| Acanthospermum australe (spiny-bur) | | |
Yes
| |
| Achatina fulica (giant African land snail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Acmella uliginosa (marsh para cress) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chung et al. (2007) |
| Aegilops cylindrica | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aethina tumida | | |
Yes
| OIE (2012) |
| Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed) | Dispersion by attaching to agricultural machinery. | |
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET (2016) |
| Alpinia purpurata (red ginger) | Rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
| Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); UNIDO (2005) |
| Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | Species cultivated in agricultural settings thus possibly spread by machinery and vehicle tires |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1981); Hanelt et al. (2001) |
| Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Olliff et al. (2001) |
| Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) | In machinery used for crop production |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ward et al. (2013) |
| Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth) | Seeds | |
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2015) |
| Amaranthus tuberculatus (rough-fruited water-hemp) | Seeds and plant parts can attach to farm machinery | |
Yes
| Costea et al. (2005) |
| Ambrosia confertiflora | | |
Yes
| |
| Ambrosia tenuifolia (lacy ragweed) | Seeds and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Montagnani et al. (2017) |
| Ampelopsis arborea (peppervine) | Vegetative pieces are reported to be moved by machinery at citrus groves |
Yes
| | Hall (1984) |
| Andropogon glomeratus (bushy bluestem) | Seeds can be transported with garden machinery | |
Yes
| PIER (2008) |
| Annona reticulata (bullock's heart) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (1987) |
| Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aphanomyces astaci | | |
Yes
| Oidtmann et al. (2005) |
| Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | Seeds dispersed in mud adhering to machinery | |
Yes
| Mankeleja et al. (2014) |
| Artemisia biennis (biennial wormwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kegode and Darbyshire (2013) |
| Arundo donax (giant reed) | Seeds, plant fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2014) |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) |
| Asterias amurensis (northern Pacific seastar) | |
Yes
| | |
| Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (cane cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia subulata (Eve’s needle cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Batis maritima (saltwort) | | |
Yes
| |
| Bergia capensis (white water fire) | Possible from rice cultivation | |
Yes
| |
| Bidens pilosa (blackjack) | Seed as contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sankaran and Suresh (2013) |
| Bocconia frutescens (plume poppy) | Contaminated soil may adhere to machinery within invaded areas |
Yes
| | Benitez and Saulibio (2007) |
| Boiga irregularis (brown tree snake) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bothriochloa ischaemum (yellow bluestem) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hilty (2014) |
| Bothriochloa pertusa (pitted beard grass) | Contaminant | |
Yes
| |
| Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea) | Fruits with wing-like structure |
Yes
|
Yes
| McMullen (1999) |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | Seeds, likely |
Yes
|
Yes
| False Brome Working Group (2009); Fletcher (2009) |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Possible, from its cultivation | |
Yes
| |
| Brassica tournefortii (African mustard) | Seeds |
Yes
| | Minnich and Sanders (2000) |
| Briza maxima (large quaking grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Bromus secalinus (rye brome) | | |
Yes
| |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bythotrephes longimanus (spiny waterflea) | Liive specimens attach to fishing gear, dormant eggs survive out of water and hatch elsewgere when i | |
Yes
| Berg et al. (2002) |
| Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Les and Mehrhoff (1999) |
| Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) | Species is grown locally and commercially as cash crop and ornamental; species known to escape from cultivated areas; species can reproduce by both seeds and cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Candidula intersecta (wrinkled dune snail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meissner et al. (2009) |
| Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | | |
Yes
| Basu and De (2003) |
| Capsicum baccatum (pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Basu and De (2003) |
| Carcinus maenas (European shore crab) | Movement of oil rigs, docks and other marine structures |
Yes
|
Yes
| Le et al. (1990) |
| Cassia grandis (pink shower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ICRAF (2014); Toruan-Purba (1999) |
| Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea | fishing nets |
Yes
|
Yes
| Verlaque et al. (2003) |
| Centaurea debeauxii (meadow knapweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ceratocystis platani (canker stain of plane) | | |
Yes
| |
| Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) | Seeds attached to vehicles and machinery |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2020) |
