Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Abrus precatorius (rosary pea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al. (2003); Padua et al. (1999); Weber (2003) |
Abutilon hirtum (Indian mallow) | Various medicinal uses reported. | |
Yes
| Achigan-Dako (2010) |
Abutilon indicum (country mallow) | Used for traditional medicine in various countries | |
Yes
| Pandikumar et al. (2011); Rout et al. (2009) |
Acacia angustissima (prairie acacia) | Used in Mexico for traditional medicinal purposes. | |
Yes
| Berlin and Berlin (1996) |
Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | Used in ethnobotany in Australia. | |
Yes
| Contu (2012) |
Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | Long history of various medicinal uses; cultivated and introduced for medicinal uses |
Yes
|
Yes
| Applequist and Moerman (2011); Mitich (1990) |
Achyranthes aspera (devil's horsewhip) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Girach et al. (1992) |
Aeginetia indica (forest ghost flower) | The species is used for traditional medicinal purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lemmens (2003) |
Agave americana (century plant) | Leaves and sap used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
Agave fourcroydes (henequen) | Leaves and roots sometimes used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fern (2014) |
Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| FAO (2012) |
Agdestis clematidea (rockroot) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Abreu et al. (2008) |
Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed) | Used in ethnobotany over its range |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, deliberate |
Yes
| | Feret (1985) |
Albizia adinocephala (cream albizia) | |
Yes
| | Ovenden et al. (2002) |
Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | Leaves and seeds are used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Albizia niopoides (silk tree) | Roots and bark used in traditional medicine in South America |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vozzo (2002) |
Albizia procera (white siris) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Allamanda cathartica (yellow allamanda) | Leaves and roots are used in traditional herbal medicine as a purgative |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier (1990) |
Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) | Used in traditional Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
Aloe vera (true aloe) | One of the oldest known medicinal herbs |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) | Popular medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hurrell (2018) |
Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Alternanthera bettzickiana (calico plant) | Used locally to treat various ailments. | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2016) |
Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | Species is used in Ayurveda and SE Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Duke (1981); Hanelt et al. (2001); Quattrocchi (2012) |
Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | Imported into North America as medicinal herb |
Yes
| | Mosley (2014) |
Amaranthus cruentus (red amaranth) | Amaranth oil is a powerful antioxidant used as a dietary supplement for diabetes and those suffering from hypertension and metabolic disorders |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pal and Khoshoo (1974); Teutonico and Knorr (1985) |
Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ambrosia peruviana (Peruvian ragweed) | Often used as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lans (2007) |
Ambrosia trifida (giant ragweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Anethum graveolens (dill) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jana and Shekhawat (2010) |
Angiopteris evecta (king fern) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Shil and Choudhury (2009) |
Annona reticulata (bullock's heart) | Plant parts known to have folkloric medicinal uses | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Jansen et al. (1991); UK Natural History Museum (2014) |
Anredera vesicaria (Texas madeira vine) | Used for traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ankli et al. (1999); Burgos (2014); Cruz Frías et al. (2016) |
Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Aristolochia elegans (elegant Dutchman’s pipe) | | |
Yes
| Duke (2015); Hance (1873); USDA-ARS (2015) |
Aristolochia ringens (Dutchman’s pipe) | | |
Yes
| Duke (2015); Hance (1873); USDA-ARS (2015) |
Aronia x prunifolia | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha) | With some local ethnobotanical and veterinary uses. | |
Yes
| Hermann (1997) |
Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) | Used in traditional medicine in the Pacific and Caribbean |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ragone (2006) |
Asparagus falcatus (sicklethorn) | Ethnobotanical uses reported | |
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
Atriplex argentea (silverscale saltbush) | |
Yes
| | |
Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi) | Used for a variety of traditional uses in local medicine | |
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009); Quisumbing (1951); Samson (1991) |
Bacopa monnieri (water hyssop) | Widely commercialized as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2017) |
Balanites aegyptiaca (simple-thorned torchwood) | Used in traditional African medicine | |
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) | Traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
Barleria cristata (Philippine violet) | Cultivated as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015) |
Barleria lupulina (hophead Philippine violet) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity Portal (2016) |
Barleria prionitis (porcupine flower) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity Portal (2016) |
Basella alba (malabar spinach) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
