinctada imbricata radiata (rayed pearl oyster) | Larvae dispersed by water currents | |
Yes
| DAISIE (2009) |
| Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) | | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) |
| Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian borage) | Occurs near coastal areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Roux (2003); Wagner and Lorence (2014) |
| Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014); Missouri Botanical Garden (2014b); Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Plumeria rubra (red frangipani) | Secondary dispersal of seeds by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua (2020) |
| Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) | Seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Poecilia latipinna (sailfin molly) | Dispersal by flooding | |
Yes
| Corfield et al. (2008) |
| Polygonum arenastrum (common knotweed) | rain splash | |
Yes
| Hook (2013) |
| Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pomacea canaliculata (golden apple snail) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pomacea maculata | Hatchlings, juveniles and adults |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pongamia pinnata (Indian beech) | | |
Yes
| Morton (1976) |
| Pontogammarus robustoides | Natural Distribution via waterways |
Yes
|
Yes
| Panov et al. (2009) |
| Poranopsis paniculata (bridal bouquet) | Low frequency | |
Yes
| PIER (2018) |
| Portulaca quadrifida (chickenweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Portunus segnis | Larvae stages |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) | During rains and floods | |
Yes
| Solbrig and Cantino (1975) |
| Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) | Seeds spread by rivers, ocean currents, floods etc. | |
Yes
| Pasiecznik et al. (2001) |
| Pseudocercospora angolensis (leaf spot of Citrus spp.) | Rain splash | |
Yes
| Kuate (1998) |
| Pseudochattonella verruculosa | | |
Yes
| |
| Pseudodiaptomus marinus | With water currents | |
Yes
| Brylinski et al. (2012) |
| Pseudorasbora parva (topmouth gudgeon) | All life stages by natural dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| Copp et al. (2005b) |
| Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pteris vittata (Chinese ladder brake fern) | Possibly dispersed by water | |
Yes
| UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants (2019) |
| Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Seeds dispersed by wind |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Pterocarpus macrocarpus (Burma padauk) | Seeds floating in waterways and rivers |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pterolepis glomerata (false meadowbeauty) | Propagules are dispersed by water | |
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
| Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rana catesbeiana (American bullfrog) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rauvolfia caffra (quinine tree ) | Seeds dispersed by watercourses |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mnxati (2011) |
| Rhamphicarpa fistulosa | Uncontrolled floods can transport seeds into waterways that could transport seeds over long distance |
Yes
| | |
| Rhinella marina (cane toad) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rhopilema nomadica (nomad jellyfish) | medusoid life stage |
Yes
|
Yes
| Galil et al. (1990) |
| Rivina humilis (bloodberry) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rocio octofasciata (Jack Dempsey) | Dispersed by flooding | |
Yes
| Corfield et al. (2007); Escalera-Vázquez and Zambrano (2010) |
| Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | To Norway and along coast |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fremstad (1997) |
| Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass) | | |
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
| Roystonea oleracea (Caribbean royal palm) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rubus alceifolius (giant bramble) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Baret et al. (2005) |
| Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry) | Seeds |
Yes
| | Ensley (2015) |
| Rutilus rutilus (roach) | | |
Yes
| Stokes et al. (2006) |
| Saccharum ravennae (ravenna grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Salix cinerea (grey sallow) | | |
Yes
| Harman (2004) |
| Salix humboldtiana (pencil willow) | | |
Yes
| Cremer et al. (1999) |
| Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout) | All life stages by natural dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Salvelinus namaycush (lake trout) | All life stages by natural dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2009) |
| Salvinia biloba (giant salvinia) | Vegetatively dispersed through water | |
Yes
| de la Sota and Cassa de Pazos (1992); Invasive (2020) |
