| Abrus precatorius (rosary pea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003; Padua et al.,
1999; Weber,
2003 |
| Abutilon hirtum (Indian mallow) | Sold over the internet as an ornamental plant. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Abutilon indicum (country mallow) | Sold an ornamental plant on Internet and nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Acacia angustissima (prairie acacia) | Used as an ornamental and for ground cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lloyd-Reilley,
2011 |
| Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Acacia glauca (wild dividivi) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | Valued as an ornamental in California. | |
Yes
| Dreistadt and Hagen,
1994 |
| Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wiersum,
1991 |
| Acacia saligna (Port Jackson wattle) | Spread as a street tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cronk and Fuller,
1995 |
| Acer rufinerve (grey snake-bark maple) | Deliberately planted in parks and gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | Ornamental cultivars available at nurseries and internet sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mitich,
1990 |
| Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise) | | |
Yes
| |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Widely planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Agdestis clematidea (rockroot) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vickery,
2009 |
| Ageratina riparia (mistflower) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed) | Used as an ornamental over its range. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | Used as ornamental and for landscaping, sold at nurseries. | |
Yes
| Thoden et al.,
2009 |
| Agrostis capillaris (common bent) | lawn grass |
Yes
| | |
| Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kowarik and Säumel,
2007 |
| Akebia quinata (five-leaf akebia) | Intentional introduction |
Yes
| | ISSG,
2012; USDA-ARS,
2013 |
| Aleurotrachelus atratus (palm-infesting whitefly) | |
Yes
| | |
| Allamanda cathartica (yellow allamanda) | Commonly planted in parks, gardens, and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis,
2000 |
| Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manner,
2011 |
| Alopochen aegyptiaca (Egyptian goose) | |
Yes
| | Lever,
2005 |
| Alpinia purpurata (red ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong,
2005 |
| Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ibrahim,
2001 |
| Alternanthera bettzickiana (calico plant) | Common ornamental. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) | Used as aquarium plant and ornamental aquatic plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed) | Planted in water-gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Ameiurus melas (black bullhead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Amelanchier spicata (dwarf serviceberry) | | |
Yes
| Kabuce,
2006 |
| Ampelopsis arborea (peppervine) | Used as ground cover, for walls, fences and trellises |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kimbrough,
2008; Wildflower Center,
2016 |
| Andropogon glomeratus (bushy bluestem) | This species is ia popular ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wolfe and Zajicek,
1998 |
| Anethum graveolens (dill) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden,
2015; PFAF,
2015 |
| Anredera baselloides (Madeira vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Anser indicus (bar-headed goose) | |
Yes
| | Banks et al.,
2008 |
| Antigonon leptopus (coral vine) | Planted as a garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Burke and DiTommaso,
2011 |
| Ardisia crenata (coral berry) | International trade as an ornamental species has resulted in global spread |
Yes
|
Yes
| Niu et al.,
2012 |
| Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardisia) | |
Yes
| | PIER,
2009 |
| Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | Recommended as a garden plant to grow over fences. | |
Yes
| Wynman,
1944 |
| Aristolochia elegans (elegant Dutchman’s pipe) | Occurs beyond native South American range in places where it is cultivated in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Pakistan,
2015; Weeds of Australia,
2015 |
| Aristolochia ringens (Dutchman’s pipe) | Has been intentionally introduced beyond its native range for use as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aronia x prunifolia | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Arrhenatherum elatius (false oat-grass) | Grown and sold as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hodgson,
2005 |
| Arthurdendyus triangulatus (New Zealand flatworm) | Associated with botanic gardens |
Yes
| | Boag et al.,
1994a; Willis and Edwards,
1977 |
| Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) | Planted as shade tree in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ragone,
2006 |
| Arundo donax (giant reed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dudley,
2000 |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brookes and Barley,
1992; Mulvaney,
1991 |
| Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern) | Planted in gardens, yards and as a potted ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Bambusa bambos (giant thorny bamboo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duriyaprapan and Jansen,
1995 |
| Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dransfield and Widjaja,
1995 |
| Barleria cristata (Philippine violet) | Widely moved by humans and cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2015 |