Bauhinia tomentosa (yellow bauhinia) | Used in Asian and African traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009); PROTA (2015) |
Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | Bark is used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Begonia nelumbiifolia (lilypad begonia) | In its native range in Mexico | |
Yes
| Alonso-Castro et al. (2012) |
Bidens frondosa (beggarticks) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2014); Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora (2014) |
Bidens pilosa (blackjack) | Extensively used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Bixa orellana (annatto) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Blighia sapida (akee apple) | Used medicinally |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2019) |
Bocconia frutescens (plume poppy) | Used and cultivated within native range for a variety of medicinal purposes | |
Yes
| Duke (2008) |
Boerhavia coccinea (scarlet spiderling) | Used in traditional medicine in Africa, Mexico, South America and India. | |
Yes
| Filipov (1994); Osuna et al. (2005); Ramabhimaiah et al. (1984); Struwig and Siebert (2013) |
Boerhavia diffusa (red spiderling) | Plant parts used medicinally in Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015) |
Bontia daphnoides (white alling) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Wong (1976); Liogier (1990); Lans (2006) |
Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea) | Potential pharmaceutical applications |
Yes
|
Yes
| Xu et al. (2009) |
Brassica juncea (mustard) | | |
Yes
| Canadian Food Inspection Agency (2008) |
Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Some ethnobotanical uses |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity Portal (2018) |
Breynia disticha (snowbush) | Ethnobotanical uses are reported | |
Yes
| Okokon et al. (2015) (2017) |
Brugmansia candida (angel's trumpet) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alvarez (2008) |
Brugmansia suaveolens (white angel's trumpet) | | |
Yes
| |
Buddleja asiatica (dog tail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Plants for a Future (2013) |
Caladium bicolor (heart of Jesus) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| DeFilipps et al. (2004) |
Callisia fragrans (basketplant) | Cultivated in Russia |
Yes
| | Schvoong (2012) |
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) | Traded locally for use in medicine; species grown commercially for essential oils which are used in perfume and traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) | | |
Yes
| Olowokudejo et al. (2008) |
Canavalia gladiata (sword bean) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2019) |
Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Basu and De (2003); FAO EcoCrop (2014) |
Cardamine flexuosa (wavy bittercress) | Leaves and stems used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China (2019) |
Cardiospermum halicacabum (balloon vine) | Medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gildenhuys et al. (2013) |
Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1983); Griffith (1847) |
Cassia grandis (pink shower) | Used extensively for local medicine in Latin America and Asia | |
Yes
| Duke et al. (2009); Toruan-Purba (1999) |
Cassia javanica (pink shower) | Used in traditional Malesian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Toruan-Purba (1999) |
Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | Widely used as a medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nelson (2008) |
Cavanillesia platanifolia (cuipo) | Latex and seeds used for medicinal purposes | |
Yes
| Hyde (1925); EcuRed (2019) |
Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ceratopteris thalictroides (watersprite) | Ethnobotanical uses reported for the species | |
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species is reportedly used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001) |
Channa micropeltes (giant snakehead) | In Indonesia and Malaysia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ng and Lim (1990); Lee and Ng (1991); Courtenay and Williams (2004) |
Cheilocostus speciosus (crepe ginger ) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015) |
Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) | Roots, oil and leaves used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gnansounou et al. (2017) |
Cinchona pubescens (quinine tree) | Saint Helena, Hawaii, Galapagos Islands, French Polynesia |
Yes
| | Cronk and Fuller (1995); Meyer (2004); Starr et al. (2003); Tye (2001); Wagner et al. (1999) |
Cissus quadrangularis (treebine) | Extensively used in traditional African and Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
Cissus verticillata (possum grape vine) | Roots used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
Clematis terniflora (sweet autumn clematis) | Used in traditional Chinese medicine and sold in Chinese and Korean markets | |
Yes
| Han et al. (2013); Liu et al. (2015) |
Cleome rutidosperma (fringed spiderflower) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
Clerodendrum bungei (rose glorybower) | Used for traditional medicine in China | |
Yes
| Duke (2014) |
Clerodendrum chinense (Chinese glory bower) | Use in traditional Chinese medicine | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2012) |
Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | Used in traditional medicine in Asia | |
Yes
| |
Clerodendrum lindleyi (clerodendrum) | Medicinal plant in China |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2020) |
Clerodendrum paniculatum (pagoda flower) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2020) |
Clerodendrum wallichii (Wallich's glorybower) | Used in traditional medicine in India | |
Yes
| Deori et al. (2013) |
Clitoria ternatea (butterfly-pea) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gomez and Kalamani (2003) |
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya) | Used for traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2019) |
Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's-tears) | Used in traditional medicine in Asia, often cultivated for medicinal purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jain and Banerjee (1974); van den Bergh and Iamsupasit (1996) |
Colubrina asiatica (latherleaf) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2005) |
Combretum indicum (Rangoon creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aguilar (1999); Hanelt et al. (2001); USDA-ARS (2015) |
Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Copaifera officinalis (copaiba balsam) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
Cordia obliqua (clammy cherry) | Fruits are used in traditional Indian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parmar and Kaushal (1982) |
Cordyline fruticosa (ti plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cornu aspersum (common garden snail) | |
Yes
| | |
Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Used in China and Brazil in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Botsaris (2007) |
Crescentia cujete (calabash tree) | Used in traditional medicine throughout its range |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | Leaves and flowers used in medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nuhu et al. (2009) |
Cucumis anguria (West Indian gherkin) | Fruits and leaves used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
Cucumis dipsaceus (hedgehog gourd) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2017) |
Cuphea carthagenensis (Colombian waxweed) | |
Yes
| | |
Cuscuta japonica (Japanese dodder) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tidwell (2008) |
Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Used in African traditional herb medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
Cyathula prostrata (pasture weed) | Widely used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ibrahim et al. (2012) |
Cyclosorus parasiticus (parasitic maiden fern) | Presumed cause. Medicinal uses known -- see text |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oyen (1999) |
Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) | |
Yes
| | Floridata (2014) |
Cymbopogon schoenanthus (camel grass) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2019) |
Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Datura metel (Hindu datura) | Widely used in traditional medicine, particularly in Asia | |
Yes
| Ratsch (1998); USDA-ARS (2014) |
Derris elliptica (tuba root) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Digitaria eriantha (pangola grass) | Some ethnobotanical uses in Africa. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato) | Cultivated to manufacture steroidal hormones |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hammer (1998) |
Dioscorea cayenensis (Guinea yam) | ethnobotanical uses in Africa | |
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
Diplazium esculentum (vegetable fern) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
Dombeya wallichii (pink ball) | A stomach medicine in Thailand | |
Yes
| Anderson (1986) |
Dracaena fragrans (corn plant) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | This species is used worldwide as a vermifuge, analgesic, antiashmatic, and antifungal agent |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | | |
Yes
| Bagi and Böszörményi (2008) |
Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2016) |
Elephantopus mollis (elephant's foot) | Assumed |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Used in traditional African medicine | |
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Emilia fosbergii (Florida tassel-flower) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gargiullo et al. (2008) |
Emilia sonchifolia (red tasselflower) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China (2018) |
Epiphyllum oxypetalum (dutchman's-pipe cactus) | Used in traditional medicine and homeopathy |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2014) |
Epipremnum pinnatum (centipede tongavine) | Traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chen and Turner (1998) |
Erechtites hieraciifolius (American burnweed) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Darbyshire et al. (2012) |
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) | Plants used in traditional medicine mainly in Asia | |
Yes
| Jackie et al. (2011) |
Euphorbia milii (crown-of-thorns) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2020) |
Euphorbia neriifolia (Indian spurge tree) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Used in traditional African and Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Euphorbia umbellata (African milk bush) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Luz et al. (2016); PROTA (2017) |
Ficus benghalensis (banyan) | Bark, seeds and leaves are used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rojo et al. (1999) |
Ficus carica (common fig) | | |
Yes
| |
Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); USDA-ARS (2014) |
Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Quattrocchi (2012); Rojo et al. (1999); USDA-ARS (2014) |
Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) | Used in traditional medicine in such places as Pakistan | |
Yes
| Mabberly (2008); Starr et al. (2003); USDA-ARS (2014); Whistler (2000) |
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | Ethnobotanical uses are reported | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2018) |
Gaillardia pulchella (Indian blanket) | Used in traditional Native-American medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Turner and Whalen (1975) |
Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas (2008) |
Galphimia glauca (goldshower) | Used as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sharma et al. (2012) |
Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish) | For mosquito control |
Yes
| | |
Garcinia dulcis (yellow mangosteen) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
