| Acacia glauca (wild dividivi) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acanthiophilus helianthi (fly, capsule) | Transport of cut flowers or safflower for oil production. |
Yes
| | |
| Acanthospermum australe (spiny-bur) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acanthospermum hispidum (bristly starbur) | In ship ballast water, also associated with road- and railsides |
Yes
| | |
| Acarapis woodi (honeybee mite) | |
Yes
| | Woodward and Quinn (2011) |
| Achatina fulica (giant African land snail) | |
Yes
| | |
| Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | | |
Yes
| Barros and Pickering (2014) |
| Acridotheres tristis (common myna) | |
Yes
| | |
| Acrolepiopsis assectella (leek moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid) | | |
Yes
| |
| Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aegilops cylindrica | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aeschynomene americana (shyleaf) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans (2009) |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Seeds, bulbils and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Ageratina adenophora (Croftonweed) | In mud on agricultural machinery |
Yes
| | |
| Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | | |
Yes
| Cornell Garden-Based Learning (2016) |
| Agrostis avenacea (Pacific bent grass) | Seeds can be transported long distances, especially via railway. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Victorian Resources Online (2015) |
| Agrostis capillaris (common bent) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kowarik and Lippe (2006); Kowarik and Lippe (2011) |
| Alburnus alburnus (bleak) | Movement by trucks etc. |
Yes
| | Welcomme (1988) |
| Alhagi maurorum (camelthorn) | Shipment |
Yes
| | |
| Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) | Farm equipment, grain transport. Seed along roadsides | |
Yes
| Lass and Prather (2007) |
| Alphitobius diaperinus (lesser mealworm) | Transported in national and international grain trade |
Yes
| | |
| Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) | Agricultural and excavation machinery, tyres |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | Species cultivated in agricultural settings thus possibly spread by machinery and vehicle tires |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1981); Hanelt et al. (2001) |
| Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Olliff et al. (2001) |
| Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) | From agricultural practices | |
Yes
| Ward et al. (2013) |
| Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth) | Seeds | |
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2015) |
| Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) | Railway freight, dock cargo, agricultural vehicles | |
Yes
| |
| Ambrosia confertiflora | | |
Yes
| |
| Ambrosia peruviana (Peruvian ragweed) | Seeds | |
Yes
| |
| Ambrosia psilostachya (perennial ragweed) | Railway freight, dock cargo, agricultural vehicles |
Yes
| | |
| Ambrosia tenuifolia (lacy ragweed) | Seeds and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Montagnani et al. (2017) |
| Ambrosia trifida (giant ragweed) | Harvest machinery and grain trucks | |
Yes
| |
| Anagallis arvensis (scarlet pimpernel) | |
Yes
| | |
| Anastrepha fraterculus (South American fruit fly) | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Anastrepha obliqua (West Indian fruit fly) | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Anastrepha striata (guava fruit fly) | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Anguina agrostis (nematode, bentgrass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aonidomytilus albus (tapioca scale) | Vehicles that have recently carried infested cassava. |
Yes
| | |
| Aphelenchoides besseyi (rice leaf nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
| Aphelenchoides fragariae (strawberry crimp nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
| Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi (Chrysanthemum foliar eelworm) | |
Yes
| | |
| Apiognomonia errabunda (anthracnose) | |
Yes
| | |
| Aproceros leucopoda (elm zigzag sawfly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Blank et al. (2010) |
| Arthurdendyus triangulatus (New Zealand flatworm) | Could be moved on soil attached to farm equipment | |
Yes
| |
| Arundo donax (giant reed) | Seeds, plant fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2014) |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | | |
Yes
| |
| Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (cane cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia subulata (Eve’s needle cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Avena fatua (wild oat) | |
Yes
| | |
| Avocado sunblotch viroid (avocado sun blotch) | |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera carambolae (carambola fruit fly) | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera cucumis (cucumber fruit fly) | Lorries, planes, possibly ships with fruit cargo |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly) | Less frequently pupae |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) | Fruits infested with eggs, larvae and/or pupae | |
Yes
| |
