| Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Cultivated as ornamental for its attractive flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD (2018) |
| Abrus precatorius (rosary pea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al. (2003); Padua et al. (1999); Weber (2003) |
| Abutilon hirtum (Indian mallow) | Sold over the internet as an ornamental plant. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Abutilon indicum (country mallow) | Sold an ornamental plant on Internet and nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Acacia angustissima (prairie acacia) | Used as an ornamental and for ground cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lloyd-Reilley (2011) |
| Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Acacia glauca (wild dividivi) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | Valued as an ornamental in California. | |
Yes
| Dreistadt and Hagen (1994) |
| Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wiersum (1991) |
| Acacia saligna (Port Jackson wattle) | Spread as a street tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cronk and Fuller (1995) |
| Acer rufinerve (grey snake-bark maple) | Deliberately planted in parks and gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | Ornamental cultivars available at nurseries and internet sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mitich (1990) |
| Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise) | | |
Yes
| |
| Adonidia merrillii (Christmas palm) | Popular ornamental palm |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2012) |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Widely planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Agave fourcroydes (henequen) | Cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Badano and Pugnaire (2004) |
| Agave vivipara (Caribbean agave) | Used as hedge plant and ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| The Mansfeld’s World Database (2015) |
| Agdestis clematidea (rockroot) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vickery (2009) |
| Ageratina riparia (mistflower) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed) | Used as an ornamental over its range. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | Used as ornamental and for landscaping, sold at nurseries. | |
Yes
| Thoden et al. (2009) |
| Agrostis capillaris (common bent) | lawn grass |
Yes
| | |
| Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kowarik and Säumel (2007) |
| Akebia quinata (five-leaf akebia) | Intentional introduction |
Yes
| | ISSG (2012); USDA-ARS (2013) |
| Albizia adinocephala (cream albizia) | | |
Yes
| Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (2016) |
| Albizia chinensis (Chinese albizia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Albizia niopoides (silk tree) | Planted as ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vozzo (2002) |
| Aleurotrachelus atratus (palm-infesting whitefly) | |
Yes
| | |
| Allamanda blanchetii (purple allamanda) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Allamanda cathartica (yellow allamanda) | Commonly planted in parks, gardens, and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2000) |
| Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manner (2011) |
| Aloe vera (true aloe) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Alopochen aegyptiaca (Egyptian goose) | |
Yes
| | Lever (2005) |
| Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Alpinia purpurata (red ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
| Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ibrahim (2001) |
| Alternanthera bettzickiana (calico plant) | Common ornamental. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) | Used as aquarium plant and ornamental aquatic plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed) | Planted in water-gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Amaranthus caudatus (love-lies-bleeding) | Grown for ornamental use and naturalized in Puerto Rico |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier (1985) |
| Ambrosia peruviana (Peruvian ragweed) | Grown as a potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pruski (2016) |
| Ameiurus melas (black bullhead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Amelanchier spicata (dwarf serviceberry) | | |
Yes
| Kabuce (2006) |
| Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo-bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2018) |
| Ampelopsis arborea (peppervine) | Used as ground cover, for walls, fences and trellises |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kimbrough (2008); Wildflower Center (2016) |
| Andropogon glomeratus (bushy bluestem) | This species is ia popular ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wolfe and Zajicek (1998) |
| Anethum graveolens (dill) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2015); PFAF (2015) |
| Angiopteris evecta (king fern) | Cultivated worldwide as an ornamental fern |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christenhusz and Toivonen (2008) |
| Anredera baselloides (Madeira vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Anredera vesicaria (Texas madeira vine) | Grown as an ornamental for the showy inflorescence and the fragrant flowers. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2019) |
| Anser indicus (bar-headed goose) | |
Yes
| | Banks et al. (2008) |
| Antigonon leptopus (coral vine) | Planted as a garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Burke and DiTommaso (2011) |
| Ardisia crenata (coral berry) | International trade as an ornamental species has resulted in global spread |
Yes
|
Yes
| Niu et al. (2012) |
| Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardisia) | |
Yes
| | PIER (2009) |
| Ardisia humilis (low shoebutton) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
| Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | Recommended as a garden plant to grow over fences. | |
Yes
| Wynman (1944) |
| Aristolochia elegans (elegant Dutchman’s pipe) | Occurs beyond native South American range in places where it is cultivated in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Pakistan (2015); Weeds of Australia (2015) |
| Aristolochia ringens (Dutchman’s pipe) | Has been intentionally introduced beyond its native range for use as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aronia x prunifolia | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Arrhenatherum elatius (false oat-grass) | Grown and sold as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hodgson (2005) |
| Arthurdendyus triangulatus (New Zealand flatworm) | Associated with botanic gardens |
Yes
| | Boag et al. (1994a); Willis and Edwards (1977) |
| Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) | Planted as shade tree in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ragone (2006) |
| Arundo donax (giant reed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dudley (2000) |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brookes and Barley (1992); Mulvaney (1991) |
| Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Asparagus falcatus (sicklethorn) | Used as an ornamental worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern) | Planted in gardens, yards and as a potted ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (cane cactus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia subulata (Eve’s needle cactus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Bacopa monnieri (water hyssop) | Cultivated as an ornamental of ponds, gardens, and aquaria |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Bambusa bambos (giant thorny bamboo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duriyaprapan and Jansen (1995) |
