| Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Abrus precatorius (rosary pea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003; Padua et al.,
1999; Weber,
2003 |
| Abutilon hirtum (Indian mallow) | Various medicinal uses reported. | |
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Abutilon indicum (country mallow) | Used for traditional medicine in various countries | |
Yes
| Pandikumar et al.,
2011; Rout et al.,
2009 |
| Acacia angustissima (prairie acacia) | Used in Mexico for traditional medicinal purposes. | |
Yes
| Berlin and Berlin,
1996 |
| Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | Used in ethnobotany in Australia. | |
Yes
| Contu,
2012 |
| Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | Long history of various medicinal uses; cultivated and introduced for medicinal uses |
Yes
|
Yes
| Applequist and Moerman,
2011; Mitich,
1990 |
| Achyranthes aspera (devil's horsewhip) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Girach et al.,
1992 |
| Aeginetia indica (forest ghost flower) | The species is used for traditional medicinal purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lemmens,
2003 |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Leaves and sap used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Agave fourcroydes (henequen) | Leaves and roots sometimes used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fern,
2014 |
| Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| FAO,
2012 |
| Agdestis clematidea (rockroot) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Abreu et al.,
2008 |
| Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed) | Used in ethnobotany over its range |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, deliberate |
Yes
| | Feret,
1985 |
| Albizia adinocephala (cream albizia) | |
Yes
| | Ovenden et al.,
2002 |
| Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | Leaves and seeds are used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Albizia niopoides (silk tree) | Roots and bark used in traditional medicine in South America |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vozzo,
2002 |
| Allamanda cathartica (yellow allamanda) | Leaves and roots are used in traditional herbal medicine as a purgative |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier,
1990 |
| Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) | Used in traditional Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants,
2019 |
| Aloe vera (true aloe) | One of the oldest known medicinal herbs |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2017 |
| Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) | Popular medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hurrell,
2018 |
| Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Alternanthera bettzickiana (calico plant) | Used locally to treat various ailments. | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants,
2016 |
| Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | Species is used in Ayurveda and SE Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Duke,
1981; Hanelt et al.,
2001; Quattrocchi,
2012 |
| Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | Imported into North America as medicinal herb |
Yes
| | Mosley,
2014 |
| Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ambrosia peruviana (Peruvian ragweed) | Often used as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lans,
2007 |
| Ambrosia trifida (giant ragweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Anethum graveolens (dill) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jana and Shekhawat,
2010 |
| Angiopteris evecta (king fern) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Shil and Choudhury,
2009 |
| Annona reticulata (bullock's heart) | Plant parts known to have folkloric medicinal uses | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al.,
2001; Jansen et al.,
1991; UK Natural History Museum,
2014 |
| Anredera vesicaria (Texas madeira vine) | Used for traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ankli et al.,
1999; Burgos,
2014; Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aristolochia elegans (elegant Dutchman’s pipe) | | |
Yes
| Duke,
2015; Hance,
1873; USDA-ARS,
2015 |
| Aristolochia ringens (Dutchman’s pipe) | | |
Yes
| Duke,
2015; Hance,
1873; USDA-ARS,
2015 |
| Aronia x prunifolia | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha) | With some local ethnobotanical and veterinary uses. | |
Yes
| Hermann,
1997 |
| Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) | Used in traditional medicine in the Pacific and Caribbean |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ragone,
2006 |
| Atriplex argentea (silverscale saltbush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi) | Used for a variety of traditional uses in local medicine | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009; Orwa et al.,
2009; Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Bacopa monnieri (water hyssop) | Widely commercialized as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2017 |
| Balanites aegyptiaca (simple-thorned torchwood) | Used in traditional African medicine | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) | Traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Barleria cristata (Philippine violet) | Cultivated as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2015 |
| Barleria lupulina (hophead Philippine violet) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity Portal,
2016 |