| Barleria lupulina (hophead Philippine violet) | Widely spread by humans as ornamental planting |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith,
2002 |
| Barleria prionitis (porcupine flower) | Widely spread by humans as ornamental planting |
Yes
| | Francis,
2004 |
| Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree) | Grown along streets for decorative and shade purposes in some parts of India |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flowers of India,
2014 |
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daszak et al.,
1999; Groff et al.,
1991 |
| Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia) | Planted for showy flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Bauhinia tomentosa (yellow bauhinia) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith,
2010 |
| Bidens frondosa (beggarticks) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Danuso et al.,
2012 |
| Bocconia frutescens (plume poppy) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003; Riffle,
1998 |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | Not documented but possible |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Branta canadensis (Canada goose) | | |
Yes
| Lever,
2005 |
| Branta hutchinsii | |
Yes
| | Lever,
2005 |
| Briza maxima (large quaking grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bromus secalinus (rye brome) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oakes,
1990 |
| Brugmansia candida (angel's trumpet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Brugmansia suaveolens (white angel's trumpet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja asiatica (dog tail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja madagascariensis (smokebush) | Planted as ornamental garden and hedge plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Caesalpinia pulcherrima (peacock flower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua,
2014; Flora of Panama,
2014; PIER,
2014 |
| Calacarus carinatus (purple tea mite) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oliver and Cancienne,
1980 |
| Caladium bicolor (heart of Jesus) | Very valuable in the horticulture trade for its colorful and variably-shaped leaves |
Yes
|
Yes
| Deng,
2012 |
| Calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus (calliandra) | Planted for its red flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Callisia fragrans (basketplant) | Globally wide-spread ornamental |
Yes
| | Graveson,
2012 |
| Callisia repens | Planted as ornamental in gardens and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2013 |
| Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas's squirrel) | |
Yes
| | Novillo and Ojeda,
2008 |
| Callosciurus finlaysonii (Finlayson's squirrel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Canna indica (canna lilly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Carassius auratus auratus (goldfish) | |
Yes
| | FishBase,
2004 |
| Cardiospermum grandiflorum (balloon vine) | Commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Henderson,
2001 |
| Cardiospermum halicacabum (balloon vine) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gildenhuys et al.,
2013 |
| Carpobrotus edulis (hottentot fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bosch,
2007; Duke,
1983; Hanelt et al.,
2001 |
| Cassia grandis (pink shower) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental in urban and garden areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Toruan-Purba,
1999 |
| Cassia javanica (pink shower) | Widely used as an ornamental and roadside tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2015 |
| Centaurea macrocephala | |
Yes
| | |
| Centratherum punctatum (lark daisy) | Commercialized as ornamental. Seeds sold online. (http://davesgarden.com) |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cestrum diurnum (day jessamine) | Often planted for its showy and fragrant flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Chamaedorea elegans (parlour palm) | Widely commercialized as house plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hodel,
1992 |
| Channa marulius (bullseye snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams,
2004; Froese and Pauly,
2009 |
| Christella dentata (soft fern) | Attractive ferns such as this could be spread intentionally in some cases. |
Yes
| | Drummond,
1959 |
| Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) | Original introductions as an ornamental, now very unlikely to be repeated |
Yes
| | |
| Cinnamomum burmanni (padang cassia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Franck,
2012 |
| Citharexylum ellipticum (anacahuita) | Fences and gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fuentes,
2012 |
| Citrus leprosis virus C (leprosis of citrus) | Infected mite vector can be transported in ornamental host plants. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clarias batrachus (walking catfish) | |
Yes
| | Welcomme,
1988 |
| Clerodendrum chinense (Chinese glory bower) | Common in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2012 |
| Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | Introduced from Old Tropics to New Tropics for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum thomsoniae (bleeding glory bower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum wallichii (Wallich's glorybower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Clitoria ternatea (butterfly-pea) | Often used as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Clusia rosea | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Balakrishna and Bhattacharjee,
1991 |