| Bambusa longispiculata (mahal bamboo) | Planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Bambusa tuldoides (punting pole bamboo) | Planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dransfield and Widjaja (1995) |
| Barleria cristata (Philippine violet) | Widely moved by humans and cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2015) |
| Barleria lupulina (hophead Philippine violet) | Widely spread by humans as ornamental planting |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith (2002) |
| Barleria prionitis (porcupine flower) | Widely spread by humans as ornamental planting |
Yes
| | Francis (2004) |
| Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree) | Grown along streets for decorative and shade purposes in some parts of India |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flowers of India (2014) |
| Basella alba (malabar spinach) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daszak et al. (1999); Groff et al. (1991) |
| Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia) | Planted for showy flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Bauhinia tomentosa (yellow bauhinia) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith (2010) |
| Begonia nelumbiifolia (lilypad begonia) | Grown as an ornamental |
Yes
| | |
| Bidens frondosa (beggarticks) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Danuso et al. (2012) |
| Bidens pilosa (blackjack) | Introduced for ornamental and agricultural purposes and as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sankaran and Suresh (2013) |
| Blighia sapida (akee apple) | Used as an ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2019) |
| Bocconia frutescens (plume poppy) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| DavesGarden (2013); Riffle (1998) |
| Bontia daphnoides (white alling) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea) | Popular ornamental. Widely commercialized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Salam et al. (2017) |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | Not documented but possible |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Branta canadensis (Canada goose) | | |
Yes
| Lever (2005) |
| Branta hutchinsii | |
Yes
| | Lever (2005) |
| Breynia disticha (snowbush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2017) |
| Briza maxima (large quaking grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bromelia pinguin (wild pineapple) | |
Yes
| | |
| Bromus secalinus (rye brome) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oakes (1990) |
| Brugmansia candida (angel's trumpet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Brugmansia suaveolens (white angel's trumpet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja asiatica (dog tail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja madagascariensis (smokebush) | Planted as ornamental garden and hedge plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Caesalpinia pulcherrima (peacock flower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua (2014); Flora of Panama (2014); PIER (2014) |
| Calacarus carinatus (purple tea mite) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oliver and Cancienne (1980) |
| Caladium bicolor (heart of Jesus) | Very valuable in the horticulture trade for its colorful and variably-shaped leaves |
Yes
|
Yes
| Deng (2012) |
| Calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus (calliandra) | Planted for its red flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Callisia fragrans (basketplant) | Globally wide-spread ornamental |
Yes
| | Graveson (2012) |
| Callisia repens (creeping inch-plant) | Planted as ornamental in gardens and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2013) |
| Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas's squirrel) | |
Yes
| | Novillo and Ojeda (2008) |
| Callosciurus finlaysonii (Finlayson's squirrel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) | Species grown in gardens and public areas as ornamentals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manner and Elevitch (2006) |
| Canavalia gladiata (sword bean) | Grown as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
| Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii (clover proliferation phytoplasma) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Canna indica (canna lilly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (2014) |
| Carassius auratus auratus (goldfish) | |
Yes
| | FishBase (2004) |
| Cardiospermum grandiflorum (balloon vine) | Commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Henderson (2001) |
| Cardiospermum halicacabum (balloon vine) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gildenhuys et al. (2013) |
| Carludovica palmata (Panama hat plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Carpobrotus chilensis (sea fig) | Sold as an ornamental at various nurseries and Internet sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2019); California Invasive Plant Council (2020) |
| Carpobrotus edulis (hottentot fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cascabela thevetia (yellow oleander) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bosch (2007); Duke (1983); Hanelt et al. (2001) |
| Cassia grandis (pink shower) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental in urban and garden areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Toruan-Purba (1999) |
| Cassia javanica (pink shower) | Widely used as an ornamental and roadside tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2015) |
| Cavanillesia platanifolia (cuipo) | As an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
| Centaurea macrocephala (giant knapweed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Centratherum punctatum (lark daisy) | Commercialized as ornamental. Seeds sold online. (http://davesgarden.com) |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cestrum diurnum (day jessamine) | Often planted for its showy and fragrant flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Chamaedorea elegans (parlour palm) | Widely commercialized as house plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hodel (1992) |
| Channa marulius (bullseye snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams (2004); Froese and Pauly (2009) |
| Cheilocostus speciosus (crepe ginger ) | Widely commercialized as an ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2015) |
| Christella dentata (soft fern) | Attractive ferns such as this could be spread intentionally in some cases. |
Yes
| | Drummond (1959) |
| Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) | Original introductions as an ornamental, now very unlikely to be repeated |
Yes
| | |
| Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) | Occasionally planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gnansounou et al. (2017) |
| Cinnamomum burmanni (padang cassia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Franck (2012) |
| Cissus quadrangularis (treebine) | Planted as an ornamental and potted plant and for live fences |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Cissus verticillata (possum grape vine) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Citharexylum ellipticum (anacahuita) | Fences and gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fuentes (2012) |
| Citrus leprosis virus C (leprosis of citrus) | Infected mite vector can be transported in ornamental host plants. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clarias batrachus (walking catfish) | |
Yes