| Clavibacter sepedonicus (potato ring rot) | | |
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum bungei (rose glorybower) | Can spread by portions of roots transplanted on wheels of vehicles or within soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum speciosissimum (Java glory bower) | Rhizome fragments may be accidentally transported in soil stuck to machinery, vehicles, etc |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Soil movements can disperse buried corms |
Yes
|
Yes
| Safo-Kantaka (2004) |
| Coniothyrium glycines (red leaf blotch) | | |
Yes
| Hartman et al. (1987) |
| Coptotermes gestroi (Asian subterranean termite) | With wooden parts |
Yes
|
Yes
| Scheffrahn and Su (2000) |
| Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam) | Commercial fishing gear | |
Yes
| Karatayev et al. (2007) |
| Cortaderia jubata (purple pampas grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) | | |
Yes
| Alverson and Sigg (2008) |
| Crotalaria spectabilis (showy rattlepod) | Seeds as contaminant in agricultural equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maddox et al. (2011) |
| Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito) | Larvae |
Yes
|
Yes
| Joyce (1961) |
| Cuphea carthagenensis (Colombian waxweed) | Possibly long distance dispersal | |
Yes
| Technigro (2011) |
| Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) | |
Yes
| | NARO (2004) |
| Cynara cardunculus (cardoon) | Root fragments | |
Yes
| Kelly (2000) |
| Cynodon nlemfuensis (African Bermuda-grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Cyperus difformis (small-flowered nutsedge) | As a contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1979) |
| Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
| Daphnia lumholtzi | Importation of industrial and earth-moving equipment has been implicated in overseas invasions | |
Yes
| Duffy et al. (2000); Havel and Shurin (2004) |
| Datura ferox (fierce thornapple) | | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | | |
Yes
| |
| Datura metel (Hindu datura) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Descurainia sophia (flixweed) | | |
Yes
| Howard (2003) |
| Dichanthium aristatum (angelton bluestem) | Possible due to its cultivation for pasture and hay | |
Yes
| |
| Dickeya solani (black leg disease of potato) | Smearing of heavily infected potatoes across machinery can facilitate spread to healthy tubers | |
Yes
| Toth et al. (2011) |
| Dickeya zeae (bacterial stalk rot of maize) | | | | |
| Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass) | Seeds, plant segments, rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
| Dioscorea alata (white yam) | Tubers (yams) and bulbils |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (quagga mussel) | Transported on macrophytes entangled on boat trailers or on anchors |
Yes
|
Yes
| Johnson et al. (2001) |
| Drymaria cordata (tropical chickweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2013) |
| Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Waterhouse (1994) |
| Echinochloa crus-pavonis (gulf cockspur grass) | | |
Yes
| Webster (2015) |
| Ehrharta calycina (perennial veldtgrass) | | |
Yes
| Bossard et al. (2000) |
| Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive) | Seeds | |
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2016) |
| Elephantopus mollis (elephant's foot) | | |
Yes
| Queensland Government (2014) |
| Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Emilia fosbergii (Florida tassel-flower) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans (2011) |
| Emilia sonchifolia (red tasselflower) | Seed dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fern (2019) |
| Eragrostis amabilis (Japanese lovegrass) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Whistler (1995) |
| Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass) | | |
Yes
| USDA Forest Service (2014) |
| Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass) | Seed | |
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Eragrostis plana (South African lovegrass) | Adheres to vehicles and machinery in farms | |
Yes
| Reis (1993) |
| Erechtites hieraciifolius (American burnweed) | Movement of harvesting equipment and vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Darbyshire et al. (2012) |
| Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass) | Seeds and stolons |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brosnan and Deputy (2008) |
| Erigeron bellioides (bellorita) | Seeds as contaminant on garden tools |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nagata (1995) |
| Euphorbia terracina (false caper) | | |
Yes
| |
| Euschistus heros (Neotropical brown stink bug) | Machinery used in soybean or sunflower harvest. | |
Yes
| |
| Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | Rhizomes can be moved on tracks of earth movers |
Yes
| | |
| Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) | Earth moving equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Fallopia x bohemica | | |
Yes
| |
| Ficus elastica (rubber plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tawan (2000); USDA-ARS (2014); Whistler (2000) |
| Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Mabberly (2008) |
| Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2014); Starr et al. (2003); USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Fimbristylis littoralis (lesser fimbristylis) | |