| Cocos nucifera (coconut) | Mostly coastal areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chan and Elevitch,
2006 |
| Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Occasionally planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Colubrina asiatica (latherleaf) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| McCormick,
2007 |
| Combretum indicum (Rangoon creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Britton,
1918; Britton and Wilson,
1925; Flora Mesoamericana,
2015; Liogier and Martorell,
2000; Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Cordyline fruticosa (ti plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | Europe, Australia |
Yes
| | Motooka et al.,
2003; Gardening Australia,
2009 |
| Cortaderia jubata (purple pampas grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cortaderia selloana (pampas grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Cosmos caudatus (wild cosmos) | Popular garden plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kress et al.,
2003; Jansen,
2005 |
| Costus spicatus (spiked spiralflag ginger) | Grown for its attractive foliage and bracts |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gonçalves et al.,
2005 |
| Cotoneaster horizontalis (wall-spray) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dickoré and Kasperek,
2010 |
| Crassula helmsii (Australian swamp stonecrop) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alverson and Sigg,
2008 |
| Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) | Many ornamental cultivars developed |
Yes
|
Yes
| The Royal Horticultural Society,
2016 |
| Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) | Mainly in South-East Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003; Sadovy et al.,
2007 |
| Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | Planted in gardens to attract insects |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cryptostegia madagascariensis (Madagascar rubbervine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2012 |
| Cuphea hyssopifolia (false heather) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis,
2004 |
| Cupressus sempervirens (Mediterranean cypress) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cyathea cooperi (australian tree fern) | Used for outdoor growing |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jones,
1987 |
| Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth) | Most likely pathway of introduction to Europe |
Yes
| | Leuthardt et al.,
2010 |
| Cylindropuntia rosea (hudson pear) | |
Yes
| | Deltoro et al.,
2014 |
| Cynara cardunculus (cardoon) | Careless disposal results in seeds being spread |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson,
2001 |
| Cyperus imbricatus (shingle flatsedge) | Garden ornamental in ponds and water features |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2013 |
| Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cyprinus carpio (common carp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanchet,
1990; Moor and Bruton,
1988 |
| Cyrtomium falcatum (Japanese holly fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Dalbergia sissoo | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton,
2007 |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Delonix regia (flamboyant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2009 |
| Dolichandra unguis-cati (cat's claw creeper) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Dombeya wallichii (pink ball) | Recommended for gardens and urban areas for the showy, fragrant flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila) | |
Yes
| | |
| East Asian Passiflora virus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eichhornia azurea (anchored water hyacinth) | |
Yes
| | Gopal,
1987 |
| Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Katz and Shafroth,
2003 |
| Elaeagnus pungens (thorny olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller,
2003 |
| Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Munger,
2003 |
| Elephantopus mollis (elephant's foot) | Assumed |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Elodea canadensis (Canadian pondweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Emilia fosbergii (Florida tassel-flower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Epipremnum pinnatum (centipede tongavine) | Planted in gardens and yards as a ground cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman,
2011 |
| Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane) | Used as an ornamental worldwide (F Barthelat, IUCN Caribbean, Saint-Claude, Guadeloupe, pers obs) |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sakai et al.,
2013 |
| Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Plants are sold for ornamental plantings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dirr,
1998 |
| Euphorbia hypericifolia (graceful spurge) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia lactea (mottled spurge) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge ) | Widely planted for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Falcataria moluccana (batai wood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Fallopia x bohemica | | |
Yes
| |
| Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) | Widely grown as a lawn grass |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ficus benghalensis (banyan) | Planted in gardens, parks, and sidewalks |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014; Whistler,
2000; Wiersema and León,
1999 |
| Ficus elastica (rubber plant) | Intentionally cultivated worldwide for rubber production in the tropics and as an ornamental tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014; Whistler,