| Bactrocera facialis | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera frauenfeldi (mango fruit fly) | Lorries, aeroplanes and perhaps ships, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera jarvisi (Jarvis' fruit fly) | Lories, aeroplanes and perhaps ships, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera kirki | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera latifrons (Solanum fruit fly) | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera melanotus | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera minax (Chinese citrus fly) | Lorries, planes, possibly ships with fruit cargo |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera neohumeralis | Lorries, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera occipitalis | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera oleae (olive fruit fly) | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera psidii (South Sea guava fruit fly) | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera tau | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera tryoni (Queensland fruit fly) | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera tsuneonis (Japanese orange fly) | Lorries, planes, possibly ships carrying fruit cargo |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera umbrosa | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera xanthodes (Pacific fruit fly) | Lorries, planes, possibly ships with fruit cargo |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera zonata (peach fruit fly) | Fruits infested with larvae and/or eggs |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bauhinia monandra (Napoleon's plume) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
| Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry) | Unintentional transport of seeds |
Yes
| | |
| Boiga irregularis (brown tree snake) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bothriochloa ischaemum (yellow bluestem) | Seeds |
Yes
| | Hilty (2014) |
| Bothriochloa pertusa (pitted beard grass) | Seeds, plant fragments | |
Yes
| |
| Brachypodium distachyon (purple false brome) | Florets can be dispersed by vehicle tyres | |
Yes
| Cal-IPC (California Invasive Plant Council) (2016) |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Brassica nigra (black mustard) | Via seed, soiled tyres |
Yes
| | Cal-IPC (California Invasive Plant Council) (2004) |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Possible from its cultivation | |
Yes
| |
| Brassica tournefortii (African mustard) | Seeds, plant fragments |
Yes
| | USDA-ARS (2015) |
| Briza maxima (large quaking grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Bromus tectorum (downy brome) | All |
Yes
| | |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Buddleja madagascariensis (smokebush) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Bunias orientalis (Turkish warty-cabbage) | |
Yes
| | |
| Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wilt nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cadra cautella (dried currant moth) | Transported in national and international grain |
Yes
| | |
| Callisia repens (creeping inch-plant) | Plants and plant segments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
| Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Calotropis procera (apple of sodom) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cameraria ohridella (horsechestnut leafminer) | Railway wagons, TIR (international road transport) vehicles |
Yes
| | |
| Campylopus introflexus | Spores/Shoot tips | |
Yes
| |
| Candidatus Liberibacter africanus (African greening) | Only insofar as plants / budwood is transported by vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (citrus greening) | |
Yes
| | |
| Capsicum baccatum (pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Basu and De (2003) |
| Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Carpophilus (dried-fruit beetles) | Transported in national and international grain trade |
Yes
| | |
| Cassia grandis (pink shower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ICRAF (2014) |
| Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Centaurea debeauxii (meadow knapweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed) | automobiles, farm vehicles |
Yes
| | |
| Centaurea iberica (Iberian starthistle) | |
Yes
| | |
| Centaurea melitensis (Maltese starthistle) | | |
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy (2007); Hubbert (2007) |
| Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) | Construction |
Yes
| | |
| Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos (spotted knapweed) | Logging, off road vehicles |
Yes
| | |
| Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Ceratitis cosyra (mango fruit fly) | Lorries carrying cargo |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ceratitis punctata (cacao fruit fly) | Lorries, planes, possibly ships with fruit cargo |
Yes
| | |
| Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) | On wheels, tracks or in attached mud etc. of excavation vehicles | |
Yes
| |
| Chionaspis pinifoliae (pine leaf scale) | |
Yes
| | |
| Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) | Seeds attached to vehicles and machinery |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2020) |
| Chromatomyia horticola (pea leaf miner) | Road transport/air/sea as commercial flowers/crops. |
Yes
| | |
| Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) | Military vehicles and equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| McFadyen (2002) |
| Chrysanthemoides monilifera (boneseed) | Ship's ballast |
Yes
| | |
| Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle) | Farm vehicles |
Yes
| | |
| Cirsium mexicanum (Mexican thistle) | Seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Cirsium vulgare (spear thistle) | Transport vehicles and farm machines |
Yes
| | |
| Clavibacter michiganensis (bacterial canker of tomato) | Risk of soil on wheels. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clavibacter nebraskensis (Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight) | | |
Yes
| |