Yes
| | Holm et al. (1977) |
| Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) | | |
Yes
| |
| Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis (fusarium wilt of alfalfa) | | |
Yes
| |
| Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas (2008) |
| Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier) | Seeds as a contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
| Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode) | Cysts |
Yes
|
Yes
| Been and Schomaker (2006) |
| Glyceria maxima (reed sweet-grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush) | Fruits, seeds, and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al. (2003) |
| Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Senegal tea plant) | | |
Yes
| Weeds CRC (2008) |
| Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gurib-Fakim (2005) |
| Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird) | Found on imported excavation equipment in Australia |
Yes
| | Smith and Fisher (2008) |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
| | |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Seeds may get attached to tyres of cars, tractors and other vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce (2006) |
| Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) | | |
Yes
| |
| Heterotheca grandiflora (telegraph weed) | Suspected vector in Australia | |
Yes
| Csurhes (2009) |
| Hirschfeldia incana (shortpod mustard) | | |
Yes
| Brooks (2004) |
| Holmskioldia sanguinea (Chinese hat plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman (1999) |
| Hop stunt viroid (hop stunt viroid) | | |
Yes
| Hadidi et al. (2003) |
| Hymenachne amplexicaulis (hymenachne) | Seeds potential contaminant on machinery and vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Australian Weeds Committee (2012) |
| Hyparrhenia rufa (Jaragua grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Hyptis brevipes (lesser roundweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hyptis suaveolens (pignut) | | |
Yes
| Cullen et al. (2012) |
| Impatiens parviflora (small balsam) | Seed in attached dirt on forestry equipment |
Yes
| | Trepl (1984) |
| Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Indigofera hirsuta (hairy indigo) | Farming equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1981) |
| Indigofera spicata (creeping indigo) | Lawn mowing and farming equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (1989) |
| Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
| Inula britannica (british yellowhead) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | Potential seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Isatis tinctoria (dyer's woad) | Seeds carried on agricultural machinery and vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zouhar (2009) |
| Iva xanthiifolia (marsh-elder) | Agricultural and construction machinery (e. g. harvester, plough) |
Yes
|
Yes
| Follak (2014) |
| Jatropha curcas (jatropha) | | |
Yes
| Pitt (1999) |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | | |
Yes
| NZPCN (New Zealand Plant Conservation Network) (2015) |
| Kalanchoe delagoensis (chandelier plant) | Seeds, plantlets, plant fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET (2011) |
| Launaea intybacea (bitter lettuce) | Seeds as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | A. Mikulyuk, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, USA, personal communcation, 2010 |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leptochloa fusca (sprangletop) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | | |
Yes
| |
| Limax maximus (leopard slug) | Not uncommon |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Linaria dalmatica (dalmatian toadflax) | | |
Yes
| |
| Linaria vulgaris (common toadflax) | By movement on cultivation equipment | |
Yes
| Zouhar (2003) |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| CEH (2007) |
| Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly) | Egg masses can be laid on externally stored equipment, i.e. tractors, chippers, ATVs, etc. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) | | |
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | | |
Yes
| Thompson et al. (1987) |
| Malva pusilla (round-leaved mallow) | Seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Makowski and Morrison (1989) |
| Martynia annua (tiger's claw) | Seeds/“clawed” fruit |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | Seeds as a contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Klein (2011) |
| Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Melissococcus plutonius | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ; FERA (2013) |
| Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) | Movement of infested soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Merremia aegyptia (hairy woodrose) | dispersal facilitated by soil working tools and machinery | |
Yes
| |
| Merremia cissoides (roadside woodrose) | seed dispersal may be facilitated by soil working tools and machinery | |
Yes
| |
| Merremia tuberosa (woodrose) | Garden tools |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mansur (2001) |
| Mesosphaerum pectinatum (comb bushmint) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Miconia calvescens (miconia) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mimosa casta (graceful mimosa) | Fruits and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Mimosa ceratonia (climbing mimosa) | Fruits and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Mimosa diplotricha (giant sensitive plant) | | |