2000 |
| Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig) | Cultivated as an ornamental, specimen tree, or shade tree. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua,
2014; Gilman and Watson,
2014; Hutchinson and Rendle,
1916; Madulid,
1995; Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al.,
2001; PIER,
2014; USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Britton,
1918; Floridata,
2014; Hooker,
1882 |
| Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mabberly,
2008; Starr et al.,
2003; USDA-ARS,
2014; Whistler,
2000 |
| Flemingia strobilifera (wild hops) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2014 |
| Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Furcraea foetida (Mauritius hemp) | Xeric landscaping plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Gaillardia pulchella (Indian blanket) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | Contaminant in common ornamental plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas,
2008 |
| Gambusia affinis (western mosquitofish) | Ornamental fish |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Gaultheria shallon (salal) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003; Pojar and Mackinnon,
2004 |
| Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Planted as ornamental and shade tree in parks and avenues |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Gracilaria tikvahiae (graceful red weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute,
2008 |
| Grevillea robusta (silky oak) | Ornamental shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Senegal tea plant) | As a pond plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds CRC,
2008 |
| Gypsophila paniculata (baby’s breath) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Darwent,
1975 |
| Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Branney,
2005 |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Heliconia bihai (macaw flower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kress and Whittemore,
2000 |
| Heliocarpus americanus (white moho) | for reforestation |
Yes
| | Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tiley et al.,
1996 |
| Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Occasionally cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce,
2006 |
| Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe) | Garden and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hiptage benghalensis (hiptage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2007 |
| Holmskioldia sanguinea (Chinese hat plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman,
1999 |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | |
Yes
|
Yes
| CWS,
2003 |
| Hygrophila polysperma (Indian swampweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| FNW Disseminules,
2007 |
| Hylocereus undatus (dragon fruit) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) | Sometimes grown as an ornamental | |
Yes
| Knight,
2007 |
| Hypogeococcus pungens (cactus mealybug) | |
Yes
| | Mazzeo et al.,
2014; Pellizzari and Porcelli,
2014 |
| Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | |
Yes
| | Beerling and Perrins,
1993 |
| Impatiens parviflora (small balsam) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Trepl,
1984 |
| Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Ipomoea ochracea (fence morning-glory) | Widely cultivated throughout the tropics |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez,
2005 |
| Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | Often planted as an ornamental for its colorful flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Ixora finlaysoniana (white jungle flame) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Jacaranda mimosifolia (jacaranda) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Jasminum fluminense (Brazilian jasmine) | Commonly planted in gardens, yards and as a hedge plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez,
2005; Francis,
2004 |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | Deliberately introduced outside native range as an attractive feature for ponds & bog gardens |
Yes
| | |
| Juncus planifolius (broadleaf rush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Justicia pectoralis (freshcut) | Planted in gardens - common in Cuban gardens |
Yes
| | Perez et al.,
2001 |
| Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (flaming katy) | Popular ornamental/ houseplant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kalanchoe Growers,
2016 |
| Kalanchoe daigremontiana (devil's backbone) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Moran,
2009 |
| Kalanchoe delagoensis (chandelier plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Moran,
2009 |
| Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
1997 |
| Lagerstroemia indica (Indian crape myrtle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2014 |
| Lagerstroemia speciosa (Pride of India) | Commercialized as an ornamental tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Lantana camara (lantana) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maki and Galatowitsch,
2004 |
| Leonurus japonicus (honeyweed) | Planted in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Lepomis gibbosus (pumpkinseed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leuciscus idus (ide) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet) | Widely used as ornamental and hedge plants |
Yes
| | Swarbrick et al.,
1999 |
| Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) | Widespread hedging plant |