| Barleria prionitis (porcupine flower) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity Portal,
2016 |
| Basella alba (malabar spinach) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2017 |
| Bauhinia tomentosa (yellow bauhinia) | Used in Asian and African traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009; PROTA,
2015 |
| Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | Bark is used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Bidens frondosa (beggarticks) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009; Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Bidens pilosa (blackjack) | Extensively used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Bixa orellana (annatto) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Blighia sapida (akee apple) | Used medicinally |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2019 |
| Bocconia frutescens (plume poppy) | Used and cultivated within native range for a variety of medicinal purposes | |
Yes
| Duke,
2008 |
| Boerhavia coccinea (scarlet spiderling) | Used in traditional medicine in Africa, Mexico, South America and India. | |
Yes
| Filipov,
1994; Osuna et al.,
2005; Ramabhimaiah et al.,
1984; Struwig and Siebert,
2013 |
| Boerhavia diffusa (red spiderling) | Plant parts used medicinally in Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2015 |
| Bontia daphnoides (white alling) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Wong,
1976; Liogier,
1990; Lans,
2006 |
| Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea) | Potential pharmaceutical applications |
Yes
|
Yes
| Xu et al.,
2009 |
| Brassica juncea (mustard) | | |
Yes
| Canadian Food Inspection Agency,
2008 |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Some ethnobotanical uses |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity Portal,
2018 |
| Breynia disticha (snowbush) | Ethnobotanical uses are reported | |
Yes
| Okokon et al.,
2015 |
| Brugmansia candida (angel's trumpet) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alvarez,
2008 |
| Brugmansia suaveolens (white angel's trumpet) | | |
Yes
| |
| Buddleja asiatica (dog tail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Plants for a Future,
2013 |
| Caladium bicolor (heart of Jesus) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| DeFilipps et al.,
2004 |
| Callisia fragrans (basketplant) | Cultivated in Russia |
Yes
| | Schvoong,
2012 |
| Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) | Traded locally for use in medicine; species grown commercially for essential oils which are used in perfume and traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) | | |
Yes
| Olowokudejo et al.,
2008 |
| Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Basu and De,
2003; FAO EcoCrop,
2014 |
| Cardamine flexuosa (wavy bittercress) | Leaves and stems used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China,
2019 |
| Cardiospermum halicacabum (balloon vine) | Medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gildenhuys et al.,
2013 |
| Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke,
1983; Griffith,
1847 |
| Cassia grandis (pink shower) | Used extensively for local medicine in Latin America and Asia | |
Yes
| Duke et al.,
2009; Toruan-Purba,
1999 |
| Cassia javanica (pink shower) | Used in traditional Malesian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Toruan-Purba,
1999 |
| Cavanillesia platanifolia (cuipo) | Latex and seeds used for medicinal purposes | |
Yes
| Hyde,
1925; EcuRed,
2019 |
| Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species is reportedly used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al.,
2001 |
| Channa micropeltes (giant snakehead) | In Indonesia and Malaysia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ng and Lim,
1990; Lee and Ng,
1991; Courtenay and Williams,
2004 |
| Cheilocostus speciosus (crepe ginger ) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2015 |
| Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver ) | Roots, oil and leaves used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gnansounou et al.,
2017 |
| Cinchona pubescens (quinine tree) | Saint Helena, Hawaii, Galapagos Islands, French Polynesia |
Yes
| | Cronk and Fuller,
1995; Meyer,
2004; Starr et al.,
2003; Tye,
2001; Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Cissus quadrangularis (treebine) | Extensively used in traditional African and Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2018 |
| Cissus verticillata (possum grape vine) | Roots used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants,
2020 |
| Clematis terniflora (sweet autumn clematis) | Used in traditional Chinese medicine and sold in Chinese and Korean markets | |
Yes
| Han et al.,
2013; Liu et al.,
2015 |
| Cleome rutidosperma (fringed spiderflower) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Clerodendrum bungei (rose glorybower) | Used for traditional medicine in China | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Clerodendrum chinense (Chinese glory bower) | Use in traditional Chinese medicine | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2012 |
| Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | Used in traditional medicine in Asia | |
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum lindleyi (clerodendrum) | Medicinal plant in China |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2020 |
| Clerodendrum paniculatum (pagoda flower) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO,
2020 |
| Clerodendrum wallichii (Wallich's glorybower) | Used in traditional medicine in India | |