Yes
| DAF (2016); Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) | | |
Yes
| |
| Miscanthus sinensis (eulalia) | On car tyres in NSW | |
Yes
| Harley (2007) |
| Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Eggs, crawlers/adults. Rare pathway | |
Yes
| |
| Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) | Cultivated seed can be transported by agricultural vehicles and machinery |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1981) |
| Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | Probably arrived to Seychelles with the machinery imported for the dredging of the coast of Mahé |
Yes
| | Gerlach (1996) |
| Murdannia nudiflora (doveweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2017) |
| Nasturtium microphyllum (one-row watercress) | | |
Yes
| |
| Nelsonia canescens (blue pussyleaf) | Seeds and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mahbubur (2013) |
| Neyraudia reynaudiana (burma reed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco) | | |
Yes
| |
| Odontonema cuspidatum (Cardinal’s guard) | Pieces of stems and roots from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2005) |
| Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines) | Seeds, roots, stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Oldenlandia lancifolia (calycose mille graines) | Seeds as contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pringle (1982) |
| Onopordum illyricum (Illyrian thistle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia aurantiaca (jointed cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Orbea variegata (carrion-flower) | Stem fragments can be transported on machinery | |
Yes
| Biosecurity South Australia (2015); NSW Department of Primary Industries (2020) |
| Orobanche cernua (nodding broomrape) | | |
Yes
| |
| Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) | | |
Yes
| |
| Orobanche ramosa (branched broomrape) | | |
Yes
| Jacobsohn (1984) |
| Oryza barthii | | |
Yes
| |
| Oxalis corniculata (creeping woodsorrel) | | |
Yes
| |
| Paederia foetida (skunkvine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Paenibacillus larvae | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug) | | |
Yes
| Tanwar et al. (2010) |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PAG (2000) |
| Paspalum dilatatum (dallisgrass) | | |
Yes
| Eurobodalla Shire Council (2017) |
| Paspalum notatum (Bahia grass) | Seeds and rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Violi (2000) |
| Paspalum paniculatum (Russell River grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | Possibly from agricultural practices | |
Yes
| Hitchcock (1936); FAO (2012b) |
| Paspalum vaginatum (seashore paspalum) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) | Frequently attached to machinery associated with agriculture, landscaping and construction |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cain et al. (2010) |
| Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) | Seed and plant segments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
| Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | One possible incidence recorded of movement of seeds |
Yes
| | Joubert and Cunningham (2002) |
| Pentas lanceolata (Egyptian starcluster) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Petiveria alliacea (guinea hen weed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans (2009) |
| Phytophthora alni species complex (alder Phytophthora) | Movement of infected soil on machinery (not specifically demonstrated for the alder Phytophthora but known to be important for root phytophthoras) | |
Yes
| Webber and Rose (2008) |
| Phytophthora cinnamomi (Phytophthora dieback) | In moist soil stuck to equipment | |
Yes
| Batini (1977); Colquhoun and Petersen (1994) |
| Phytophthora lateralis (Port-Orford-cedar root disease) | | |
Yes
| Goheen et al. (2012) |
| Phytophthora ramorum (Sudden Oak Death (SOD)) | | | | |
| Piper aduncum (spiked pepper) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2016) |
| Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root) | Infested soil can be easily moved on machinery |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Platydemus manokwari (New guinea flatworm) | P. manokwari can be readily transported in soil on machines | |
Yes
| |
| Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian borage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012); Wagner and Lorence (2014) |
| Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush) | Vector suspected as part of military construction activites | |
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
| Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) | Seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Polygonum arenastrum (common knotweed) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Burnett and Moore (2014) |
| Portulaca quadrifida (chickenweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | Harvest time, crawlers, on hired or shared farm machinery | |
Yes
| |
| Pueraria phaseoloides (tropical kudzu) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | |
Yes
| | Fortnum and Gooden (2008) |
| Rattus rattus (black rat) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rhamphicarpa fistulosa | Poorly-cleaned equipment used in contaminated fields could cause new infestations in new fields | |