Yes
| | |
| Ligustrum vulgare (common privet) | Introduced mainly as a hedge and ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zhao,
2012 |
| Limnobium laevigatum (South American spongeplant) | This plant was introduced to North American waterways through use as ornamental plant in aquariums a |
Yes
| | Encyclopedia of Life,
2016 |
| Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | | |
Yes
| |
| Linaria dalmatica (dalmatian toadflax) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) | Ebay, Amazon, Sheffields.com |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dandelot et al.,
2005; Okada et al.,
2009 |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dandelot et al.,
2005 |
| Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS,
2015 |
| Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) | |
Yes
| | Ferriter,
2001 |
| Lygodium microphyllum (old world climbing fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | |
Yes
| | Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Macrothelypteris torresiana (swordfern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Mahonia aquifolium (Oregongrape) | |
Yes
| | Ross et al.,
2009 |
| Malvaviscus arboreus (wax mallow) | Often planted as ornamental and potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark tree) | |
Yes
| | Dray et al.,
2006 |
| Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) | |
Yes
| | |
| Merremia tuberosa (woodrose) | Commonly cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mansur,
2001 |
| Merremia umbellata (hogvine) | Introduced as an ornamental in several countries |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith,
1991 |
| Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (crystalline iceplant) | |
Yes
| | Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Miconia calvescens (miconia) | Sold as a garden plant in Tahiti in the early 1980s |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer,
1998a |
| Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life,
2016 |
| Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | Cultivated as an ornamental, ground cover and fence cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Morella faya (firetree) | |
Yes
| | |
| Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nelson,
2006 |
| Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Morus nigra (black mulberry) | Cultivated for ornamental purposes in home gardens and roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | Planted as an ornamental shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| NAS,
1980 |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | | |
Yes
| |
| Myroxylon balsamum (Peru balsam) | | |
Yes
| |
| Nandina domestica (Nandina) | Fruits used in flower arrangements |
Yes
|
Yes
| Li,
2002 |
| Neomarica caerulea (walking iris) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Neyraudia reynaudiana (burma reed) | |
Yes
| | Gordon,
1998; Guala,
1990; Majtkowski and Majtkowsk,
2000 |
| Nymphoides peltata (yellow floating-heart) | | |
Yes
| NWCB,
2007 |
| Odontonema callistachyum (purple firespike) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel,
1995 |
| Odontonema cuspidatum (Cardinal’s guard) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel,
1995 |
| Oeceoclades maculata (monk orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Stern,
1988 |
| Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (wild olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opogona sacchari (banana moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Opuntia aurantiaca (jointed cactus) | Ornamental trade |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia elatior (red-flower prickly pear) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia engelmannii (cactus apple) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia monacantha (common prickly pear) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia stricta (erect prickly pear) | As an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Oxalis corniculata (creeping woodsorrel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Paederia foetida (skunkvine) | Grown as an ornamental climbing vine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | | |
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Paulownia tomentosa (paulownia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| SE-EPPC,
2003 |
| Pelargonium odoratissimum (apple geranium) | Species has been cultivated beyond its native range as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dasuki,
2002; Hanelt et al.,
2001; USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species exported from South Africa in 1700s for ornamental cultivation. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller,
1996; Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller,
1996; SANBI,
2014; Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Pelophylax cf. bedriagae | | |
Yes
| Holsbeek et al.,
2008 |
| Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass) | As a turf grass |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Persicaria wallichii (Himalayan knotweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ackerman,
2012 |
| Phenacoccus solenopsis (cotton mealybug) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy,
2006 |
| Phyllostachys aurea (golden bamboo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gucker,
2009 |
| Phyllostachys aureosulcata (yellow groove bamboo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-APHIS,
2012 |
| Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phytophthora lateralis (Port-Orford-cedar root disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zobel et al.,
