| Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Abutilon grandifolium (hairy Indian mallow) | No direct evidence of dispersal by water, its occurrence along riparian zones suggests this |
Yes
| | India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Acacia glauca (wild dividivi) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | | |
Yes
| Wilgen et al.,
2004 |
| Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) | Seeds easily spread down rivers | |
Yes
| ISSG,
2007 |
| Acacia saligna (Port Jackson wattle) | Along watercourses | |
Yes
| Cronk and Fuller,
1995 |
| Acanthaster planci (crown-of-thorns starfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Timmers et al.,
2011 |
| Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree) | Seeds |
Yes
| | Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise) | | |
Yes
| |
| Adiantum raddianum (delta maidenhair fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aegilops cylindrica | | |
Yes
| |
| Aeschynomene americana (shyleaf) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans,
2009 |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Seeds, bulbils and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2016 |
| Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed) | | |
Yes
| Baker,
1965 |
| Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | | |
Yes
| Johnson,
1971 |
| Agrostis capillaris (common bent) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kowarik and Lippe,
2011 |
| Albizia chinensis (Chinese albizia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Alectra vogelii (yellow witchweed) | Seed in water run-off across fields | |
Yes
| Parker and Riches,
1993 |
| Alitta succinea (pile worm) | Ocean currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Alosa aestivalis (blueback herring) | Migration through existing, interconnected, waterways. | |
Yes
| Owens et al.,
1998 |
| Alpinia purpurata (red ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | Rhizomes, seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018; Henderson,
2001; Oppenheimer,
2008 |
| Alternanthera halimifolia (hairy joyweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) | Stem fragments or roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Alternaria japonica (pod spot of radish) | rain-splash | |
Yes
| Verma and Saharan,
1994 |
| Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | Species is known to grow in coastal areas and sandy beaches |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2014; Quattrocchi,
2012 |
| Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | Seeds dispersed by rain action | |
Yes
| Liu et al.,
2014 |
| Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Waterhouse,
1994 |
| Amaranthus tuberculatus (rough-fruited water-hemp) | | |
Yes
| Costea et al.,
2005 |
| Amatitlania nigrofasciata (convict cichlid) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ambloplites rupestris (rock bass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ameiurus melas (black bullhead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo-bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Amphibalanus improvisus (bay barnacle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Carlton et al.,
2011 |
| Andropogon glomeratus (bushy bluestem) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2008 |
| Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge) | | |
Yes
| |
| Anguina tritici (wheat seed gall nematode) | Rehydrated galls, juveniles | |
Yes
| |
| Annona glabra (pond apple) | | |
Yes
| Land Protection,
2005 |
| Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Antigonon leptopus (coral vine) | Seeds float on water |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2011 |
| Aphanomyces astaci | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oidtmann et al.,
2005 |
| Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2016; PROTA,
2016 |
| Argemone ochroleuca (pale Mexican pricklypoppy) | | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | Dispersed in floodwaters | |
Yes
| PIER,
2016 |
| Arrhenatherum elatius (false oat-grass) | | |
Yes
| Boedeltje et al.,
2004 |
| Arthraxon hispidus (small carpetgrass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Arundo donax (giant reed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2014 |
| Ascidiella aspersa (European sea squirt) | |
Yes
| | |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | | |
Yes
| Graham and Mitchell,
1996 |
| Aspius aspius (asp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Asterias amurensis (northern Pacific seastar) | | |
Yes
| |
| Astronotus ocellatus (oscar) | Within River Systems (e.g. Florida) |
Yes
|
Yes
| USGS NAS,
2014 |
| Atriplex semibaccata (Australian saltbush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (cane cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia subulata (Eve’s needle cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi) | Widely cultivated and freely escaping along rivers in China and Taiwan |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Axonopus fissifolius | | |
Yes
| |
| Bacopa monnieri (water hyssop) | seed and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2017 |
| Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) | Culm fragments, rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| O'Connor et al.,
2000 |
| Barleria lupulina (hophead Philippine violet) | seeds | |
Yes
| Smith,
2002 |
| Barleria prionitis (porcupine flower) | seeds | |
Yes
| Francis,
2004 |
| Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree) | Fruits |
Yes
|
Yes
| Yaplito,
2001 |
| Batis maritima (saltwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) | | |
Yes
| Johnson and Speare,
2003 |