Yes
| |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder (2014); Randall (2012) |
| Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass) | Thailand to Malaysia, and in southern USA |
Yes
|
Yes
| Anwar (2001); Arkansas State Plant Board (2008); Millhollon (1980) |
| Salvia splendens (scarlet sage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Floridata (2014); Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2009) |
| Salvinia minima | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2006) |
| Sanchezia parvibracteata (sanchezia) | Garden tools |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae (brown stripe downy mildew of maize) | Likely since oospores in soil could be transferred | |
Yes
| |
| Senecio glastifolius (holly-leaved senecio) | | |
Yes
| |
| Senna bacillaris (whitebark senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Senna hirsuta (hairy senna) | Seeds moved by agricultural tools | |
Yes
| |
| Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | In mud sticking to machinery | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Senna septemtrionalis (smooth senna) | Carried by mud stuck to machinery |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2014) |
| Senna spectabilis (whitebark senna) | Seeds are thought to have been picked in the mud and spread by trucks |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Senna surattensis (golden senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Little and Skolmen (1989); Sosef and Maesen (1997) |
| Sesbania sericea (silky sesban) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2000) |
| Sida acuta (sida) | | |
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977); Smith (2002) |
| Sida repens (Javanese fanpetals) | Seeds and fruits as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Raju and Rani (2016) |
| Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Weed in pastures |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
| Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2020) |
| Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant) | Queen, workers and brood if soil attached | |
Yes
| Taber (2000) |
| Sonchus asper (spiny sow-thistle) | Seeds as contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD (2018) |
| Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) | Seeds as contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
| Spermacoce verticillata (shrubby false buttonwood) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus africanus (rat’s tail grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus pyramidalis (giant rat’s tail grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Syngonium podophyllum (arrowhead vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
| Theba pisana (white garden snail) | |
Yes
| | Godan (1983) |
| Thecaphora frezii (peanut smut) | Spores can adhere to agricultural machinery and be carried to other plots in the same country or bordering countries | |
Yes
| Cazón (2015); Rago et al. (2016); Rago et al. (2017) |
| Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | Garden tools |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Thunbergia fragrans (whitelady) | Dumped garden waste, garden tools |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) | Seeds as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET (2018) |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hummel and Kiviat (2004) |
| Tripsacum dactyloides (eastern gamagrass) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Tropilaelaps | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Defra (2005) |
| Ulex europaeus (gorse) | Farm machinery | |
Yes
| Hoshovsky (1986) |
| Uraba lugens (eucalypt leaf skeletonizer) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Urochloa decumbens (signal grass) | Seeds – contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Urochloa distachya (signal grass) | Adheres to vehicles and machinery in farms | |
Yes
| New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries (2015) |
| Urochloa mutica (para grass) | Seeds, stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Urochloa reptans (sprawling signalgrass) | Seeds as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity Portal (2018) |
| Utricularia gibba | |
Yes
| | NZPCN (2010) |
| Ventenata dubia (North Africa grass) | When seeds are present |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Verbesina encelioides (golden crownbeard) | Unintentional transport of seeds on military bulldozer within and between Hawaiian Islands. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Woodward (1972) |
| Vespa velutina (Asian hornet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Vulpia myuros (annual fescue) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Wallace (1997) |
| Wasmannia auropunctata (little fire ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2014) |
| Xanthium spinosum (bathurst burr) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2013) |
| Xanthomonas citri (citrus canker) | cultivation equipment | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum (bacterial leaf streak of corn) | | |
Yes
| Sivitis (2017) |
| Zeuxine strateumatica (soldier’s orchid) | Possible from lawn mowing, garden and nursery tending | |
Yes
| |
| Zingiber montanum (cassumunar ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Zingiber zerumbet (shampoo ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