1985 |
| Pimenta dioica (allspice) | Often used as an ornamental species in many countries. |
Yes
| | |
| Pimenta racemosa (bay rum tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pinus elliottii (slash pine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Piper aduncum (spiked pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hartemink,
2010 |
| Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gherardi,
2007 |
| Pittosporum undulatum (Australian cheesewood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gleadow and Ashton,
1981 |
| Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian borage) | Widely cultivated in home gardens and commercially for culinary, medicinal, and ornamental use |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden,
2014b |
| Poecilia reticulata (guppy) | |
Yes
| | |
| Populus alba (silver-leaf poplar) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jobling,
1990 |
| Populus nigra (black poplar) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Portulaca pilosa (kiss-me-quick) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Stuckey,
1979 |
| Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) | As a urban/street tree in native range | |
Yes
| Pasiecznik et al.,
2001 |
| Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) | Planted as a street tree | |
Yes
| Pasiecznik et al.,
2001 |
| Prunella vulgaris (self-heal) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Godoy et al.,
2011 |
| Prunus serotina (black cherry) | Until the late 18th century, P. serotina was sparsely planted in parks and gardens in several Europe |
Yes
| | Motooka et al.,
2003; Vanhellemont et al.,
2009 |
| Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | On ornamental nursery plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pseudorasbora parva (topmouth gudgeon) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Copp et al.,
2005b |
| Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) | |
Yes
| | Samson,
1989 |
| Ptychosperma macarthurii (Macarthur palm) | One of the most widely grown and popular palm species |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dowe,
2007 |
| Pueraria montana var. lobata (kudzu) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Shurtleff and Aoyagi,
1977 |
| Pyrrhalta luteola (elm leaf beetle) | Reproducing European gardens (USA, Australia) |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Raoiella indica (red palm mite) | Dept. of Homeland Security Custom and Border Control found palm handicrafts to carry eggs and adults | |
Yes
| |
| Rauvolfia caffra (quinine tree ) | Sometimes grown as ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Rhagoletis cingulata (cherry fruit fly) | Host plants as ornamentals | |
Yes
| |
| Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus (rosy bitterling) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Downy rose-myrtle) | Deliberate, occasional |
Yes
|
Yes
| Campbell,
1977; Staples and Herbst,
2005 |
| Rhus typhina (staghorn sumac) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rivina humilis (bloodberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bruun,
2005 |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Roystonea oleracea (Caribbean royal palm) | The species has been widely cultivated worldwide since the 1500s |
Yes
| | Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry) | |
Yes
| | Gardner,
1999 |
| Rubus racemosus (black raspberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim,
2012 |
| Rudbeckia laciniata (cutleaf coneflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Ruellia macrophylla (large leaved ruellia) | Occasionally planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Ruellia simplex (Mexican petunia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hupp et al.,
2013 |
| Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Sold as an ornamental at internet sites and at local nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Saccharum ravennae (ravenna grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sagittaria latifolia (broadleaf arrowhead) | | |
Yes
| DAISIE,
2009; NOBANIS,
2009 |
| Salvia occidentalis (West Indian sage) | |
Yes
| | Stone et al.,
1992 |
| Salvia splendens (scarlet sage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE,
2014 |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2009 |
| Salvinia molesta (Kariba weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| McFarland et al.,
2004 |
| Sanchezia parvibracteata (sanchezia) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel,
1995 |
| Sansevieria hyacinthoides (African bowstring hemp) | Commonly planted in gardens and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Scaevola taccada (beach naupaka) | Gardens in coastal areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kaufman and Kaufman,
2007 |
| Schefflera actinophylla (umbrella tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gucker,
2011 |
| Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sciurus niger (fox squirrel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aprile and Chicco,
1999 |
| Securigera varia (crown vetch) | Sold over the internet and locally for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Senna alata (candle bush) | Planted as an ornamental in gardens and cultivated plots near houses |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Senna bacillaris (whitebark senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Merrill,
1923; Pelser et al.,
2014; Standley and Steyermark,
1946 |