| Bauhinia monandra (Napoleon's plume) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Bauhinia tomentosa (yellow bauhinia) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bidens frondosa (beggarticks) | | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Blechnum appendiculatum (palm fern) | | |
Yes
| |
| Bocconia frutescens (plume poppy) | Frequently encountered in gulches below infestation site - seeds washed down during heavy rains | |
Yes
| Benitez and Saulibio,
2007 |
| Bontia daphnoides (white alling) | Fruits are dispersed by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zona,
1998 |
| Bothriocephalus acheilognathi | Water may contain propagative stages such as eggs, and copepods infected with parasite larvae |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bothriochloa pertusa (pitted beard grass) | Presumed | |
Yes
| |
| Botrylloides perspicuus | Larvae |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Botryosphaeria berengeriana f.sp. pyricola (Physalospora canker) | rain-splash carries conidia | |
Yes
| Koga and Ohkubo,
1994 |
| Brachidontes pharaonis | Constant immersion |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Brachypodium distachyon (purple false brome) | B. distachyon is spread by waterways | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | Likely. Commonly grows streamside |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Possible as it grows at river margins | |
Yes
| Kell,
2011 |
| Brassica tournefortii (African mustard) | Seeds |
Yes
| | Bangle et al.,
2008 |
| Briza maxima (large quaking grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Brugmansia suaveolens (white angel's trumpet) | | |
Yes
| |
| Buddleja asiatica (dog tail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Säumel and Kowarik,
2010 |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja madagascariensis (smokebush) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2016 |
| Bunias orientalis (Turkish warty-cabbage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jehlik and Slavik,
1968 |
| Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) | | |
Yes
| GBIF,
2008 |
| Caesalpinia pulcherrima (peacock flower) | Grows along waterways and in floodplains |
Yes
|
Yes
| Graveson,
2012 |
| Calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus (calliandra) | | |
Yes
| |
| Callisia repens (creeping inch-plant) | Plants and plant segments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong,
2005 |
| Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Buxus blight) | Water-splash | |
Yes
| Crous,
2002 |
| Canna indica (canna lilly) | | |
Yes
| |
| Caprella mutica | Short distance current driven dispersal | |
Yes
| Ashton,
2006 |
| Carassius carassius (crucian carp) | | |
Yes
| |
| Carcinus maenas (European shore crab) | Larvae are dispersed by wind-driven surface currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cardiospermum grandiflorum (balloon vine) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2015 |
| Cardiospermum halicacabum (balloon vine) | Fruits can float in seawater | |
Yes
| Gildenhuys et al.,
2013 |
| Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2015 |
| Cecropia peltata (trumpet tree) | | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Centaurea debeauxii (meadow knapweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ceratocephala testiculata (bur buttercup) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ceratocystis platani (canker stain of plane) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species may be transported by soil or water drained from areas where it is cultivated |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Chloris virgata (feather finger grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2015 |
| Chthamalus proteus | Potential vector for larvae from established populations. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zabin,
2005; India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Cichla ocellaris (peacock cichlid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018; Zaret and Paine,
1973 |
| Cichlasoma urophthalmum (Mayan cichlid) | Naturally dispersed through interconnected canal systems in south and central Florida |
Yes
|
Yes
| Schofield et al.,
2016 |
| Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) | | |
Yes
| Firth,
1979 |
| Cirsium mexicanum (Mexican thistle) | Secondary dispersal of seeds | |
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Claviceps fusiformis (pearl millet ergot) | Rain-splash | |
Yes
| Chahal and Dhindsa,
1985 |
| Clupeonella cultriventris (Black Sea kilka) | All life stages by natural dispersal |
Yes
| | Kiyashko et al.,
2006; Leppäkoski et al.,
2002 |
| Cocos nucifera (coconut) | Nuts can survive up to 120 days floating in the sea |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chan and Elevitch,
2006 |
| Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides | Fragments, erect plants and gametes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Carlton and Scanlon,
1985 |
| Codium parvulum | Along the Suez Canal | |
Yes
| Israel et al.,
2010; ISPRA,
2018 |
| Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Corm and stem fragments can float on water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Safo-Kantaka,
2004 |
| Colubrina asiatica (latherleaf) | Seeds dispersed by ocean currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| McCormick,
2007 |
| Combretum indicum (Rangoon creeper) | | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2015; PIER,
2015; Staples et al.,
2000 |
| Coniothyrium glycines (red leaf blotch) | | |
Yes
| Hartman et al.,
1987 |
| Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) | | |
Yes
| |
| Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam) | |
Yes
| | Prezant and Chalermwat,
1984 |
| Corella eumyota (orange-tipped sea squirt) | Larvae (tadpoles) |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tatian and Lagger,