Yes
| Deori et al.,
2013 |
| Clitoria ternatea (butterfly-pea) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gomez and Kalamani,
2003 |
| Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya) | Used for traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF,
2019 |
| Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's-tears) | Used in traditional medicine in Asia, often cultivated for medicinal purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jain and Banerjee,
1974; van den Bergh and Iamsupasit,
1996 |
| Colubrina asiatica (latherleaf) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2005 |
| Combretum indicum (Rangoon creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aguilar,
1999; Hanelt et al.,
2001; USDA-ARS,
2015 |
| Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Copaifera officinalis (copaiba balsam) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Cordia obliqua (clammy cherry) | Fruits are used in traditional Indian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parmar and Kaushal,
1982 |
| Cordyline fruticosa (ti plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cornu aspersum (common garden snail) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Used in China and Brazil in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Botsaris,
2007 |
| Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | Leaves and flowers used in medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nuhu et al.,
2009 |
| Cucumis anguria (West Indian gherkin) | Fruits and leaves used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Cuphea carthagenensis (Colombian waxweed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cuscuta japonica (Japanese dodder) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tidwell,
2008 |
| Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Used in African traditional herb medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Cyathula prostrata (pasture weed) | Widely used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ibrahim et al.,
2012 |
| Cyclosorus parasiticus (parasitic maiden fern) | Presumed cause. Medicinal uses known -- see text |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oyen,
1999 |
| Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) | |
Yes
| | Floridata,
2014 |
| Cymbopogon schoenanthus (camel grass) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2019 |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Datura metel (Hindu datura) | Widely used in traditional medicine, particularly in Asia | |
Yes
| Ratsch,
1998; USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Derris elliptica (tuba root) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Digitaria eriantha (pangola grass) | Some ethnobotanical uses in Africa. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato) | Cultivated to manufacture steroidal hormones |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hammer,
1998 |
| Dioscorea cayenensis (Guinea yam) | ethnobotanical uses in Africa | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2017 |
| Diplazium esculentum (vegetable fern) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants,
2020 |
| Dombeya wallichii (pink ball) | A stomach medicine in Thailand | |
Yes
| Anderson,
1986 |
| Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | This species is used worldwide as a vermifuge, analgesic, antiashmatic, and antifungal agent |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | | |
Yes
| Bagi and Böszörményi,
2008 |
| Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2016 |
| Elephantopus mollis (elephant's foot) | Assumed |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Used in traditional African medicine | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Emilia fosbergii (Florida tassel-flower) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gargiullo et al.,
2008 |
| Emilia sonchifolia (red tasselflower) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China,
2018 |
| Epipremnum pinnatum (centipede tongavine) | Traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chen and Turner,
1998 |
| Erechtites hieraciifolius (American burnweed) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Darbyshire et al.,
2012 |
| Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) | Plants used in traditional medicine mainly in Asia | |
Yes
| Jackie et al.,
2011 |
| Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Used in traditional African and Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Euphorbia umbellata (African milk bush) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Luz et al.,
2016; PROTA,
2017 |
| Ficus benghalensis (banyan) | Bark, seeds and leaves are used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rojo et al.,
1999 |
| Ficus carica (common fig) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al.,
2001; USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al.,
2001; Quattrocchi,
2012; Rojo et al.,
1999; USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) | Used in traditional medicine in such places as Pakistan | |
Yes
| Mabberly,
2008; Starr et al.,
2003; USDA-ARS,
2014; Whistler,
2000 |
| Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | Ethnobotanical uses are reported | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants,
2018 |
| Gaillardia pulchella (Indian blanket) | Used in traditional Native-American medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Turner and Whalen,
1975 |
| Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas,
2008 |
| Galphimia glauca (goldshower ) | Used as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sharma et al.,
2012 |
| Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish) | For mosquito control |
Yes
| | |
| Glycosmis parviflora (flower axistree) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China,
2016 |
| Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Used in traditional Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush) | Medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2014 |
| Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth) | |
Yes
| | Flora of Pakistan,
2015 |
| Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gurib-Fakim,
2005 |
| Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Quattrocchi,
2012 |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | | |
Yes
| |
| Heliocarpus donnellsmithii (majagua) | Used in traditional Mexican medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook,
2016 |
| Heliotropium curassavicum (salt heliotrope) | Used as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2018 |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Tested for medicinal/veterinary use but is not clear whether and on what scale it was ever used |
Yes
| | Gadzhiev and Eminov,
1986; Kedzia et al.,
1996; Kostecka-Madalska,
1962; Kostecka-Madalska and Bankowski,
1963; Lipnitskij,
1996; Mägi and Sahk,
2003; Tkachenko,
2006; Wolski et al.,
1996 |
| Heterotis rotundifolia (pink lady) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Abere et al.,
2010 |
| Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe) | Used in traditional Caribbean medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weaver and Francis,
1989 |
| Holmskioldia sanguinea (Chinese hat plant) | | |
Yes
| Quattrocchi,
2012 |
| Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) | important in traditional and conventional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| NCBI,
2015 |
| Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson,
2001 |
| Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | Traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara,
2001 |
| Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Used as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christenhusz,
2009 |
| Indigofera suffruticosa (Anil indigo) | |
Yes
| | |
| Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) | Tradtitional medicines | |
Yes
| Duke,
1981 |
| Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | Traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| ILDIS,
2014 |
| Inula britannica (british yellowhead) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2017 |
| Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Used as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2017 |
| Ipomoea nil (white edge morning-glory) | Used as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2017 |
| Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | Ethnobotanical uses reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Jasminum simplicifolium (Australian wax jasmine) | Ethnobotanical uses reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| O’rourke George,
1995; Bharali et al.,
2017 |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | Used medicinally by the Hoh and Quileute peoples of Washington state |
Yes
|
Yes
| Reagan,
1936 |
| Justicia pectoralis (freshcut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Joseph et al.,
1988 |
| Kalanchoe integra (Never die) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sharma et al.,
2011 |
| Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) | Used in traditional African and Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2018 |
| Launaea intybacea (bitter lettuce) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | Used in traditional Asian and African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Leonurus japonicus (honeyweed) | Used in herbal traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Teo and Pin,
2001 |
| Leonurus sibiricus (Siberian motherwort) | Used medicinally where native | |
Yes
| Ridley,
1908; Schmidt et al.,
2013 |
| Lepidagathis alopecuroidea (pata de gallina) | Local ethnobotanical uses reported in the Lesser Antilles | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2020 |
| Lepidium virginicum (Virginian peppercress) | Various medicinal uses are reported. |
Yes
|
Yes
| CONABIO,
2016 |
| Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | | |
Yes
| |
| Linaria vulgaris (common toadflax) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Litsea glutinosa (Indian laurel) | deliberate |
Yes
| | Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2019 |
| Lonicera confusa | | |
Yes
| |
| Lygodium flexuosum (maidenhair creeper) | It is used for traditional medicinal purposes | |
Yes
| Yadav et al.,
2012 |
| Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | Immigrants bringing it as a medicinal plant |
Yes
| | |
| Malva pusilla (round-leaved mallow) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Malvaviscus arboreus (wax mallow) | Used in traditional medicine – medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim,
2014 |
| Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Marrubium vulgare (horehound) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Martynia annua (tiger's claw) | Widely used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kenwat et al.,
2013 |
| Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | Used as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2017 |