| Salvinia minima | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2006) |
| Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | | |
Yes
| McFarland et al. (2004) |
| Sanchezia parvibracteata (sanchezia) | Stem fragments often spread by flowing water |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Sander lucioperca (pike-perch) | All life stages by natural dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Scaevola taccada (beach naupaka) | Fruits may float for up to one year |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
| Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree) | Minor importance | |
Yes
| Ferriter and Clark (1997) |
| Sciaenops ocellatus (red drum) | Eggs, fry and fingerlings; chill water to 18 degrees C |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae (brown stripe downy mildew of maize) | | |
Yes
| Singh and Renfro (1971) |
| Senna aculeata (senna) | Seeds dispersed by water. Plants often grows in flooded areas and near watercourses |
Yes
|
Yes
| Silva et al. (2018) |
| Senna alata (candle bush) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2016) |
| Senna hirsuta (hairy senna) | Carried in floods | |
Yes
| |
| Senna italica (Senegal senna) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Okeyo and Bosch (2007) |
| Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | In water flow over the soil surface | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Senna spectabilis (whitebark senna) | Plant can grow in coastal areas. Seeds easily dispersed by water. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2014); PIER (2014) |
| Sesbania grandiflora (sesbania) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sesbania sericea (silky sesban) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2000) |
| Setaria palmifolia (palm grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Setaria parviflora (knotroot foxtail) | | |
Yes
| Mollard et al. (2007) |
| Sicyos angulatus (burcucumber) | Seed | |
Yes
| Kil et al. (2006) |
| Sida acuta (sida) | | |
Yes
| Pettit and Froend (2001) |
| Sida repens (Javanese fanpetals) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Raju and Rani (2016) |
| Solanum capsicoides (cockroach berry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Levin et al. (2005) |
| Solanum erianthum (potato tree) | Grows along riverbanks in Taiwan | |
Yes
| Flora of Taiwan Editorial Committee (2014); Roe (1979) |
| Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Bulky seeds may be dispersed by drain water after a rainstorm |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chiarini and Barboza (2007); Chiarini and Barboza (2009); Nee (1979); Nee (1991); Vascular Plants of Ecuador (2014) |
| Solanum rostratum (prickly nightshade) | Species fruit and plant parts can float on water |
Yes
|
Yes
| CSU (2010) |
| Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gallagher et al. (2010) |
| Solenopsis richteri (black imported fire ant) | Flooding, floating colonies | |
Yes
| Hays (1959) |
| Solidago sempervirens (seaside goldenrod) | Seeds float on water - oceanic dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orava and Drake (1997); Lonard et al. (2015) |
| Sonchus asper (spiny sow-thistle) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hutchinson et al. (1984) |
| Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) | Seeds |
Yes
| | Holm et al. (1977) |
| Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Spartina densiflora | Dispersal via tidal currents is feasible |
Yes
| | California Invasive Plant Council (2016) |
| Spartium junceum (Spanish broom) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nilsen et al. (1993); Zouhar (2005) |
| Spermacoce verticillata (shrubby false buttonwood) | | |
Yes
| |
| Spiraea chamaedryfolia (germander meadowsweet) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spirodela polyrrhiza (giant duckweed) | The species main dispersion is through water | |
Yes
| Les (2020) |
| Sporobolus africanus (rat’s tail grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus pyramidalis (giant rat’s tail grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Stachytarpheta cayennensis (blue snakeweed) | |
Yes
| | Smith (2002) |
| Stictocardia tiliifolia (spottedheart) | Seeds float and are transported by water currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2019) |
| Striga asiatica (witch weed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (New York aster) | | |
Yes
| |
| Syzygium cumini (black plum) | | |
Yes
| |
| Syzygium grande (sea apple) | Water dispersal is possible as species grows along coastal edge forests | |
Yes
| Henderson (1949); National University of Singapore (2015); PIER (2015); Wyatt Smith (1953) |
| Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) | | |
Yes
| |
| Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Teredo navalis (naval shipworm) | Larvae with currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| Scheltema (1971); Paalvast and van der Velde (2011a) |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Fruits float- dispersed by sea-currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| Thomson and Evans (2006) |
| Terminalia muelleri (Australian almond) | Seeds float on water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Atlas of Living Australia (2020) |
| Thecaphora solani (potato smut) | irrigation water | |
Yes
| Torres (2001) |
| Thelypteris opulenta (jewelled maiden fern) | Spores | |
Yes
| |
| Thespesia populnea (portia tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Thorichthys meeki (firemouth cichlid) | Natural dispersal by flooding, etc. Species migrates to seasonal water bodies during wet season in n | |
Yes
| Artigas Azas (2011) |
| Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
| Thunbergia fragrans (whitelady) | Seeds, stem fragments, roots, dumped garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET (2018) |
| Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (Tomato brown rugose fruit virus) | Other tobamoviruses have been detected in irrigation water | |
Yes
| |
| Trachelospermum jasminoides (star-jasmine) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2017) |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | | |
Yes
| GBIF (2008) |
| Trichopodus trichopterus (three spot gourami) | Dispersal by flooding | |
Yes
| Corfield et al. (2007) |
| Turbina corymbosa (Christmas vine) | Indehiscent fruits float in water | |
Yes
| |
| Typha domingensis (southern cattail) | Achenes with hairs, rhizomes. | |
Yes
| Grace and Harrison (1986); Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail) | | |
Yes
| Grace and Harrison (1986) |
| Typha x glauca (hybrid cattail) | Fruits, rhizomes | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Ulex europaeus (gorse) | | |
Yes
| Clements et al. (2001) |
| Ulva ohnoi | All life stages |
Yes
| | Hiraoka et al. (2004b) |
| Umbra pygmaea (eastern mudminnow) | All transport in water | |
Yes
| Verreycken et al. (2010) |
| Urena lobata (caesar weed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
| Urochloa distachya (signal grass) | Streams, rivers, flooding, irrigation |
Yes
|
Yes
| New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries (2015) |
| Urochloa mutica (para grass) | Seeds, stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith (2002) |
| Urochloa reptans (sprawling signalgrass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity Portal (2018) |
| Urocystis agropyri (flag smut of wheat) | | |
Yes
| Vánky and Shivas (2008) |
| Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Utricularia gibba | | |
Yes
| NZPCN (2010) |
| Vallisneria spiralis (eelweed) | Seed, runners, plant fragments | |
Yes
| |
| Ventenata dubia (North Africa grass) | When seeds are present and water flowing |
Yes
| | |
| Vigna marina (beach bean) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Padulosi and Ng (1993) |
| Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Miller et al. (2010) |
| Xanthium spinosum (bathurst burr) | |
Yes
| | PIER (2013) |
| Xanthomonas citri pv. punicae (bacterial blight of pomegranate) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. alfalfae (bacterial leaf spot of lucerne) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans (bacterial spot of tomato) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (bacterial leaf streak of rice) | Irrigation water |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis (bacterial leaf streak of grasses) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens (bacterial leaf streak of barley) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa (bacterial leaf streak of wheat and barley) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum (bacterial leaf streak of corn) | | |
Yes
| Sivitis (2017) |
| Xanthomonas vesicatoria (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xenohaliotis californiensis | | |
Yes
| |
| Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xiphophorus hellerii | Dispersal by flooding | |
Yes
| McKay (1978) |
| Xiphophorus maculatus (southern platyfish) | Dispersal by flooding | |
Yes
| |
| Xyris complanata (yellow-eyed grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Youngia japonica (oriental false hawksbeard) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
| Zeuxine strateumatica (soldier’s orchid) | Possible as it occurs at margins of rivers, wetlands and lagoons | |
Yes
| |
| Zingiber montanum (cassumunar ginger) | Habitat includes riverbanks, streams and wetlands |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chirangini and Sharma (2005); Ravindran and Babu (2005); Wolff et al. (1999) |
| Zingiber zerumbet (shampoo ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