| Clavibacter sepedonicus (potato ring rot) | Soil on machinery. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum speciosissimum (Java glory bower) | Rhizome fragments may be accidentally transported in soil stuck to machinery, vehicles, etc |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cochliomyia hominivorax (New World screwworm) | Very low risk, but possible | |
Yes
| |
| Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) | | |
Yes
| |
| Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite) | Wooden boats, street-cars |
Yes
| | |
| Coptotermes gestroi (Asian subterranean termite) | Alates, larvae or nymphs in wood and wooden structure transported in vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Scheffrahn and Su (2000) |
| Cornu aspersum (common garden snail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Dispersal by vehicles is possible as species is commonly found on roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
| Cotton leaf curl disease complex (leaf curl disease of cotton) | | | | |
| Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus | | | | |
| Cowpea mild mottle virus (angular mosaic of beans) | | | | |
| Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) | | |
Yes
| Alverson and Sigg (2008) |
| Crocidosema plebejana (cotton tipworm) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) | Juveniles and adults, for short distance transportation, e.g. from airport or port to the farm | |
Yes
| Ou et al. (1999); Sadovy (2000); Sadovy et al. (2007) |
| Cronartium ribicola (white pine blister rust) | Aeciospores |
Yes
| | |
| Crotalaria spectabilis (showy rattlepod) | Seeds as contaminant in agricultural equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maddox et al. (2011) |
| Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) | Farm machinery |
Yes
| | |
| Cryptotermes brevis (powderpost termite) | Ships, boats |
Yes
| | |
| Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus | Vehicles which have been on infected properties could transmit virus to properties subsequently visited | |
Yes
| |
| Cuphea carthagenensis (Colombian waxweed) | | |
Yes
| Technigro (2011) |
| Cuscuta japonica (Japanese dodder) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cyclosorus parasiticus (parasitic maiden fern) | Likely mode of spore dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cylindropuntia fulgida (jumping cholla) | As shown for other Cylindropuntia species | |
Yes
| Deltoro et al. (2014) |
| Cylindropuntia rosea (hudson pear) | As shown for other Cylindropuntia species | |
Yes
| Deltoro et al. (2014) |
| Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) | |
Yes
| | NARO (2004) |
| Cynara cardunculus (cardoon) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kelly (2000) |
| Cynodon nlemfuensis (African Bermuda-grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Cynodon plectostachyus (African stargrass) | Seeds and stolons | |
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Peterson and Raj Prasad (1998) |
| Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
| Dacus ciliatus (lesser pumpkin fly) | infested fruit |
Yes
| | |
| Dalea scandens (low prairie clover) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2015) |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | | |
Yes
| |
| Daucus carota (carrot) | Seed can adhere via mud to underside of vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Schmidt (1989) |
| Deanolis albizonalis (mango seed borer) | Wood material through edible fruits carriage. |
Yes
| | |
| Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Douglas-fir beetle) | Ships, trucks |
Yes
| | |
| Dendroctonus valens (red turpentine beetle) | |
Yes
| | |
| Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Dendrolimus tabulaeformis (Chinese pine caterpillar) | Adults in vehicles. |
Yes
| | |
| Desmodium incanum (creeping beggerweed) | Sticky seeds could attach to vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mori and Brown (1998) |
| Desmostachya bipinnata (halfa grass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Diabrotica undecimpunctata (spotted cucumber beetle) | |
Yes
| | |
| Dichanthium annulatum (Kleberg's bluestem) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans (2011) |
| Digitaria bicornis (Asian crabgrass) | Might be carried unintentionally in agricultural machinery | |
Yes
| |
| Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass) | Seeds, plant segments, rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1979) |
| Digitaria fuscescens (yellow crab grass) | Might be carried unintentionally in agricultural machinery | |
Yes
| |
| Digitaria insularis (sourgrass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Dinoderus minutus (bamboo borer) | |
Yes
| | |
| Diprion similis (white pine sawfly) | |
Yes
| | |
| Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly, common) | If rotten fruit not cleared. |
Yes
| | |
| Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2013) |
| Echium plantagineum (Paterson's curse) | |
Yes
| | |
| Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive) | | |
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2016) |
| Elodea canadensis (Canadian pondweed) | On wheels, tracks or in attached mud etc. | |
Yes
| Barrat-Segretain and Elger; 2004 |
| Emex australis (Doublegee) | Car rubber tyres |
Yes
| | |
| Emex spinosa (spiny emex) | Car tyres |
Yes
| | |
| Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Davidse et al. (2018) |
| Emilia fosbergii (Florida tassel-flower) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans (2011) |
| Emilia praetermissa (yellow thistle) | Seeds dispersed as contaminants adhered to vehicles and farm machinery |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Emilia sonchifolia (red tasselflower) | Seed dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fern (2019) |
| Ephestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Epidiaspis leperii (European pear scale) | |
Yes
| | |
| Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass) | Species is common on roadsides and trails, seeds adhere to vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass) | Seed | |
Yes
| NDFF (2018) |
| Eragrostis plana (South African lovegrass) | Common on roadsides and trails, adheres to vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Reis (1993) |
| Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass) | Seeds and stolons |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brosnan and Deputy (2008) |
| Erionota thrax (banana skipper) | | |
Yes
| |
| Eucheuma spp. | Live vegetative stage | |
Yes
| Ask and Azanza (2002) |
| Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Potted plants transported to nurseries and homes | |
Yes
| ISSG (2013) |
| Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) | Agricultural equipment and vehicles. |
Yes
| | |
| Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | Small fragments of rhizome |
Yes
| | |
| Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) | Earch moving equipment | |
Yes
| |
| Fimbristylis littoralis (lesser fimbristylis) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
| Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | Seeds as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas (2008) |
| Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier) | Seeds as a contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
| Genista monspessulana (Montpellier broom) | |
Yes
| | |
| Gilpinia hercyniae (spruce sawfly) | |
Yes
| | |
| Globodera pallida (white potato cyst nematode) | Cysts |
Yes
|
Yes
| Been and Schomaker (2006) |
| Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode) | Cysts as contamination, juveniles |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Globodera tabacum (tobacco cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil |
Yes
| | |
| Glycaspis brimblecombei (red gum lerp psyllid) | Trucks and cars. |
Yes
| | |
| Glyceria maxima (reed sweet-grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Gnathotrichus sulcatus (western hemlock wood stainer) | Ships |
Yes
| | |
| Golovinomyces cichoracearum (powdery mildew) | |
Yes
| | |
| Golovinomyces orontii (powdery mildew) | |
Yes
| | |
| Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush) | Fruits, seeds, and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al. (2003) |
| Gonipterus gibberus (snout beetle, eucalyptus) | Hitchhikers |
Yes
| | |
| Gonipterus scutellatus (eucalyptus snout beetle) | Hitchhikers |
Yes
| | |
| Grapholita delineana (hemp borer) | Trucks carrying harvested hemp stalks. |
Yes
| | |
| Gremmeniella abietina (Brunchorstia disease) | Christmas trees |
Yes
| | |
| Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gurib-Fakim (2005) |
| Halyomorpha halys (brown marmorated stink bug) | Adults found in vehicles, especially when seeking shelter in the autumn. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Helenium amarum (bitterweed) | | |
Yes
| Tomley and Panetta (2002) |
| Helicotylenchus dihystera (common spiral nematode) | With soil |
Yes
| | |
| Helicotylenchus multicinctus (banana spiral nematode) | In soil from banana grower |
Yes
| | |
| Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (spiral nematode) | With soil |
Yes
| | |
| Helicotylenchus variocaudatus | With soil |
Yes
| | |
| Heliotropium curassavicum (salt heliotrope) | Seeds, root fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hegazy et al. (1994) |
| Hemiberlesia pitysophila (pine needle hemiberlesian scale) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hemicriconemoides mangiferae | With soil |
Yes
| | |
| Hemicycliophora arenaria (sheath nematode) | With soil |
Yes
| | |
| Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | | |
Yes
| Tiley et al. (1996) |
| Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Seeds may get attached to tyres of cars, tractors and other vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce (2006) |
| Heterodera avenae (cereal cyst eelworm) | Cysts in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Heterodera cajani (pigeon pea cyst nematode) | Cysts |
Yes
| | |
| Heterodera ciceri (chickpea cyst nematode) | With soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Heterodera goettingiana (pea cyst eelworm) | Cysts as contaminants. |
Yes
| | |
| Heterodera oryzae (rice cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil |
Yes
| | |
| Heterodera oryzicola (rice cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Heterodera sacchari (sugarcane cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Heterodera zeae (corn cyst nematode) | Cysts as contaminants. |
Yes
| | |
| Heterotis niloticus (African bonytongue) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hirschfeldia incana (shortpod mustard) | | |
Yes
| Brooks (2004) |
| Hirschmanniella oryzae (rice root nematode) | With soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Hirschmanniella spinicaudata (rice root nematode) | With soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Homalodisca vitripennis (glassy winged sharpshooter) | Adults within vehicles; adults and nymphs in storage and transport bins. |
Yes
| | |
| Hoplolaimus indicus (lance nematode) | With soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Hoplolaimus pararobustus (lance nematode) | With soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Hoplolaimus seinhorsti (lance nematode) | With soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | Vehicles with trailers |