| | Welcomme (1988) |
| Clematis terniflora (sweet autumn clematis) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2018); Missouri Botanical Garden (2018) |
| Clerodendrum chinense (Chinese glory bower) | Common in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2012) |
| Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | Introduced from Old Tropics to New Tropics for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum lindleyi (clerodendrum) | Grown as an ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Méndez Santos (2013) |
| Clerodendrum paniculatum (pagoda flower) | Popular ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Clerodendrum thomsoniae (bleeding glory bower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum wallichii (Wallich's glorybower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Clitoria ternatea (butterfly-pea) | Often used as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Clusia rosea | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Balakrishna and Bhattacharjee (1991) |
| Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya) | Planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little et al. (1974) |
| Cocos nucifera (coconut) | Mostly coastal areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chan and Elevitch (2006) |
| Codiaeum variegatum (garden croton) | |
Yes
| | Hettiarachchi et al. (2003); Deng et al. (2010) |
| Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Occasionally planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Colubrina asiatica (latherleaf) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| McCormick (2007) |
| Combretum indicum (Rangoon creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Britton (1918); Britton and Wilson (1925); Flora Mesoamericana (2015); Liogier and Martorell (2000); Quisumbing (1951) |
| Cordyline fruticosa (ti plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | Europe, Australia |
Yes
| | EPPO (2009); Gardening Australia (2009) |
| Cortaderia jubata (purple pampas grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cortaderia selloana (pampas grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Cosmos caudatus (wild cosmos) | Popular garden plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kress et al. (2003); Jansen (2005) |
| Costus spicatus (spiked spiralflag ginger) | Grown for its attractive foliage and bracts |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gonçalves et al. (2005) |
| Cotoneaster horizontalis (wall-spray) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dickoré and Kasperek (2010) |
| Cotton leaf curl disease complex (leaf curl disease of cotton) | | | | |
| Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (African cotton leaf curl begomovirus) | | | | |
| Cowpea mild mottle virus (angular mosaic of beans) | | | | |
| Crassula helmsii (Australian swamp stonecrop) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| OEPP/EPPO (2007) |
| Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alverson and Sigg (2008) |
| Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) | Many ornamental cultivars developed |
Yes
|
Yes
| The Royal Horticultural Society (2016) |
| Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) | Mainly in South-East Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sadovy (2000); Sadovy et al. (2007) |
| Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | Planted in gardens to attract insects |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cryptostegia madagascariensis (Madagascar rubbervine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2012) |
| Cucumis dipsaceus (hedgehog gourd) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Křístková et al. (2003) |
| Cuphea hyssopifolia (false heather) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2004) |
| Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dirr (2009) |
| Cupressus sempervirens (Mediterranean cypress) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (bacterial wilt of dry beans) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cyathea cooperi (australian tree fern) | Used for outdoor growing |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jones (1987) |
| Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth) | Most likely pathway of introduction to Europe |
Yes
| | Leuthardt et al. (2010) |
| Cylindropuntia rosea (hudson pear) | |
Yes
| | Deltoro et al. (2014) |
| Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) | Cultivated as an ornamental in gardens and along roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oyen (1999); USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Cynara cardunculus (cardoon) | Careless disposal results in seeds being spread |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) |
| Cyperus imbricatus (shingle flatsedge) | Garden ornamental in ponds and water features |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2013) |
| Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cyprinus carpio (common carp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanchet (1990); Moor and Bruton (1988) |
| Cyrtomium falcatum (Japanese holly fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Dalbergia sissoo | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (2007) |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Delonix regia (flamboyant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2009) |
| Desmodium cajanifolium (tropical tick trefoil) | AltReported as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wester (1992) |
| Dieffenbachia seguine (dumb cane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Croat (2004) |
| Dioscorea cayenensis (Guinea yam) | ornamental in Brazil | |
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Diplazium esculentum (vegetable fern) | Used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2020) |
| Diplodia seriata (grapevine trunk disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Dolichandra unguis-cati (cat's claw creeper) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Dombeya wallichii (pink ball) | Recommended for gardens and urban areas for the showy, fragrant flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2017) |
| Dracaena fragrans (corn plant) | Widely commercialized as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2019) |
| Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila) | |
Yes
| | |
| Duranta erecta (golden dewdrop) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Dypsis decaryi (triangle palm) | Deliberate |
Yes
| | PIER (2018) |
| Dypsis lutescens (yellow butterfly palm) | One of the world’s most commonly cultivated palms |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ellison and Ellison (2001) |
| East Asian Passiflora virus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bagi and Böszörményi (2008); Tokarska-Guzik (2005) |
| Eichhornia azurea (anchored water hyacinth) | |
Yes
| | Gopal (1987) |
| Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Katz and Shafroth (2003) |
| Elaeagnus pungens (thorny olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller (2003) |
| Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Munger (2003) |
| Elephantopus mollis (elephant's foot) | Assumed |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Elodea canadensis (Canadian pondweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bowmer et al.; 1995 |
| Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Emilia fosbergii (Florida tassel-flower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Taiwan Editorial Committee (2014) |