Glycosmis parviflora (flower axistree) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China (2016) |
Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Used in traditional Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush) | Medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014) |
Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth) | |
Yes
| | Flora of Pakistan (2015) |
Gossypium barbadense (Gallini cotton) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gurib-Fakim (2005) |
Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Quattrocchi (2012) |
Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | | |
Yes
| |
Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | | |
Yes
| |
Heliocarpus donnellsmithii (majagua) | Used in traditional Mexican medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook (2016) |
Heliotropium curassavicum (salt heliotrope) | Used as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2018) |
Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Tested for medicinal/veterinary use but is not clear whether and on what scale it was ever used |
Yes
| | Gadzhiev and Eminov (1986); Kedzia et al. (1996); Kostecka-Madalska (1962); Kostecka-Madalska and Bankowski (1963); Lipnitskij (1996); Mägi and Sahk (2003); Tkachenko (2006); Wolski et al. (1996) |
Heterotis rotundifolia (pink lady) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Abere et al. (2010) |
Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe) | Used in traditional Caribbean medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weaver and Francis (1989) |
Holmskioldia sanguinea (Chinese hat plant) | | |
Yes
| Quattrocchi (2012) |
Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) | important in traditional and conventional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| NCBI (2015) |
Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) |
Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | Traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara (2001) |
Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Used as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christenhusz (2009) |
Indigofera suffruticosa (Anil indigo) | |
Yes
| | |
Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) | Tradtitional medicines | |
Yes
| Duke (1981) |
Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | Traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| ILDIS (2014) |
Inula britannica (british yellowhead) | |
Yes
| | |
Ipomoea cairica (five-fingered morning glory) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2017) |
Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Used as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
Ipomoea nil (white edge morning-glory) | Used as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | Ethnobotanical uses reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Ixora casei (giant red ixora) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fosberg et al. (1993) |
Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2016) |
Jasminum simplicifolium (Australian wax jasmine) | Ethnobotanical uses reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| O’rourke George (1995); Bharali et al. (2017) |
Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | Used medicinally by the Hoh and Quileute peoples of Washington state |
Yes
|
Yes
| Reagan (1936) |
Justicia pectoralis (freshcut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Joseph et al. (1988) |
Kalanchoe integra (Never die) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sharma et al. (2011) |
Kigelia africana (sausage tree) | Used medicinally | |
Yes
| Jackson and Beckett (2012); PROTA (2020) |
Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) | Used in traditional African and Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
Launaea intybacea (bitter lettuce) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | Used in traditional Asian and African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Leonurus japonicus (honeyweed) | Used in herbal traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Teo and Pin (2001) |
Leonurus sibiricus (Siberian motherwort) | Used medicinally where native | |
Yes
| Ridley (1908); Schmidt et al. (2013) |
Lepidagathis alopecuroidea (pata de gallina) | Local ethnobotanical uses reported in the Lesser Antilles | |
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
Lepidium virginicum (Virginian peppercress) | Various medicinal uses are reported. |
Yes
|
Yes
| CONABIO (2016) |
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese privet) | Some possible medicinal uses reported | |
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2018); PFAF (2020) |
Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | | |
Yes
| |
Linaria vulgaris (common toadflax) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Litsea glutinosa (Indian laurel) | deliberate |
Yes
| | Flora of China Editorial Committee (2019) |
Lonicera confusa | | |
Yes
| |
Lygodium flexuosum (maidenhair creeper) | It is used for traditional medicinal purposes | |
Yes
| Yadav et al. (2012) |
Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | Immigrants bringing it as a medicinal plant |
Yes
| | |
Malva pusilla (round-leaved mallow) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
Malvaviscus arboreus (wax mallow) | Used in traditional medicine – medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2014) |
Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Marrubium vulgare (horehound) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Martynia annua (tiger's claw) | Widely used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kenwat et al. (2013) |
Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | Used as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
Merremia tuberosa (woodrose) | Roots are used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mansur (2001) |