2009 |
| Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | Parts of plant transported by water |
Yes
| | Kelly,
1990 |
| Cortaderia jubata (purple pampas grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Doran,
1999 |
| Corynocarpus laevigatus (karaka) | Dispersed short distances by white water | |
Yes
| |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Dispersal by water is possible as species grows along riverbanks and coastal areas | |
Yes
| Vascular Plants of Ecuador,
2016 |
| Crassocephalum crepidioides (redflower ragleaf) | Seeds with silky pappus hairs |
Yes
| | Denton,
2004 |
| Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster) | Pelagic larvae dispersed by water currents | |
Yes
| Minchin and Gollasch,
2008 |
| Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Crassula helmsii (Australian swamp stonecrop) | | |
Yes
| CAPM-CEH,
2004 |
| Crepidula fornicata (American slipper limpet) | The natural transport of mobile pelagic larva |
Yes
| | |
| Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) | Corms and rhizomes dispersed by watercourses |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2016 |
| Cryptostegia madagascariensis (Madagascar rubbervine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus | Virus can be detected in irrigation water and could move locally in this way | |
Yes
| |
| Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito) | Larvae |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dine,
1904 |
| Cuphea carthagenensis (Colombian waxweed) | | |
Yes
| Technigro,
2011 |
| Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Cyathea cooperi (australian tree fern) | Spores are carried by water | |
Yes
| Medeiros et al.,
1992 |
| Cyclosorus parasiticus (parasitic maiden fern) | Likely mode of spore dispersal | |
Yes
| |
| Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) | |
Yes
| | NARO,
2004 |
| Cynara cardunculus (cardoon) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Kelly,
2000 |
| Cyperus difformis (small-flowered nutsedge) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1979 |
| Cyperus imbricatus (shingle flatsedge) | Seeds and stem segments |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cyprinus carpio (common carp) | | |
Yes
| Adamek,
1998; Roberts and Ebner,
1997 |
| Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1977 |
| Dalbergia sissoo | | |
Yes
| Morton,
2007 |
| Daphnia lumholtzi | Daphnia can easily drft between lakes and reservoirs via connecting streams | |
Yes
| Havel and Shurin,
2004; Shurin and Havel,
2003; Soeken-Gittinger et al.,
2007; Stoeckel et al.,
1996; Thorp et al.,
1994 |
| Datura ferox (fierce thornapple) | | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson,
2001 |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | | |
Yes
| |
| Delonix regia (flamboyant) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2009 |
| Deparia petersenii subsp. petersenii (Petersen’s lady fern) | Potential propagule and spore distribution |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Deroceras laeve (meadow slug) | Flooding | |
Yes
| AnimalBase,
2015 |
| Descurainia sophia (flixweed) | | |
Yes
| University of Alaska Anchorage,
2011 |
| Dickeya solani (black leg disease of potato) | Spread within a field in ground-water. Infested water can infect healthy plants | |
Yes
| Toth et al.,
2011 |
| Didymella fabae (leaf and pod spot) | Rain-splashed conidia | |
Yes
| Bond and Pope,
1980; Hewett,
1973 |
| Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass) | Seeds, plant segments, rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1979 |
| Digitaria fuscescens (yellow crab grass) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2016 |
| Digitaria insularis (sourgrass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Dolichandra unguis-cati (cat's claw creeper) | Winged seeds dispersed by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (quagga mussel) | Larvae dispersed by wind-driven and downstream water currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orlova et al.,
2005 |
| Drymaria cordata (tropical chickweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2013 |
| Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Waterhouse,
1994 |
| Echinochloa pyramidalis | | |
Yes
| |
| Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ehrharta calycina (perennial veldtgrass) | | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Eichhornia paniculata (Brazilian water hyacinth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Husband and Barrett,
1998 |
| Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) | | |
Yes
| Katz and Shafroth,
2003 |
| Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) | Evident, but no supporting refs | |
Yes
| |
| Elephantopus mollis (elephant's foot) | | |
Yes
| Queensland Government,
2014 |
| Eleutherodactylus planirostris (greenhouse frog) | Oceanic crossings were probable for pre-human introductions to Bahamas and Cayman Islands |
Yes
|
Yes
| Heinicke et al.,
2011; Wilson and Porras,
1983 |
| Elodea canadensis (Canadian pondweed) | | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018; India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Emex spinosa (spiny emex) | |
Yes
| | |
| Emilia sonchifolia (red tasselflower) | Seed dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fern,
2019 |
| Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA Forest Service,
2014 |
| Eragrostis plana (South African lovegrass) | Disperses via streams, rivers, flooding, irrigation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Reis,
1993 |
| Eriocheir sinensis (Chinese mitten crab) | Larvae disperse with water currents | |
Yes
| Gollasch,
2006 |
| Erwinia amylovora (fireblight) | Rain, water | |
Yes
| Thomson,
2000 |