| Entada gigas (sea-bean) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Epidendrum radicans (crucifix orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2020) |
| Epiphyllum oxypetalum (dutchman's-pipe cactus) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2014) |
| Epipremnum pinnatum (centipede tongavine) | Planted in gardens and yards as a ground cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman (2011) |
| Eragrostis amabilis (Japanese lovegrass) | Deliberate introduction |
Yes
| | Quattrocchi (2006) |
| Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane) | Used as an ornamental worldwide (F Barthelat, IUCN Caribbean, Saint-Claude, Guadeloupe, pers obs) |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) | Widely commercialized as ornamental/ shade tree/ hedge tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sakai et al. (2013) |
| Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Plants are sold for ornamental plantings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dirr (1998) |
| Euphorbia hypericifolia (graceful spurge) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia lactea (mottled spurge) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Euphorbia leucocephala (white Christmas bush) | Widely used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Steinmann (2014) |
| Euphorbia milii (crown-of-thorns) | Popular ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Euphorbia neriifolia (Indian spurge tree) | Widely used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Widely planted for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Euphorbia tithymaloides (devil's backbone) | Hedge plant and potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2016) |
| Euphorbia trigona (African milk weed) | Widely commercialized as ornamental, hedge plant and potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Euphorbia umbellata (African milk bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Falcataria moluccana (batai wood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Fallopia x bohemica | | |
Yes
| |
| Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) | Widely grown as a lawn grass |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ficus benghalensis (banyan) | Planted in gardens, parks, and sidewalks |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
| Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014); Whistler (2000); Wiersema and León (1999) |
| Ficus elastica (rubber plant) | Intentionally cultivated worldwide for rubber production in the tropics and as an ornamental tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014); Whistler (2000) |
| Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig) | Cultivated as an ornamental, specimen tree, or shade tree. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua (2014); Gilman and Watson (2014); Hutchinson and Rendle (1916); Madulid (1995); Starr et al. (2003) |
| Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); PIER (2014); USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Britton (1918); Floridata (2014); Hooker (1882) |
| Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mabberly (2008); Starr et al. (2003); USDA-ARS (2014); Whistler (2000) |
| Flemingia lineata (wild hops) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ILDIS (2016) |
| Flemingia strobilifera (wild hops) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2014) |
| Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Furcraea foetida (Mauritius hemp) | Xeric landscaping plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Gaillardia pulchella (Indian blanket) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014) |
| Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | Contaminant in common ornamental plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas (2008) |
| Galphimia glauca (goldshower) | Cultivated and commercialized as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Floridata (2015) |
| Galphimia gracilis (goldshower) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Anderson (2007) |
| Gambusia affinis (western mosquitofish) | Ornamental fish |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Garcia nutans (false tung oil tree) | Planted as ornamental in the Caribbean |
Yes
|
Yes
| Broome et al. (2007) |
| Gaultheria shallon (salal) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Discover Life (2015); Pojar and Mackinnon (2004) |
| Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Glycosmis parviflora (flower axistree) | Often cultivated as an ornamental in gardens and parks |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Planted as ornamental and shade tree in parks and avenues |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth) | |
Yes
| | Flora of Pakistan (2015) |
| Gossypium barbadense (Gallini cotton) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2017) |
| Gracilaria tikvahiae (graceful red weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (2008) |
| Grevillea robusta (silky oak) | Ornamental shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Senegal tea plant) | As a pond plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds CRC (2008) |
| Gypsophila paniculata (baby’s breath) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Darwent (1975) |
| Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Branney (2005) |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Helenium amarum (bitterweed) | Deliberate introduction |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Helianthus debilis (beach sunflower) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman and Park-Brown (1999) |
| Heliconia bihai (macaw flower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kress and Whittemore (2000) |
| Heliocarpus americanus (white moho) | for reforestation |
Yes
| | Motooka et al. (2003) |
| Heliotropium curassavicum (salt heliotrope) | Sometimes planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
| Hemigraphis alternata (red ivy) | Often planted as ornamental and as ground cover in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tiley et al. (1996) |
| Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Occasionally cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce (2006) |
| Heteropogon contortus (spear grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe) | Garden and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weaver and Francis (1989) |
| Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hiptage benghalensis (hiptage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2007) |
| Holmskioldia sanguinea (Chinese hat plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman (1999) |
| Humulus scandens (Japanese hop) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | |
Yes
|
Yes
| CWS (2003) |
| Hygrophila polysperma (Indian swampweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| FNW Disseminules (2007) |
| Hylocereus undatus (dragon fruit) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) | Sometimes grown as an ornamental | |
Yes
| Knight (2007) |
| Hypogeococcus pungens (cactus mealybug) | |
Yes
| | Mazzeo et al. (2014); Pellizzari and Porcelli (2014) |
| Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2018) |
| Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | |
Yes
| | Beerling and Perrins (1993) |
| Impatiens parviflora (small balsam) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Trepl (1984) |
| Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Extensively cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Adamowski (2008) |
| Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