Yes
|
Yes
| USGS-NAS (2002) |
| Hylobitelus xiaoi | |
Yes
| | |
| Hyparrhenia rufa (Jaragua grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Hyptis alata (clustered bushmint) | Seeds as contaminants | | | |
| Hyptis brevipes (lesser roundweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hyptis spicigera (black sesame) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Le Bourgeois et al. (2019) |
| Hyptis suaveolens (pignut) | | |
Yes
| Merril (1981) |
| Impatiens parviflora (small balsam) | Seed in attached dirt; forestry vehicles |
Yes
| | Trepl (1984) |
| Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Stem fragments and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2018) |
| Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
| Indigofera trita subsp. scabra (Asian Indigo) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
| Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Seeds and stem fragments can be dispersed by slashers, movers and other vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2017) |
| Ips hauseri (Kyrgyz mountain engraver) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ips subelongatus (larch bark beetle) | |
Yes
| | |
| Isatis tinctoria (dyer's woad) | Especially agricultural vehicles | |
Yes
| Zouhar (2009) |
| Japanagromyza tristella (soyabean black leaf-miner) | Road transport/air/sea as commercial flowers/crops. |
Yes
| | |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Juncus effusus (common rush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Juncus tenuis (slender rush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Kalanchoe delagoensis (chandelier plant) | Seeds, plantlets, plant fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET (2011) |
| Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | Vegetation moving between water bodies on vehicles, moving boats, trailers, recreational equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cronk and Fuller (1995) |
| Lasioderma serricorne (cigarette beetle) | Transported in national and international grain trade |
Yes
| | |
| Launaea intybacea (bitter lettuce) | Seeds as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Lepidium draba (hoary cress) | All including agricultural machines, undercarriage |
Yes
| | |
| Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) | Adults are occasionally found in all sorts of road vehicles, which pass or park near infested fields |
Yes
| | |
| Leptochloa fusca (sprangletop) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leptocybe invasa (blue gum chalcid) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leuciscus leuciscus (common dace) | |
Yes
| | |
| Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | |
Yes
| | |
| Linaria dalmatica (dalmatian toadflax) | | |
Yes
| |
| Linepithema humile (Argentine ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Liriomyza brassicae (serpentine leafminer) | Road transport/air. |
Yes
| | |
| Liriomyza bryoniae (tomato leaf miner) | Road transport/air. |
Yes
| | |
| Liriomyza sativae (vegetable leaf miner) | |
Yes
| | |
| Liriomyza trifolii (American serpentine leafminer) | Road transport/air. |
Yes
| | |
| Longidorus elongatus (needle nematode) | With soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Lopholeucaspis japonica (Japanese baton shaped scale) | Air and surface transport of ornamental and crop plant material. |
Yes
| | |
| Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leaf lupin) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2017) |
| Lupinus plattensis (Nebraska lupine) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Georgia (1914) |
| Lycium ferocissimum (African boxthorn) | Farm vehicles |
Yes
| | |
| Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly) | Egg masses deposited on vehicles. Adults found on vehicles can be transported |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kean et al. (2015); Liebhold and Tobin (2006); Ross (2005) |
| Lymantria mathura (pink gypsy moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | All kinds of treads | |
Yes
| Thompson et al. (1987) |
| Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) | Larvae on passing vehicles | |
Yes
| |
| Manduca quinquemaculata (tomato hornworm) | Aircraft |
Yes
| | |
| Martynia annua (tiger's claw) | Seeds/“clawed” fruit |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Melanagromyza dolichostigma (miner, soybean root) | Road transport/air. |
Yes
| | |
| Melanaspis glomerata (sugarcane scale) | |
Yes
| | |
| Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | Seeds as a contaminant | |
Yes
| Klein (2011) |
| Meloidogyne acronea (African cotton root nematode) | Eggs and galls in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Meloidogyne arenaria (peanut root-knot nematode) | Eggs and galls in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Meloidogyne chitwoodi (columbia root-knot nematode) | Eggs in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Meloidogyne coffeicola (coffee root-knot nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
| Meloidogyne decalineata (African coffee root-knot nematode) | Eggs and juveniles in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Meloidogyne exigua (coffee root-knot nematode) | Eggs and juveniles in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Meloidogyne fallax (false Columbia root-knot nematode) | Eggs and juveniles in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Meloidogyne graminicola (rice root knot nematode) | Eggs and juveniles in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Meloidogyne hapla (root knot nematode) | Eggs and juveniles in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) | Eggs and galls in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Meloidogyne javanica (sugarcane eelworm) | Eggs and galls in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Meloidogyne mayaguensis | Eggs and galls in soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (crystalline iceplant) | | |