| Esox lucius (pike) | All life stages by natural dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eucalyptus robusta (swamp mahogany) | Seed | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Euphorbia terracina (false caper) | | |
Yes
| |
| Fallopia convolvulus (black bindweed) | Seed | |
Yes
| Rutledge and McLendon,
1996 |
| Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) | Flood events | |
Yes
| |
| Fallopia x bohemica | | |
Yes
| |
| Ficus elastica (rubber plant) | Grows in coastal areas and could possibly be dispersed by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018; Randall,
2012 |
| Fimbristylis cymosa (tropical fimbry) | | |
Yes
| |
| Fimbristylis littoralis (lesser fimbristylis) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1977 |
| Flemingia strobilifera (wild hops) | Seeds | |
Yes
| ISSG,
2014 |
| Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) | | |
Yes
| |
| Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash) | | |
Yes
| |
| Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | It occurs along waterways and it is possible it is dispersed by water | |
Yes
| Fleriag,
2010 |
| Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4 (TR4) | | |
Yes
| |
| Galega officinalis (goatsrue) | | |
Yes
| |
| Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas,
2008 |
| Galphimia glauca (goldshower ) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Anderson,
2007 |
| Gammarus tigrinus | Dispersal by water currents or through connected waterways |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018; Wooten et al.,
2006 |
| Geophagus brasiliensis (pearl cichlid) | Within rivers/tributaries |
Yes
|
Yes
| Beatty et al.,
2013 |
| Globodera pallida (white potato cyst nematode) | | |
Yes
| Been and Schomaker,
2006 |
| Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode) | Cysts | |
Yes
| |
| Glyceria maxima (reed sweet-grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson,
1992 |
| Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Senegal tea plant) | | |
Yes
| Weeds CRC,
2008 |
| Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gurib-Fakim,
2005 |
| Halogeton glomeratus (halogeton) | | |
Yes
| Tilley et al.,
2015 |
| Halophila stipulacea (halophila seagrass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | Seeds and rhizome fragments | |
Yes
| |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
| | |
| Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) | Transported in winter floods |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Helminthotheca echioides (bristly oxtongue) | Seeds are transported via irrigation water | |
Yes
| Tosso et al.,
1986 |
| Hemichromis letourneuxi (African jewelfish) | Dispersed in Florida by seasonal flooding, drainage canals and interconnected waterways | |
Yes
| Loftus et al.,
2006 |
| Hemigrapsus takanoi (brush-clawed shore crab) | Natural dispersal following initial introductions occurs when pelagic larvae dispersed by currents | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | | |
Yes
| Tiley et al.,
1996 |
| Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Very important natural factor, as H. sosnowskyi often grows along/near streams and rivers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce,
2006; Moravcová et al.,
2007a |
| Herichthys cyanoguttatus (Rio Grande cichlid) | Flooding, natural dispersal, etc. | |
Yes
| Lorenz,
2008; Nico et al.,
2015 |
| Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) | | |
Yes
| |
| Heterotheca grandiflora (telegraph weed) | | |
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy,
2007 |
| Heterotis rotundifolia (pink lady) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Salazar and Soihet,
2001 |
| Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | | |
Yes
| USGS-NAS,
2002 |
| Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (floating pennywort) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hygrophila polysperma (Indian swampweed) | | |
Yes
| DCR,
2003 |
| Hymenachne amplexicaulis (hymenachne) | Spread with water flow through natural and engineered waterways |
Yes
|
Yes
| Australian Weeds Committee,
2012 |
| Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hyptis suaveolens (pignut) | | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara,
2001 |
| Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | seed |
Yes
| | Beerling and Perrins,
1993 |
| Impatiens parviflora (small balsam) | Seed |
Yes
| | Trepl,
1984 |
| Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government,
2018 |
| Indigofera spicata (creeping indigo) | | |
Yes
| Brisbane City Council,
2013 |
| Indigofera suffruticosa (Anil indigo) | | |
Yes
| |
| Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory) | Seeds dispersed by water | |
Yes
| Al-Sodany,
2016 |
| Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Seeds and stem fragments can be dispersed by waterways and currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurches,
2016 |
| Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Isatis tinctoria (dyer's woad) | Suggested fruit adapted for water transport |
Yes
|
Yes
| Farah et al.,
1988 |
| Iva xanthiifolia (marsh-elder) | | |
Yes
| Froebe and Oesau,
1969; Milanova and Valkova,
2004 |
| Jacaranda mimosifolia (jacaranda) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Jatropha curcas (jatropha) | | |
Yes
| Pitt,
1999 |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Juncus effusus (common rush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Juncus planifolius (broadleaf rush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Kalanchoe delagoensis (chandelier plant) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET,
2011 |
| Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | | |
Yes
| Cronk and Fuller,
1995 |
| Lantana camara (lantana) | Flash floods | |
Yes
| |
| Lates niloticus (Nile perch) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF,