| Ipomoea alba (white moonflower ) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Ipomoea cairica (five-fingered morning glory) | Grown as a garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory) | Cultivated as ornamental for its showy flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Ipomoea hederifolia (scarlet-creeper ) | Often cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Often cultivated as ornamental for its attractive flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Ipomoea nil (white edge morning-glory) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Ipomoea ochracea (fence morning-glory) | Widely cultivated throughout the tropics |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005) |
| Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | Often planted as an ornamental for its colorful flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Ipomoea quamoclit (cypress vine) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
| Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2018); PROTA (2018) |
| Ixora casei (giant red ixora) | Ornamental, hedge plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Keeler et al. (2003) |
| Ixora coccinea (flame-of-the-woods) | Deliberate sales. Widely cultivated in New World tropical countries and lower 48 United States |
Yes
|
Yes
| Floridata (2017); Missouri Botanical Garden (2017) |
| Ixora finlaysoniana (white jungle flame) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little et al. (1974) |
| Jacaranda mimosifolia (jacaranda) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Jasminum fluminense (Brazilian jasmine) | Commonly planted in gardens, yards and as a hedge plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005); Francis (2004) |
| Jasminum multiflorum (star jasmine) | extensively cultivated as an ornamental shrub |
Yes
|
Yes
| Green (2003); Parker and Parsons (2012) |
| Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Jasminum simplicifolium (Australian wax jasmine) | Occasionally used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2018) |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Jatropha integerrima (peregrina) | It is widely used as an ornamental in tropical and subtropical areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| HEAR (2017) |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | Deliberately introduced outside native range as an attractive feature for ponds & bog gardens |
Yes
| | |
| Juncus planifolius (broadleaf rush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Justicia pectoralis (freshcut) | Planted in gardens - common in Cuban gardens |
Yes
| | Perez et al. (2001) |
| Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (flaming katy) | Popular ornamental/ houseplant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kalanchoe Growers (2016) |
| Kalanchoe daigremontiana (devil's backbone) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Moran (2009) |
| Kalanchoe delagoensis (chandelier plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Moran (2009) |
| Kalanchoe integra (Never die) | Introduced to various countries as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| New York Botanical Garden (2016) |
| Laelia rubescens (flor de la concepción) | |
Yes
| | Morales (2010); García-González and Riverón-Giró (2015) |
| Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (1997) |
| Lagerstroemia indica (Indian crape myrtle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2014) |
| Lagerstroemia speciosa (Pride of India) | Commercialized as an ornamental tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Lantana camara (lantana) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Branca and Donnini (2011) |
| Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Lemna aequinoctialis (lesser duckweed) | Some Lemna species are used as ornamentals |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maki and Galatowitsch (2004) |
| Leonurus japonicus (honeyweed) | Planted in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| eFloras (2014) |
| Lepomis gibbosus (pumpkinseed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leptocybe invasa (blue gum chalcid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leuciscus idus (ide) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leucophyllum frutescens (Texas barometer bush) | Popular ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet) | Widely used as ornamental and hedge plants |
Yes
| | Swarbrick et al. (1999) |
| Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) | Widespread hedging plant |
Yes
| | |
| Ligustrum vulgare (common privet) | Introduced mainly as a hedge and ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zhao (2012) |
| Limnobium laevigatum (South American spongeplant) | This plant was introduced to North American waterways through use as ornamental plant in aquariums a |
Yes
| | Encyclopedia of Life (2016) |
| Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | | |
Yes
| |
| Linaria dalmatica (dalmatian toadflax) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Litsea glutinosa (Indian laurel) | deliberate |
Yes
| | EPPO (2019) |
| Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) | Ebay, Amazon, Sheffields.com |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dandelot et al. (2005); Okada et al. (2009) |
| Ludwigia palustris (marsh seedbox) | Aquatic ornamental, aquarium plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2020) |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dandelot et al. (2005) |
| Lupinus plattensis (Nebraska lupine) | Sometimes introduced as an ornamental and honey flora plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2017) |
| Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS (2015) |
| Lygodium flexuosum (maidenhair creeper) | Used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-APHIS-PPQ (2009) |
| Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) | |
Yes
| | Ferriter (2001) |
| Lygodium microphyllum (old world climbing fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | |
Yes
| | USDA-NRCS (2007) |
| Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Macrothelypteris torresiana (swordfern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Diggs and Lipscomb (2014) |
| Mahonia aquifolium (Oregongrape) | |
Yes
| | Ross et al. (2009) |
| Malvaviscus arboreus (wax mallow) | Often planted as ornamental and potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Henny et al. (1994, publ. 1995) |
| Malvaviscus penduliflorus (Turk's cap mallow) | Garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Maranta arundinacea (arrowroot) | Cultivated as an ornamental. Cultivars with colourful leaves have been developed |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Martynia annua (tiger's claw) | Grown as ornamental for its flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark tree) | |
Yes
| | Dray et al. (2006) |
| Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) | |
Yes
| | |
| Merremia aegyptia (hairy woodrose) | main spread through intentional release as an ornamental creeper |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith (2002) |
| Merremia cissoides (roadside woodrose) | cultivated in botanic gardens and home gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Catalogue des Herbiers de Genève (2016); Sunshine Seeds (2016) |
| Merremia tuberosa (woodrose) | Commonly cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mansur (2001) |
| Merremia umbellata (hogvine) | Introduced as an ornamental in several countries |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith (1991) |
| Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (crystalline iceplant) | |