Yes
| The Arizona Wildland Invasive Plant Working Group (AZ-WIPWG) (2005) |
| Mesosphaerum pectinatum (comb bushmint) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Miconia calvescens (miconia) | Seeds. Introduced to Nuku iva and Fatu Hiva by vehicles and engines for road construction |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer (1998a) |
| Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | |
Yes
| | |
| Mimosa arenosa (elegant mimosa) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2004) |
| Mimosa casta (graceful mimosa) | Fruits and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Mimosa ceratonia (climbing mimosa) | Fruits and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Mimosa diplotricha (giant sensitive plant) | | |
Yes
| DAF (2016); Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Mimosa pigra (giant sensitive plant) | |
Yes
| | |
| Monochamus sutor (small white-marmorated longicorn) | Aircraft, ships |
Yes
| | |
| Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Eggs, crawlers/adults. Common pathway |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) | Cultivated seed can be transported by agricultural vehicles and machinery |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1981) |
| Mus musculus (house mouse) | |
Yes
| | |
| Mycosphaerella citri (greasy spot) | Dead leaves. |
Yes
| | |
| Nacobbus aberrans (false root-knot nematode) | Eggs and adults as contaminants. |
Yes
| | |
| Nassella trichotoma (serrated tussock grass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Nasturtium microphyllum (one-row watercress) | | |
Yes
| |
| Nelsonia canescens (blue pussyleaf) | Seeds and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mahbubur (2013) |
| Neodiprion sertifer (European pine sawfly) | |
Yes
| | |
| Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | Tiny seeds can be transported in soil, on vehicle tyres, on footwear, etc |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Odontonema cuspidatum (Cardinal’s guard) | Pieces of stems and roots from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2005) |
| Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines) | Seeds, roots, stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Oldenlandia lancifolia (calycose mille graines) | Seeds as contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pringle (1982) |
| Onopordum acanthium (scotch thistle) | Transport vehicles and farm machinery |
Yes
| | |
| Ophiostoma novo-ulmi (Dutch elm disease) | Truck, ship, aeroplane, train |
Yes
| | |
| Ophiostoma ulmi (Dutch elm disease) | Truck, ship, aeroplane, train |
Yes
| | |
| Orobanche cernua (nodding broomrape) | | |
Yes
| |
| Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) | | |
Yes
| |
| Orobanche ramosa (branched broomrape) | | |
Yes
| Jacobsohn (1984) |
| Oryza barthii | | |
Yes
| |
| Oryzaephilus surinamensis (saw toothed grain beetle) | Transported in national and international grain trade |
Yes
| | |
| Osteopilus septentrionalis (Cuban treefrog) | Adults |
Yes
| | Johnson (2017) |
| Papuana huebneri (taro beetle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug) | | |
Yes
| |
| Paralongidorus australis (needle nematode) | With soil |
Yes
| | |
| Paratrichodorus minor (stubby root nematode) | With soil |
Yes
| | |
| Paratrichodorus porosus | With soil |
Yes
| | |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | Tractors, combine harvestors, etc | |
Yes
| |
| Paspalum dilatatum (dallisgrass) | | |
Yes
| Eurobodalla Shire Council (2017) |
| Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | From agricultural practices | |
Yes
| Hitchcock (1936); FAO (2012b) |
| Paspalum vaginatum (seashore paspalum) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pectinophora scutigera (pink spotted bollworm) | In cotton modules being transported to gin |
Yes
| | |
| Pennisetum pedicellatum (deenanath grass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Pennisetum polystachion (mission grass) | Very low seed numbers | |
Yes
| Lonsdale and Lane (1994) |
| Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) | Seed and plant segments attached to vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
| Pentas lanceolata (Egyptian starcluster) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Pheidole megacephala (big-headed ant) | |
Yes
| | |
| Phylacteophaga froggatti (leafblister sawfly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phyllophaga smithi (white grub) | Ships, boats, aeroplanes. |
Yes
| | |
| Phytophthora cambivora (root rot of forest trees) | Movement of soil |
Yes
| | |
| Phytophthora cinnamomi (Phytophthora dieback) | In moist soil stuck to vehicles | |
Yes
| Batini (1977); Colquhoun and Petersen (1994) |
| Phytophthora lateralis (Port-Orford-cedar root disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Goheen et al. (2012) |
| Phytophthora megasperma (root rot) | Tractor tyres, car tyre treads. |
Yes
| | |
| Phytophthora ramorum (Sudden Oak Death (SOD)) | All if soil moved. | | | |
| Pineus boerneri (pine woolly aphid) | |
Yes
| | |
| Piper aduncum (spiked pepper) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2016) |
| Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) | Seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Pomacea canaliculata (golden apple snail) | Cargo ships/boats |