Mesosphaerum pectinatum (comb bushmint) | Deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Mimosa casta (graceful mimosa) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | With ethnobotanical uses. | |
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
Momordica balsamina (common balsam apple) | Deliberate | |
Yes
| Singh (2017) |
Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | Stems used in traditional Asian and African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
Monochoria hastata (hastate-leaved pondweed) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
Morella faya (firetree) | |
Yes
| | |
Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | Widely used for medicinal purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | Commercial and ethnobotanical uses |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
Morus nigra (black mulberry) | | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Orwa et al. (2009) |
Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) | | |
Yes
| Duke (1981); Flora of Pakistan (2014); Fox (1952) |
Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine) | Various medicinal uses reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| National Parks Board (2020); PROTA (2020); Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
Mussaenda erythrophylla (red flag bush) | Used in traditional African medicine | |
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Nelsonia canescens (blue pussyleaf) | Used in African traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
Nephrolepis hirsutula (sword fern) | Ethnobotanical use reported | |
Yes
| Whistler (1990) |
Nerium oleander (oleander) | Various ethnobotanical uses reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco) | Used in ethnobotany in India | |
Yes
| Rothe (2011); Singh et al. (2014) |
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | Used in traditional medicine, especially in the Americas and Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | Several uses in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life (2017); Useful Tropical Plants (2017) |
Nymphaea lotus (white Egyptian lotus) | | |
Yes
| |
Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) | Extensively used in traditional African and Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Patel et al. (2014) |
Oldenlandia lancifolia (calycose mille graines) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Burkill (1985) |
Pandanus utilis (common screw pine) | Deliberate | |
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
Parmentiera aculeata (cucumber tree) | Used medicinally | |
Yes
| Morales-Sánchez et al. (2015) |
Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | Local ethnobotanical uses | |
Yes
| Joshi et al. (2016) |
Paspalum conjugatum (buffalo grass) | Used as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manidool (1992) |
Pelargonium odoratissimum (apple geranium) | Known to have traditional medicinal use | |
Yes
| PFAF (2014) |
Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species known to be used for local traditional medicine | |
Yes
| SANBI (2004); USDA-ARS (2015); Wiersema and Leon (2013) |
Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Used for traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
Plantago asiatica mosaic virus | Detected in first greenhouse-grown, and then field-grown, plants of R. glutinosa in Korea | |
Yes
| Kwak et al. (2018); Kwon et al. (2017) |
Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian borage) | Used medicinally in Africa, Asia, Pacific and Americas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Roux (2003); USDA-ARS (2014) |
Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus) | | |
Yes
| Duke (2002); USDA-ARS (2014) |
Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush) | Used medicinally and available in herbal shops | |
Yes
| Francis (2004); Hodges and Bennett (2006) |
Plumeria rubra (red frangipani) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
Polyscias fruticosa (ming aralia) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2020) |
Portulaca quadrifida (chickenweed) | | |
Yes
| |
Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (2008) |
Prunella vulgaris (self-heal) | Used by herbalists for medicines in Europe and China. Also used as an anti-cancer drug in China |
Yes
|
Yes
| WCSP (2016) |
Pseudelephantopus spicatus (false elephant’s foot) | |
Yes
| | Ward (1975) |
Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Used in traditional Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Rauvolfia caffra (quinine tree ) | Widely used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weidema (2006) |
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Rubus rosifolius (roseleaf raspberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2010) |
Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Used for traditional medicinal purposes | |
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
Salvia occidentalis (West Indian sage) | | |
Yes
| Jaime-Vasconcelos et al. (2011) |
Sambucus canadensis (American black elderberry) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Stevens (2001) |
Sansevieria hyacinthoides (African bowstring hemp) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
Sansevieria trifasciata (mother-in-law’s tongue) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Sunilson et al. (2009) |
Scaevola taccada (beach naupaka) | Asian traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
Sechium edule (chayote) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
Securigera varia (crown vetch) | Used for traditional medicinal uses in some countries | |
Yes
| PFAF (2016) |
Senna aculeata (senna) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2020) |
Senna alata (candle bush) | Used for medicinal purposes in many of the countries where it occurs. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
Senna bacillaris (whitebark senna) | Species is used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke and Vasquez (1994); ILDIS (2014); Toruan-Purba (1999) |