Yes
| | Cal-IPC (California Invasive Plant Council) (2015) |
| Miconia calvescens (miconia) | Sold as a garden plant in Tahiti in the early 1980s |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer (1998a) |
| Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life (2016) |
| Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | Cultivated as an ornamental, ground cover and fence cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Monochoria hastata (hastate-leaved pondweed) | Occasionally used as an ornamental | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
| Morella faya (firetree) | |
Yes
| | |
| Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nelson (2006) |
| Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Morus nigra (black mulberry) | Cultivated for ornamental purposes in home gardens and roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | Planted as an ornamental shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| NAS (1980) |
| Mussaenda erythrophylla (red flag bush) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ogbu (2011) |
| Mussaenda philippica (Queen of Philippines) | Widely commercialized as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alejandro et al. (2016) |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | | |
Yes
| |
| Myroxylon balsamum (Peru balsam) | | |
Yes
| |
| Nandina domestica (Nandina) | Fruits used in flower arrangements |
Yes
|
Yes
| Li (2002) |
| Neomarica caerulea (walking iris) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Neyraudia reynaudiana (burma reed) | |
Yes
| | Gordon (1998); Guala (1990); Majtkowski and Majtkowsk (2000) |
| Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Noronhia emarginata (Madagascar olive) | Deliberate | |
Yes
| PIER (2018) |
| Nymphaea lotus (white Egyptian lotus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Nymphoides peltata (yellow floating-heart) | | |
Yes
| NWCB (2007) |
| Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) | Ornamental, aromatic, culinary plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Odontonema callistachyum (purple firespike) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel (1995) |
| Odontonema cuspidatum (Cardinal’s guard) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel (1995) |
| Odontonema nitidum (shrubby toothedthread) | listed as ornamental in Cuba |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gomez de la Maza and Roig (1914) |
| Oeceoclades maculata (monk orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Stern (1988) |
| Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (wild olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opogona sacchari (banana moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Opuntia aurantiaca (jointed cactus) | Ornamental trade |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia elatior (red-flower prickly pear) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia engelmannii (cactus apple) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia monacantha (common prickly pear) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia stricta (erect prickly pear) | As an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Oxalis corniculata (creeping woodsorrel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pachira aquatica (pachira nut) | Cultivated and introduced as an ornamental in many Old World (and some New World) countries |
Yes
|
Yes
| Robyns (1963); Duff (2012) |
| Pachira insignis (wild chestnut) | Introduced in the West Indies as an ornamental tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
| Pachystachys coccinea (Cardinal's guard) | Planted and commercialized as ornamental and garden plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Paederia foetida (skunkvine) | Grown as an ornamental climbing vine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug) | Long distance and local trade in infested ornamental plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Macharia et al. (2017) |
| Parmentiera aculeata (cucumber tree) | Grown as an ornamental tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little et al. (1974) |
| Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper) | Widely cultivated as ornamental creeper |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Paspalum conjugatum (buffalo grass) | Planted as lawn grass |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manidool (1992) |
| Paspalum notatum (Bahia grass) | Several commercial cultivars are available |
Yes
|
Yes
| Heuzé and Tran (2016) |
| Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | | |
Yes
| Gardening.eu (2012) |
| Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Passion fruit woodiness virus (passionfruit woodiness disease) | Accidental with exchange of live Passiflora plant material |
Yes
| | Baker et al. (2014) |
| Paulownia tomentosa (paulownia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| SE-EPPC (2003) |
| Pelargonium odoratissimum (apple geranium) | Species has been cultivated beyond its native range as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dasuki (2002); Hanelt et al. (2001); USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species exported from South Africa in 1700s for ornamental cultivation. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller (1996); Walt JJAvan der (1977) |
| Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller (1996); SANBI (2014); Walt JJAvan der (1977) |
| Pelophylax cf. bedriagae | | |
Yes
| Holsbeek et al. (2008) |
| Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass) | As a turf grass |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Florabase (2012) |
| Pentas lanceolata (Egyptian starcluster) | Widely cultivated as a garden ornamental and potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
| Persicaria wallichii (Himalayan knotweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Used as an ornamental worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2019); Dave's Garden (2019) |
| Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ackerman (2012) |
| Phenacoccus solenopsis (cotton mealybug) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy (2006) |
| Phragmites australis (common reed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phyllostachys aurea (golden bamboo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gucker (2009) |
| Phyllostachys aureosulcata (yellow groove bamboo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-APHIS (2012) |
| Phyllostachys flexuosa (drooping timber bamboo) | Planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phytophthora kernoviae | Foliage or cut branches of susceptible foliar hosts |
Yes
|
Yes
| EPPO (2013) |
| Phytophthora lateralis (Port-Orford-cedar root disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zobel et al. (1985) |
| Pimenta dioica (allspice) | Often used as an ornamental species in many countries. |
Yes
| | |
| Pimenta racemosa (bay rum tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pinus elliottii (slash pine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Piper aduncum (spiked pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hartemink (2010) |
| Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gherardi (2007) |
| Pittosporum undulatum (Australian cheesewood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gleadow and Ashton (1981) |
| Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian borage) | Widely cultivated in home gardens and commercially for culinary, medicinal, and ornamental use |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2014b) |