2017 |
| Lemna minuta | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Landolt,
1986 |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | A. Mikulyuk, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, USA, personal communcation, 2010 | |
Yes
| |
| Leonurus japonicus (honeyweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Lepidium latifolium (perennial pepperweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lepomis cyanellus (green sunfish) | River drainage systems |
Yes
|
Yes
| USGS,
2013 |
| Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leptochloa fusca (sprangletop) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leuciscus idus (ide) | | |
Yes
| Nico and Fuller,
2008 |
| Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) | If ripe fruit enters rivers | |
Yes
| |
| Limnobium laevigatum (South American spongeplant) | | |
Yes
| Akers,
2010 |
| Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | | |
Yes
| |
| Limnoperna fortunei (golden mussel) | Larval stages in water; juveniles and adults | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Limnoria lignorum (gribble) | Dispersal of larva and adults with local water currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cragg et al.,
1999; Ryabchikov,
1957; Thiel and Haye,
2006 |
| Linaria dalmatica (dalmatian toadflax) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lindernia crustacea (Malaysian false pimpernel) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1979 |
| Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm) | seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Lucania parva (rainwater killifish) | |
Yes
| | Hubbs and Miller,
1965 |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Okada et al.,
2009; Ruaux et al.,
2009 |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ruaux et al.,
2009 |
| Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leaf lupin) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2017 |
| Lupinus plattensis (Nebraska lupine) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Georgia,
1914 |
| Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Timmins and MacKenzie,
1995 |
| Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ferriter,
2001 |
| Lygodium microphyllum (old world climbing fern) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lysichiton americanus (American skunk cabbage) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Thompson et al.,
1987 |
| Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree) | | |
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Macroptilium atropurpureum (siratro) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Macrothelypteris torresiana (swordfern) | Spores |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Marisa cornuarietis (giant ramshorn) | | |
Yes
| |
| Marsupenaeus japonicus (kuruma shrimp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Medicago lupulina (black medick) | Seeds float in water for up to five days |
Yes
|
Yes
| Turkington and Cavers,
1979 |
| Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark tree) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2007 |
| Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) | | |
Yes
| |
| Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | Most important means of seed dispersal | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Merremia tuberosa (woodrose) | Stem fragments and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mansur,
2001 |
| Mesosphaerum pectinatum (comb bushmint) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Miconia calvescens (miconia) | Fruits | |
Yes
| |
| Micropterus dolomieu (smallmouth bass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) | | |
Yes
| Crossman,
1991 |
| Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mikania scandens | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2013 |
| Mimosa arenosa (elegant mimosa) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis,
2004 |
| Mimosa casta (graceful mimosa) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Mimosa ceratonia (climbing mimosa) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Mimosa diplotricha (creeping sensitive plant) | | |
Yes
| DAF,
2016; Parsons and Cuthbertson,
1992 |
| Mnemiopsis leidyi (sea walnut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Monilinia fructigena (brown rot) | rain-splash carries ascospores and conidia | |
Yes
| Batra,
1991; Byrde and Willetts,
1977 |
| Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Eggs, crawlers/adults. Rare pathway | |
Yes
| |
| Moraea (Cape tulip) | | |
Yes
| |
| Moraea collina (Cape tulip) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Moraea miniata (two-leaf Cape-tulip) | | |
Yes
| |
| Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | Seeds floating in water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nelson,
2006 |
| Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | | |
Yes
| Csurhes and Navie,
2016 |
| Murdannia nudiflora (doveweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2017 |
| Mycosphaerella gibsonii (needle blight of pine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | | |
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum heterophyllum (broadleaf watermilfoil) | | |
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum pinnatum (cutleaf watermilfoil) | can disperse naturally through waterways | |
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum spicatum (spiked watermilfoil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mytilicola intestinalis (mussel red worm) | Free living larvae dispersed via water movements | |
Yes
| Davey and Gee,
1976 |
| Mytilicola orientalis (oyster redworm) | Free living larvae dispersed via water movements | |
Yes
| Bernard,
1969 |