| Senna multijuga (November shower) | Primary reason for introduction to areas outside of species’ native range |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua,
2014; Hanelt et al.,
2001; PIER,
2014 |
| Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Senna septemtrionalis (smooth senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden,
2014; Sosef and Maesen,
1997 |
| Senna siamea (yellow cassia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hassain,
1999 |
| Senna spectabilis (whitebark senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Senna surattensis (golden senna) | Species widely introduced throughout Old and New World tropics as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2014; Sosef and Maesen,
1997 |
| Sicyos angulatus (burcucumber) | In the 1800s it was introduced into Europe for ornamental purposes |
Yes
| | Hulina,
1996 |
| Solanum capsicoides (cockroach berry) | Introduced intentionally for its attractive and bright coloured fruit |
Yes
| | Staples and Herbst,
2005 |
| Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Intentionally cultivated as an ornamental or curiosity plant worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| PBI Solanum Project,
2014 |
| Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gallagher et al.,
2010 |
| Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weber and Jakobs,
2005 |
| Solidago nemoralis (grey goldenrod) | Hypothetical |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) | |
Yes
| | ICRAF,
2008 |
| Spathoglottis plicata (Philippine ground orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spermacoce verticillata (shrubby false buttonwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sphagneticola trilobata (wedelia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus tenuissimus (tropical dropseed) | Reported as used as an ornamental in some countries |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duistermaat,
2004 |
| Stachytarpheta urticifolia (rattail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kuo,
2003 |
| Sturnus vulgaris (common starling) | |
Yes
| | |
| Syngonium podophyllum (arrowhead vine) | Popular ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2012 |
| Syzygium cumini (black plum) | |
Yes
| | Morton,
1987 |
| Syzygium malaccense (Malay apple) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little and Skolmen,
1989; Panggabean,
1991; Whistler and Elevitch,
2006 |
| Tabebuia heterophylla (pink trumpet tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weaver,
1990 |
| Tabebuia rosea (pink poui) | Used as an ornamental tree in urban areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) | Introduction and local spread |
Yes
| | |
| Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk) | Cause of at least one population in Belgium | |
Yes
| Verbeylen,
2002; Verbeylen,
2003 |
| Tecoma capensis (Cape honeysuckle) | Commercialized as ornamental and hedge plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Widely commercialized as ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Thaumetopoea processionea (oak processionary moth) | |
Yes
| | Evans,
2007 |
| Thespesia populnea (portia tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Whistler,
2000 |
| Thunbergia fragrans (whitelady) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Thunbergia grandiflora (Bengal trumpet) | Plants are commonly planted in gardens and yards as ornamentals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Tibouchina herbacea (cane tibouchina) | May have been introduced to Hawaii as an ornamental |
Yes
| | Frohlich and Lau,
2007 |
| Tibouchina urvilleana (princessflower) | |
Yes
| | Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Tithonia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Palm et al.,
1996 |
| Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) | Cultivated for its brightly coloured autumn foliage | | | Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Trachelospermum jasminoides (star-jasmine) | Ornamental and ground cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Tradescantia pallida (purple queen) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Foxcroft et al.,
2007 |
| Tradescantia spathacea (boat lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council,
2011; PIER,
2012 |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hummel and Kiviat,
2004 |
| Turnera ulmifolia (West Indian holly) | Often grown as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail) | | |
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2010 |
| Typha x glauca (hybrid cattail) | Inflorescences are sold as decorative objests |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton,
1975 |
| Umbra pygmaea (eastern mudminnow) | |
Yes
| | Grabowska et al.,
2010 |
| Verbascum thapsus (common mullein) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gross and Werner,
1978 |
| Vernicia fordii (tung-oil tree) | Occasionally grown as ornamental for its showy flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller et al.,
2010 |
| Viguiera dentata (sunflower goldeneye) | Sometimes planted as ornamental in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans,
2009 |
| Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria) | | |
Yes
| Trusty et al.,
2008 |
| Xanthosoma sagittifolium (elephant ear) | Sometimes planted in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manner,
2011 |
| Xyris complanata (yellow-eyed grass) | Grown as a pond plant | |
Yes
| |
| Yucca aloifolia (Spanish bayonet) | | |
Yes
| Smith et al.,
2012 |
| Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