| Plumbago auriculata (cape leadwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2017) |
| Plumeria rubra (red frangipani) | Popular ornamental tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Criley (2005) |
| Poecilia reticulata (guppy) | |
Yes
| | |
| Polyalthia suberosa (corky debbar tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Frohlich and Lau (2010) |
| Polyscias balfouriana (Balfour aralia) | Cultivated as a landscape ornamental and indoor potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lowry and Plunkett (2010) |
| Polyscias fruticosa (ming aralia) | Ornamental and hedge plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Polyscias guilfoylei (geranium aralia) | Popular ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Populus alba (silver-leaf poplar) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jobling (1990) |
| Populus nigra (black poplar) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Portulaca pilosa (kiss-me-quick) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Stuckey (1979) |
| Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) | As a urban/street tree in native range | |
Yes
| Pasiecznik et al. (2001) |
| Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) | Planted as a street tree | |
Yes
| Pasiecznik et al. (2001) |
| Prunella vulgaris (self-heal) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Godoy et al. (2011) |
| Prunus campanulata (Taiwan cherry) | Popular ornamental tree for both private gardens and public areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Song (2007); GISD (2011) |
| Prunus serotina (black cherry) | Until the late 18th century, P. serotina was sparsely planted in parks and gardens in several Europe |
Yes
| | Starfinger et al. (2003); Vanhellemont et al. (2009) |
| Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | On ornamental nursery plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Mexican flamevine) | Ornamental vine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2018) |
| Pseudorasbora parva (topmouth gudgeon) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Copp et al. (2005b) |
| Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) | |
Yes
| | Samson (1989) |
| Pteris multifida (spider brake) | Used as an ornamental worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| Keener et al. (2020) |
| Pteris tripartita (giant brake) | Used as an ornamental in tropical areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (1957); Flora and Fauna Web (2019); PROSEA (2019) |
| Pteris vittata (Chinese ladder brake fern) | Recorded as escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2019) |
| Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Pterocarpus macrocarpus (Burma padauk) | Ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) | In gardens, parks and indoors |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2017) |
| Ptychosperma macarthurii (Macarthur palm) | One of the most widely grown and popular palm species |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dowe (2007) |
| Pueraria montana var. lobata (kudzu) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Shurtleff and Aoyagi (1977) |
| Pyracantha coccinea (scarlet firethorn) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2017) |
| Pyrrhalta luteola (elm leaf beetle) | Reproducing European gardens (USA, Australia) |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Raoiella indica (red palm mite) | Dept. of Homeland Security Custom and Border Control found palm handicrafts to carry eggs and adults | |
Yes
| |
| Rauvolfia caffra (quinine tree ) | Sometimes grown as ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Rhagoletis cingulata (cherry fruit fly) | Host plants as ornamentals | |
Yes
| |
| Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus (rosy bitterling) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Downy rose-myrtle) | Deliberate, occasional |
Yes
|
Yes
| Campbell (1977); Staples and Herbst (2005) |
| Rhus typhina (staghorn sumac) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rivina humilis (bloodberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bruun (2005) |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Roystonea oleracea (Caribbean royal palm) | The species has been widely cultivated worldwide since the 1500s |
Yes
| | Zucaratto and dos Santos Pires (2014) |
| Rubus buergeri | Deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Temperate Plants (2019) |
| Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry) | |
Yes
| | Gardner (1999) |
| Rubus racemosus (black raspberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2012) |
| Rudbeckia laciniata (cutleaf coneflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) (2015) |
| Ruellia macrophylla (large leaved ruellia) | Occasionally planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2017) |
| Ruellia simplex (Mexican petunia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hupp et al. (2013) |
| Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Sold as an ornamental at internet sites and at local nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Saccharum ravennae (ravenna grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sagittaria latifolia (broadleaf arrowhead) | | |
Yes
| DAISIE (2009); NOBANIS (2009) |
| Salvia occidentalis (West Indian sage) | |
Yes
| | Stone et al. (1992) |
| Salvia splendens (scarlet sage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2014) |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2009) |
| Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| McFarland et al. (2004) |
| Sambucus canadensis (American black elderberry) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Charlebois et al. (2010) |
| Sanchezia parvibracteata (sanchezia) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel (1995) |
| Sansevieria hyacinthoides (African bowstring hemp) | Commonly planted in gardens and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Scaevola taccada (beach naupaka) | Gardens in coastal areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kaufman and Kaufman (2007) |
| Schefflera actinophylla (umbrella tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gucker (2011) |
| Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sciurus niger (fox squirrel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aprile and Chicco (1999) |
| Securigera varia (crown vetch) | Sold over the internet and locally for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gucker (2009); Minnesota Wildflowers (2016); PFAF (2016) |
| Senecio glastifolius (holly-leaved senecio) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Senna alata (candle bush) | Planted as an ornamental in gardens and cultivated plots near houses |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Senna bacillaris (whitebark senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Merrill (1923); Pelser et al. (2014); Standley and Steyermark (1946) |
| Senna multijuga (November shower) | Primary reason for introduction to areas outside of species’ native range |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua (2014); Hanelt et al. (2001); PIER (2014) |
| Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Senna septemtrionalis (smooth senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2014); Sosef and Maesen (1997) |
| Senna siamea (yellow cassia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hassain (1999) |
| Senna spectabilis (whitebark senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Senna surattensis (golden senna) | Species widely introduced throughout Old and New World tropics as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014); Sosef and Maesen (1997) |