| Myxobolus cerebralis (whirling disease agent) | Both spore stages are disseminated naturally in water | |
Yes
| Steinbach et al.,
2009 |
| Nandina domestica (Nandina) | | |
Yes
| Stone,
2009 |
| Nelsonia canescens (blue pussyleaf) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Daniel,
2001 |
| Neonotonia wightii (perennial soybean) | Pods and seeds may be carried by water | |
Yes
| Queensland Government,
2013 |
| Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) | Seeds are primarily dispersed by water | |
Yes
| Florentine and Westbrooke,
2005 |
| Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | Tiny, numerous seeds easily dispersed by rainwater and flooding |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2014 |
| Nymphaea lotus (white Egyptian lotus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Nymphoides peltata (yellow floating-heart) | | |
Yes
| USGS-NAS,
2007 |
| Odontonema callistachyum (purple firespike) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Odontonema cuspidatum (Cardinal’s guard) | Stems and roots may be transported by steams |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis,
2005 |
| Onopordum illyricum (Illyrian thistle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia aurantiaca (jointed cactus) | Along river systems | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia elatior (red-flower prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia monacantha (common prickly pear) | Along river systems |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia stricta (erect prickly pear) | In floods, rain, etc. | |
Yes
| |
| Orobanche cernua (nodding broomrape) | | |
Yes
| |
| Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) | | |
Yes
| |
| Oryza barthii | | |
Yes
| |
| Pachira aquatica (pachira nut) | Seeds disperse by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lopez,
2001; Infante-Mata et al.,
2014 |
| Pacifastacus leniusculus (American signal crayfish) | Natural migration | |
Yes
| Johnsen and Taugbøl,
2010 |
| Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Papuana huebneri (taro beetle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug) | Crawlers on water in irrigation channels | |
Yes
| Tanwar et al.,
2010 |
| Parkia biglobosa (néré) | | |
Yes
| |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | | |
Yes
| PAG,
2000 |
| Paspalum dilatatum (dallisgrass) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2017 |
| Paspalum paniculatum (Russell River grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Más and Garcia-Molinari,
2006 |
| Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Paspalum vaginatum (seashore paspalum) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) | Infrequent short distance dispersal of seeds | |
Yes
| Cain et al.,
2010 |
| Paulownia tomentosa (paulownia) | | |
Yes
| SE-EPPC,
2003 |
| Pelagia noctiluca (mauve stinger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Pelargonium spp.genus can disperse their small seeds by wind, water, and soil. | |
Yes
| Dixon,
2011; Western Australian Herbarium,
2014 |
| Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | Members of the Pelargonium genus can disperse their small seeds by wind, water, and soil. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dixon,
2011; Western Australian Herbarium,
2014 |
| Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pennisetum polystachion (mission grass) | | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson,
1992 |
| Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Seeds | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Perca fluviatilis (perch) | Swimming to new areas within a water body | |
Yes
| ISSG,
2011 |
| Peromyscus fraterculus (Northern Baja deermouse) | | |
Yes
| Hafner et al.,
2001 |
| Persicaria wallichii (Himalayan knotweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pethia conchonius | Within river systems - supposition by author | |
Yes
| |
| Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey) | Adults. Migrated through Erie canal, Welland and St Lawrence canal systems into Great lakes | |
Yes
| Fuller et al.,
2008 |
| Phakopsora meibomiae (soybean rust) | Urediniospores | |
Yes
| Stavely and Pastor-Corrales,
2005 |
| Phalaris aquatica (bulbous canarygrass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Phalloceros caudimaculatus (dusky millions fish) | Dispersal by flooding, etc. | |
Yes
| Maddern,
2007b |
| Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm) | | |
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy,
2006 |
| Phoma tracheiphila (mal secco) | Rain splash, surface flow | |
Yes
| Punithalingam and Holliday,
1973; Solel and Salerno,
2000 |
| Phomopsis vexans (Phomopsis blight of eggplant) | rain splash | |
Yes
| Edgerton and Moreland,
1921 |
| Phragmites australis (common reed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phyllostachys aurea (golden bamboo) | Potential to spread by water |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-APHIS,
2012 |
| Phyllostachys aureosulcata (yellow groove bamboo) | Rhizome spread by water | |
Yes
| USDA-APHIS,
2012 |
| Physalis angulata (cutleaf groundcherry) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phytophthora alni species complex (alder Phytophthora) | Along watercourses | |
Yes
| Gibbs et al.,
1999; Jung and Blaschke,
2004 |
| Phytophthora cinnamomi (Phytophthora dieback) | In rivers and irrigation water | |
Yes
| Broembsen,
1984; MacDonald et al.,
1994 |
| Phytophthora lateralis (Port-Orford-cedar root disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hansen et al.,
2000; Jules et al.,
2002 |
| Pinctada imbricata radiata (rayed pearl oyster) | Larvae dispersed by water currents | |
Yes
| DAISIE,
2009 |
| Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) | | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson,
2001 |
| Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian borage) | Occurs near coastal areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Roux,
2003; Wagner and Lorence,
2014 |
| Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2014; Missouri Botanical Garden,
2014b; Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) | Seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Poecilia latipinna (sailfin molly) | Dispersal by flooding | |
Yes
| Corfield et al.,
2008 |
| Polygonum arenastrum (common knotweed) | rain splash | |
Yes
| Hook,
2013 |
| Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pomacea canaliculata (golden apple snail) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pomacea maculata | Hatchlings, juveniles and adults |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pontogammarus robustoides | Natural Distribution via waterways |
Yes
|
Yes
| Panov et al.,
2009 |
| Portulaca quadrifida (chickenweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Portunus segnis | Larvae stages |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) | During rains and floods | |
Yes
| Solbrig and Cantino,
1975 |
| Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) | Seeds spread by rivers, ocean currents, floods etc. | |
Yes
| Pasiecznik et al.,
2001 |
| Pseudocercospora angolensis (leaf spot of Citrus spp.) | Rain splash | |
Yes
| Kuate,
1998 |
| Pseudochattonella verruculosa | | |
Yes
| |
| Pseudodiaptomus marinus | With water currents | |
Yes
| Brylinski et al.,
2012 |
| Pseudorasbora parva (topmouth gudgeon) | All life stages by natural dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| Copp et al.,
2005b |
| Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Seeds dispersed by wind |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Pterocarpus macrocarpus (Burma padauk) | Seeds floating in waterways and rivers |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pterolepis glomerata (false meadowbeauty) | Propagules are dispersed by water | |
Yes
| PIER,
2015 |
| Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | |
Yes
| | |
| Rana catesbeiana (American bullfrog) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rauvolfia caffra (quinine tree ) | Seeds dispersed by watercourses |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mnxati,
2011 |
| Rhamphicarpa fistulosa | Uncontrolled floods can transport seeds into waterways that could transport seeds over long distance |
Yes
| | |
| Rhinella marina (cane toad) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rhopilema nomadica (nomad jellyfish) | medusoid life stage |
Yes
|
Yes
| Galil et al.,
1990 |
| Rivina humilis (bloodberry) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rocio octofasciata (Jack Dempsey) | Dispersed by flooding | |
Yes
| Corfield et al.,
2007; Escalera-Vázquez and Zambrano,
2010 |
| Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | To Norway and along coast |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fremstad,
1997 |
| Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass) | | |
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1977 |
| Roystonea oleracea (Caribbean royal palm) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rubus alceifolius (giant bramble) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Baret et al.,
2005 |
| Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry) | Seeds |
Yes
| | Ensley,
2015 |
| Rutilus rutilus (roach) | | |
Yes
| Stokes et al.,
2006 |
| Saccharum ravennae (ravenna grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Salix cinerea (grey sallow) | | |
Yes
| Harman,
2004 |
| Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout) | All life stages by natural dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Salvelinus namaycush (lake trout) | All life stages by natural dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2009 |
| Salvinia minima | | |
Yes
| ISSG,
2006 |
| Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | | |
Yes
| McFarland et al.,
2004 |
| Sanchezia parvibracteata (sanchezia) | Stem fragments often spread by flowing water |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2014 |
| Sander lucioperca (pike-perch) | All life stages by natural dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Scaevola taccada (beach naupaka) | Fruits may float for up to one year |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2012 |
| Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree) | Minor importance | |
Yes
| Ferriter and Clark,
1997 |
| Sciaenops ocellatus (red drum) | Eggs, fry and fingerlings; chill water to 18 degrees C |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae (brown stripe downy mildew of maize) | | |
Yes
| Singh and Renfro,
1971 |
| Senna alata (candle bush) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2016 |
| Senna hirsuta (hairy senna) | Carried in floods | |
Yes
| |
| Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | In water flow over the soil surface | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson,
1992 |
| Senna spectabilis (whitebark senna) | Plant can grow in coastal areas. Seeds easily dispersed by water. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden,
2014; PIER,
2014 |
| Sesbania grandiflora (sesbania) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sesbania sericea (silky sesban) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis,
2000 |
| Setaria palmifolia (palm grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Setaria parviflora (knotroot foxtail) | | |
Yes
| Mollard et al.,
2007 |
| Sicyos angulatus (burcucumber) | Seed | |
Yes
| Kil et al.,
2006 |
| Sida acuta (sida) | | |
Yes
| Pettit and Froend,
2001 |
| Sida repens (Javanese fanpetals) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Raju and Rani,
2016 |