Yes
| | |
| Portulaca pilosa (kiss-me-quick) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Portulaca quadrifida (chickenweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pratylenchus brachyurus (root-lesion nematode) | Farm machinery |
Yes
| | |
| Pratylenchus coffeae (banana root nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
| Pratylenchus penetrans (nematode, northern root lesion) | In soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Pratylenchus thornei | In soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Pratylenchus vulnus (walnut root lesion nematode) | In soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Pratylenchus zeae (root lesion nematode) | In soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Prays citri (citrus flower moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Prosopis ruscifolia | |
Yes
| | |
| Prostephanus truncatus (larger grain borer) | Carried by national and international grain trade |
Yes
| | |
| Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | Harvest time, crawlers, on hired or shared farm vehicles | |
Yes
| |
| Pseudoidium neolycopersici (tomato powdery mildew) | |
Yes
| | |
| Psittacus erithacus (African grey parrot) | | |
Yes
| CITES (2005) |
| Pteris vittata (Chinese ladder brake fern) | Spores can be transported via clothing and equipment | |
Yes
| UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants (2019) |
| Puccinia asparagi (asparagus rust) | |
Yes
| | |
| Pueraria phaseoloides (tropical kudzu) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Punctodera chalcoensis | In soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Radopholus citri | With soil from citrus orchards. |
Yes
| | |
| Radopholus similis (burrowing nematode) | With soil |
Yes
| | |
| Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | |
Yes
| | |
| Rastrococcus invadens (fruit tree mealybug) | Theoretically possible from lorries and trucks brushing against plants. Probably very minor. |
Yes
| | |
| Rattus rattus (black rat) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus (red ring nematode) | In soil and plant tissue. |
Yes
| | |
| Rhagoletis cerasi (European cherry fruit fly) | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Rhagoletis cingulata (cherry fruit fly) | Lorries, aeroplanes and perhaps ships, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Rhagoletis completa (walnut husk fly) | Lorries, aeroplanes and perhaps ships, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Rhagoletis fausta (black cherry fruit fly) | Lorries, aeroplanes and perhaps ships, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Rhagoletis indifferens (western cherry fruit fly) | Lorries, aeroplanes and perhaps ships, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Rhagoletis mendax (blueberry fruit fly) | Lorries, aeroplanes and perhaps ships, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Rhagoletis pomonella (apple maggot) | Aeroplanes and boats, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Rhagoletis ribicola (American currant fruit fly) | Lorries, aeroplanes and perhaps ships, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Rhaponticum repens (Russian knapweed) | Farm vehicles; road maintenance machinery |
Yes
| | |
| Rhinella marina (cane toad) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rivina humilis (bloodberry) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder (2014); Randall (2012) |
| Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass) | Rail trucks from Mexico to USA |
Yes
| | Lehtonen (2003) |
| Rotylenchulus parvus (reniform nematode) | With soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniform nematode) | In soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Rubus fruticosus (blackberry) | Unintentional transport of seeds |
Yes
| | |
| Rudbeckia laciniata (cutleaf coneflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Akasaka et al. (2015) |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2009) |
| Scapanes australis (rhinoceros beetle) | |
Yes
| | |
| Schismus arabicus (Arabian schismus) | Off-road vehicles causing soil disturbances promotes spread | |
Yes
| Guertin (2003) |
| Scirtothrips perseae (avocado thrips) | Road, rail, sea and air |
Yes
| | |
| Sciurus aberti (Abert's squirrel) | Frequent occurrence with adult animals in 1990s; <100 individuals moved to a location |
Yes
|
Yes
| Davis and Brown (1988) |
| Sclerospora graminicola (downy mildew of pearl millet) | Oospores with soil |
Yes
| | |
| Scolytus morawitzi (scolytid of Morawitz) | |
Yes
| | |
| Scolytus multistriatus (smaller European elm bark beetle) | |
Yes
| | |
| Scutellonema brachyurus | With soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Scutellonema bradys (yam nematode) | With soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Scutellonema clathricaudatum | In soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Senecio inaequidens (South African ragwort) | Road and rail vehicles | |
Yes
| |
| Senecio jacobaea (common ragwort) | Farm vehicles, etc. |
Yes
| | |
| Senecio madagascariensis (fireweed) | Farm vehicle, etc |
Yes
| | |
| Senecio vulgaris | |
Yes
| | |
| Senna aculeata (senna) | Seeds as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2020) |
| Senna hirsuta (hairy senna) | On tyres | |
Yes
| |
| Senna obtusifolia (sicklepod) | Motor vehicles |
Yes
| | |
| Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | Tractors and farm vehicles | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Senna surattensis (golden senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Little and Skolmen (1989); Sosef and Maesen (1997) |
| Septoria cannabis (yellow leaf spot) | |