| Sesbania grandiflora (sesbania) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sicyos angulatus (burcucumber) | In the 1800s it was introduced into Europe for ornamental purposes |
Yes
| | Hulina (1996) |
| Solanum capsicoides (cockroach berry) | Introduced intentionally for its attractive and bright coloured fruit |
Yes
| | Staples and Herbst (2005) |
| Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Intentionally cultivated as an ornamental or curiosity plant worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| PBI Solanum Project (2014) |
| Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gallagher et al. (2010) |
| Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PBI Solanum Project (2020) |
| Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weber and Jakobs (2005) |
| Solidago nemoralis (grey goldenrod) | Hypothetical |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solidago sempervirens (seaside goldenrod) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
| Spartium junceum (Spanish broom) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) | |
Yes
| | ICRAF (2008) |
| Spathoglottis plicata (Philippine ground orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spermacoce verticillata (shrubby false buttonwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sphagneticola trilobata (wedelia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spiraea chamaedryfolia (germander meadowsweet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus tenuissimus (tropical dropseed) | Reported as used as an ornamental in some countries |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duistermaat (2004) |
| Stachytarpheta urticifolia (rattail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kuo (2003) |
| Sterculia apetala (Panama tree) | As an ornamental and shade tree in towns and residential areas | |
Yes
| Rodríguez-Vargas (2007) |
| Stictocardia tiliifolia (spottedheart) | Possible as it is regarded as an ornamental, although not advertised online or nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2019) |
| Sturnus vulgaris (common starling) | |
Yes
| | |
| Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (New York aster) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Syngonium podophyllum (arrowhead vine) | Popular ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
| Syzygium cumini (black plum) | |
Yes
| | Morton (1987) |
| Syzygium malaccense (Malay apple) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little and Skolmen (1989); Panggabean (1991); Whistler and Elevitch (2006) |
| Tabebuia heterophylla (pink trumpet tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weaver (1990) |
| Tabebuia rosea (pink poui) | Used as an ornamental tree in urban areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold) | Widely commercialized as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Tamarindus indica (tamarind) | Ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) | Introduction and local spread |
Yes
| | |
| Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk) | Cause of at least one population in Belgium | |
Yes
| Verbeylen (2002); Verbeylen (2003) |
| Tecoma capensis (Cape honeysuckle) | Commercialized as ornamental and hedge plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Widely commercialized as ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Terminalia muelleri (Australian almond) | Cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman and Watson (1993) |
| Thaumetopoea processionea (oak processionary moth) | |
Yes
| | Evans (2007) |
| Thelypteris opulenta (jewelled maiden fern) | Cultivated in gardens, parks and as a houseplant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Thespesia populnea (portia tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Whistler (2000) |
| Thunbergia erecta (bush clockvine) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman (1999) |
| Thunbergia fragrans (whitelady) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Thunbergia grandiflora (Bengal trumpet) | Plants are commonly planted in gardens and yards as ornamentals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Thymophylla tenuiloba (Dahlberg daisy) | Used as ground cover, in flower beds, edges, in hanging baskets and as a potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2019); Missouri Botanical Garden (2019) |
| Tibouchina herbacea (cane tibouchina) | May have been introduced to Hawaii as an ornamental |
Yes
| | Frohlich and Lau (2007) |
| Tibouchina urvilleana (princessflower) | |
Yes
| | Starr et al. (2003) |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Palm et al. (1996) |
| Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) | Garden ornamental and potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2018) |
| Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (Tomato New Delhi virus) | Trade of ornamental plant material |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) | Cultivated for its brightly coloured autumn foliage | | | van Oosterhout et al. (2014) |
| Trachelospermum jasminoides (star-jasmine) | Ornamental and ground cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Tradescantia pallida (purple queen) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Foxcroft et al. (2007) |
| Tradescantia spathacea (boat lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (2011); PIER (2012) |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hummel and Kiviat (2004) |
| Trimezia steyermarkii (yellow walking iris) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Triplaris americana (ant tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Grandtner and Chevrette (2013) |
| Tripsacum dactyloides (eastern gamagrass) | Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental | |
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Tuberose mild mottle virus (tuberose mild mottle virus) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lin et al. (2004); Kulshrestha et al. (2005); Dey et al. (2018) |
| Turbina corymbosa (Christmas vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Austin (1980); Austin and Staples (1991); Bosser and Heine (2000) |
| Turnera ulmifolia (West Indian holly) | Often grown as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail) | | |
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2010) |
| Typha x glauca (hybrid cattail) | Inflorescences are sold as decorative objests |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (1975) |
| Umbra pygmaea (eastern mudminnow) | |
Yes
| | Grabowska et al. (2010) |
| Verbascum thapsus (common mullein) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gross and Werner (1978) |
| Vernicia fordii (tung-oil tree) | Occasionally grown as ornamental for its showy flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller et al. (2010) |
| Viguiera dentata (sunflower goldeneye) | Sometimes planted as ornamental in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans (2009) |
| Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria) | | |
Yes
| Trusty et al. (2008) |
| Xanthosoma sagittifolium (elephant ear) | Sometimes planted in gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manner (2011) |
| Xyris complanata (yellow-eyed grass) | Grown as a pond plant | |
Yes
| |
| Youngia japonica (oriental false hawksbeard) | Sometimes planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Loewenstein and Loewenstein (2005) |
| Yucca aloifolia (Spanish bayonet) | | |
Yes
| Smith et al. (2012) |
| Zinnia peruviana (Peruvian zinnia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