Senna hirsuta (hairy senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Senna italica (Senegal senna) | Extensively used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Okeyo and Bosch (2007) |
Senna multijuga (November shower) | One of the Senna species locally used for traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua (2014); Hanelt et al. (2001); PIER (2014) |
Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | Traded for the seeds and medicinal purposes between Africa and Europe |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2016) |
Senna septemtrionalis (smooth senna) | Species is used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Wagner et al. (2014) |
Senna surattensis (golden senna) | Leaves, flowers, roots and bark of the plant are reportedly used locally for traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Little and Skolmen (1989); Motooka et al. (2003); Sosef and Maesen (1997) |
Sesbania sesban (sesban) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Usman et al. (2013) |
Sida acuta (sida) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Karou et al. (2007); Waterhouse and Norris (1987) |
Sida linifolia (flaxleaf fanpetals) | Various traditional medicinal uses are reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
Sisymbrium irio | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chopra et al. (1956); PFAF (2013) |
Solanum erianthum (potato tree) | Used in local folk medicine, especially in South-east Asia and Asia-Pacific | |
Yes
| Modise and Mogotsi (2008); Wiart (2006) |
Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Used in traditional medicine in tropical areas including Southeast Asia-Pacific and Central America | |
Yes
| Lim (2013) |
Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) | Leaves are used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| ISSG (2020) |
Solidago nemoralis (grey goldenrod) | hypothetical |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Sonchus asper (spiny sow-thistle) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) | Planted for use in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
Spermacoce verticillata (shrubby false buttonwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Spirodela polyrrhiza (giant duckweed) | Reported ethnobotanical uses | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2020); Les (2020) |
Sterculia apetala (Panama tree) | Ethnobotanical purposes | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2017) |
Syzygium grande (sea apple) | Seeds, fruit, and bark are used in local traditional medicine | |
Yes
| National University of Singapore (2015); Rahman (1977) |
Syzygium malaccense (Malay apple) | | |
Yes
| Duke (2015); Morton (1987); Quisumbing (1951) |
Tabebuia rosea (pink poui) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Tamarindus indica (tamarind) | Extensively used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Fruits and leaves |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
Tibouchina urvilleana (princessflower) | | |
Yes
| Yoshida et al. (1986) |
Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) | | |
Yes
| Kuo and Chen (1997) |
Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) | Fruits and wax used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aggarwal (2001) |
Tradescantia spathacea (boat lily) | Used in traditional medicine in Mexico and South East Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rosales-Reyes et al. (2008) |
Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
Triplaris americana (ant tree) | Traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Grandtner and Chevrette (2013) |
Triumfetta rhomboidea (diamond burbark) | Used in traditional African and Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara (2001) |
Turnera ulmifolia (West Indian holly) | Cultivated as a medicinal herb for its leaves |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
Urena lobata (caesar weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
Urena sinuata (bur mallow) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ong (2001) |
Urochloa reptans (sprawling signalgrass) | Roots used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gupta (2013) |
Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2015) |
Vachellia macracantha (porknut) | used in traditional Mexican medicine | |
Yes
| Seigler and Ebinger (1988) |
Verbascum thapsus (common mullein) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gross and Werner (1978) |
Verbena officinalis (vervain) | Used as a medicinal herb since ancient times |
Yes
|
Yes
| Crackles (1986); PROTA (2020) |
Vigna marina (beach bean) | Several medicinal uses are documented in Micronesia and elsewhere in the Pacific |
Yes
|
Yes
| NYBG (2016) |
Viguiera dentata (sunflower goldeneye) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree) | Extensively used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniele et al. (2005) |
Vitex parviflora (molave) | Various medicinal uses are reported for the species | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
Xanthosoma sagittifolium (elephant ear) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
Youngia japonica (oriental false hawksbeard) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2018) |
Yucca gigantea (spineless yucca) | Traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
Zeuxine strateumatica (soldier’s orchid) | Ethnobotanical uses reported | |
Yes
| Shibu et al. (2013); Philippine Alternative Medicine (2018) |
Zingiber capitatum (wild ginger) | | |
Yes
| Joshi (2011) |
Zingiber montanum (cassumunar ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chirangini and Sharma (2005); Ravindran and Babu (2005); Wolff et al. (1999) |
Zingiber zerumbet (shampoo ginger) | Cultivated in tropical regions worldwide for culinary and medicinal use |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ's thorn jujube) | Traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Neuwinger (2000) |