Yes
| | |
| Sesbania punicea (red sesbania) | |
Yes
| | |
| Sesbania sericea (silky sesban) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2000) |
| Sida acuta (sida) | | |
Yes
| Lonsdale and Lane (1994) |
| Sisymbrium irio | | |
Yes
| |
| Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade) | Vehicles, earth moving equipment and agricultural implements. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2020) |
| Solanum viarum (tropical soda apple) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Medal et al. (2012) |
| Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant) | All types |
Yes
| | |
| Solenopsis richteri (black imported fire ant) | Newly mated queens attracted to shiny surfaces | |
Yes
| Taber (2000) |
| Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) | Seeds as contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
| Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Spermacoce verticillata (shrubby false buttonwood) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sphagneticola trilobata (wedelia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spodoptera litura (taro caterpillar) | eggs, larvae, pupae, moths |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus africanus (rat’s tail grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus pyramidalis (giant rat’s tail grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Squalius cephalus (European chub) | |
Yes
| | |
| Stachytarpheta cayennensis (blue snakeweed) | |
Yes
| | Smith (2002) |
| Striga asiatica (witch weed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Taeniatherum caput-medusae (medusahead wildrye) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nafus and Davies (2014) |
| Tetropium gracilicorne (fine-horned spruce borer) | |
Yes
| | |
| Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug) | Adults and nymphs | |
Yes
| Nadel et al. (2010) |
| Theba pisana (white garden snail) | |
Yes
| | Cowie (1987); Cowie and Robinson (2003); Godan (1983) |
| Themeda arguens (Christmas grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motta (1953) |
| Themeda quadrivalvis (grader grass) | Contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Keir and Vogler (2006) |
| Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
| Tibouchina herbacea (cane tibouchina) | Frequent along roadsides. Possibly more frequent at helicopter landing sites. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Almasi (2000) |
| Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (Tomato brown rugose fruit virus) | Vehicles used in infected fields can transmit the virus into subsequent fields | |
Yes
| |
| Tomato mottle virus | |
Yes
| | |
| Toxotrypana curvicauda (papaya fruit fly) | Lorries, aeroplanes and perhaps ships, with fruit cargo. |
Yes
| | |
| Tradescantia fluminensis (wandering Jew) | |
Yes
| | |
| Tribulus terrestris (puncture vine) | Farm machinery, bicycles, road vehicles |
Yes
| | |
| Tripsacum dactyloides (eastern gamagrass) | Seeda | |
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Trophotylenchulus piperis | In soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (stunt nematode) | With soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Tylenchorhynchus claytoni (stunt nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
| Tylenchulus semipenetrans (citrus root nematode) | In soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Ulex europaeus (gorse) | Farm machinery |
Yes
| | Hoshovsky (1986) |
| Urochloa decumbens (signal grass) | Seeds – contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Urochloa distachya (signal grass) | Species is common on roadsides and trails, adheres to vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries (2015) |
| Urochloa mutica (para grass) | Seeds, stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Ventenata dubia (North Africa grass) | When seeds are present |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Verbesina encelioides (golden crownbeard) | Unintentional transport of seeds on military bulldozer within and between Hawaiian Islands. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Woodward (1972) |
| Vespa velutina (Asian hornet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Vincetoxicum nigrum (black swallowwort) | Railroads, highways |
Yes
| | |
| Vincetoxicum rossicum (European swallowwort) | Utility rights-of-way, railroad, highway |
Yes
| | |
| Xanthium spinosum (bathurst burr) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2013) |
| Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vasculorum (sugarcane gumming disease) | Harvesters |
Yes
| | |
| Xanthomonas citri (citrus canker) | Water splashed from machinery in orchard. |
Yes
| | |
| Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans (bacterial spot of tomato) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis (bacterial leaf streak of grasses) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum (bacterial leaf streak of corn) | | |
Yes
| Sivitis (2017) |
| Xanthomonas vesicatoria (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xiphinema americanum (dagger nematode) | In wet soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Xiphinema diversicaudatum (dagger nematode) | In soil. |
Yes
| | |
| Xiphinema index (fan-leaf virus nematode) | With soil in grape vines. |
Yes
| | |
| Xiphinema rivesi (dagger nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
| Xylella fastidiosa (Pierce's disease of grapevines) | Bacteria in living vector insects |
Yes
| | |
| Xylotrechus altaicus (Altay longhorn beetle) | |
Yes
| | |
| Zabrotes subfasciatus (Mexican bean weevil) | Transported in national and international grain trade |
Yes
| | |