| Solanum capsicoides (cockroach berry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Levin et al.,
2005 |
| Solanum erianthum (potato tree) | Grows along riverbanks in Taiwan | |
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018; Roe,
1979 |
| Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Bulky seeds may be dispersed by drain water after a rainstorm |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chiarini and Barboza,
2007; Chiarini and Barboza,
2009; Nee,
1979; Nee,
1991; Vascular Plants of Ecuador,
2014 |
| Solanum rostratum (prickly nightshade) | Species fruit and plant parts can float on water |
Yes
|
Yes
| CSU,
2010 |
| Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gallagher et al.,
2010 |
| Solenopsis richteri (black imported fire ant) | Flooding, floating colonies | |
Yes
| Hays,
1959 |
| Sonchus asper (spiny sow-thistle) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hutchinson et al.,
1984 |
| Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) | Seeds |
Yes
| | Holm et al.,
1977 |
| Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Spartina densiflora | Dispersal via tidal currents is feasible |
Yes
| | California Invasive Plant Council,
2016 |
| Spartium junceum (Spanish broom) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nilsen et al.,
1993; Zouhar,
2005 |
| Spermacoce verticillata (shrubby false buttonwood) | | |
Yes
| |
| Spiraea chamaedryfolia (germander meadowsweet) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus africanus (rat’s tail grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus pyramidalis (giant rat’s tail grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Stachytarpheta cayennensis (blue snakeweed) | |
Yes
| | Smith,
2002 |
| Striga asiatica (witch weed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (New York aster) | | |
Yes
| |
| Syzygium cumini (black plum) | | |
Yes
| |
| Syzygium grande (sea apple) | Water dispersal is possible as species grows along coastal edge forests | |
Yes
| Henderson,
1949; National University of Singapore,
2015; PIER,
2015; Wyatt Smith,
1953 |
| Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) | | |
Yes
| |
| Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Teredo navalis (naval shipworm) | Larvae with currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| Scheltema,
1971; India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Fruits float- dispersed by sea-currents |
Yes
|
Yes
| Thomson and Evans,
2006 |
| Thecaphora solani (potato smut) | irrigation water | |
Yes
| Torres,
2001 |
| Thelypteris opulenta (jewelled maiden fern) | Spores | |
Yes
| |
| Thespesia populnea (portia tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Thorichthys meeki (firemouth cichlid) | Natural dispersal by flooding, etc. Species migrates to seasonal water bodies during wet season in n | |
Yes
| Artigas Azas,
2011 |
| Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Thunbergia fragrans (whitelady) | Seeds, stem fragments, roots, dumped garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET,
2018 |
| Trachelospermum jasminoides (star-jasmine) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2017 |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | | |
Yes
| GBIF,
2008 |
| Trichopodus trichopterus (three spot gourami) | Dispersal by flooding | |
Yes
| Corfield et al.,
2007 |
| Turbina corymbosa (Christmas vine) | Indehiscent fruits float in water | |
Yes
| |
| Typha domingensis (southern cattail) | Achenes with hairs, rhizomes. | |
Yes
| Grace and Harrison,
1986; Parsons and Cuthbertson,
1992 |
| Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail) | | |
Yes
| Grace and Harrison,
1986 |
| Typha x glauca (hybrid cattail) | Fruits, rhizomes | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson,
1992 |
| Ulex europaeus (gorse) | | |
Yes
| Clements et al.,
2001 |
| Ulva ohnoi | All life stages |
Yes
| | Hiraoka et al.,
2004b |
| Umbra pygmaea (eastern mudminnow) | All transport in water | |
Yes
| Verreycken et al.,
2010 |
| Urena lobata (caesar weed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity,
2018 |
| Urochloa distachya (signal grass) | Streams, rivers, flooding, irrigation |
Yes
|
Yes
| New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries,
2015 |
| Urochloa mutica (para grass) | Seeds, stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith,
2002 |
| Urochloa reptans (sprawling signalgrass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity Portal,
2018 |
| Urocystis agropyri (flag smut of wheat) | | |
Yes
| Vánky and Shivas,
2008 |
| Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Utricularia gibba | | |
Yes
| NZPCN,
2010 |
| Vallisneria spiralis (eelweed) | Seed, runners, plant fragments | |
Yes
| |
| Ventenata dubia (North Africa grass) | When seeds are present and water flowing |
Yes
| | |
| Vigna marina (beach bean) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Padulosi and Ng,
1993 |
| Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Miller et al.,
2010 |
| Xanthium spinosum (bathurst burr) | |
Yes
| | PIER,
2013 |
| Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (bacterial leaf streak of rice) | Irrigation water |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Xenohaliotis californiensis | | |
Yes
| |
| Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xiphophorus hellerii | Dispersal by flooding | |
Yes
| McKay,
1978 |
| Xiphophorus maculatus (southern platyfish) | Dispersal by flooding | |
Yes
| |
| Xyris complanata (yellow-eyed grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Zingiber montanum (cassumunar ginger) | Habitat includes riverbanks, streams and wetlands |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chirangini and Sharma,
2005; Ravindran and Babu,
2005; Wolff et al.,
1999 |
| Zingiber zerumbet (shampoo ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