| Merremia tuberosa (woodrose) | Roots are used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mansur,
2001 |
| Mesosphaerum pectinatum (comb bushmint) | Deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mimosa casta (graceful mimosa) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | With ethnobotanical uses. | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Momordica balsamina (common balsam apple) | Deliberate | |
Yes
| Singh,
2017 |
| Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | Stems used in traditional Asian and African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Monochoria hastata (hastate-leaved pondweed) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants,
2019 |
| Morella faya (firetree) | |
Yes
| | |
| Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | Widely used for medicinal purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | Commercial and ethnobotanical uses |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2017 |
| Morus nigra (black mulberry) | | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al.,
2001; Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) | | |
Yes
| Duke,
1981; Flora of Pakistan,
2014; Fox,
1952 |
| Mussaenda erythrophylla (red flag bush) | Used in traditional African medicine | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Nelsonia canescens (blue pussyleaf) | Used in African traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Nephrolepis hirsutula (sword fern) | Ethnobotanical use reported | |
Yes
| Whistler,
1990 |
| Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco) | Used in ethnobotany in India | |
Yes
| Rothe,
2011; Singh et al.,
2014 |
| Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | Used in traditional medicine, especially in the Americas and Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | Several uses in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life,
2017; Useful Tropical Plants,
2017 |
| Nymphaea lotus (white Egyptian lotus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) | Extensively used in traditional African and Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2018 |
| Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Patel et al.,
2014 |
| Oldenlandia lancifolia (calycose mille graines) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Burkill,
1985 |
| Parmentiera aculeata (cucumber tree) | Used medicinally | |
Yes
| Morales-Sánchez et al.,
2015 |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | Local ethnobotanical uses | |
Yes
| Joshi et al.,
2016 |
| Paspalum conjugatum (buffalo grass) | Used as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manidool,
1992 |
| Pelargonium odoratissimum (apple geranium) | Known to have traditional medicinal use | |
Yes
| PFAF,
2014 |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species known to be used for local traditional medicine | |
Yes
| SANBI,
2004; USDA-ARS,
2015; Wiersema and Leon,
2013 |
| Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Used for traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants,
2019 |
| Plantago asiatica mosaic virus | Detected in first greenhouse-grown, and then field-grown, plants of R. glutinosa in Korea | |
Yes
| Kwak et al.,
2018; Kwon et al.,
2017 |
| Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian borage) | Used medicinally in Africa, Asia, Pacific and Americas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al.,
2001; Roux,
2003; USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus) | | |
Yes
| Duke,
2002; USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush) | Used medicinally and available in herbal shops | |
Yes
| Francis,
2004; Hodges and Bennett,
2006 |
| Portulaca quadrifida (chickenweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke,
2008 |
| Prunella vulgaris (self-heal) | Used by herbalists for medicines in Europe and China. Also used as an anti-cancer drug in China |
Yes
|
Yes
| WCSP,
2016 |
| Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Used in traditional Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Rauvolfia caffra (quinine tree ) | Widely used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weidema,
2006 |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rubus rosifolius (roseleaf raspberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2010 |
| Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Used for traditional medicinal purposes | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Salvia occidentalis (West Indian sage) | | |
Yes
| Jaime-Vasconcelos et al.,
2011 |
| Sansevieria hyacinthoides (African bowstring hemp) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Sansevieria trifasciata (mother-in-law’s tongue) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Sunilson et al.,
2009 |
| Scaevola taccada (beach naupaka) | Asian traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Sechium edule (chayote) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2018 |
| Securigera varia (crown vetch) | Used for traditional medicinal uses in some countries | |
Yes
| PFAF,
2016 |
| Senna alata (candle bush) | Used for medicinal purposes in many of the countries where it occurs. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Senna bacillaris (whitebark senna) | Species is used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke and Vasquez,
1994; ILDIS,
2014; Toruan-Purba,
1999 |
| Senna hirsuta (hairy senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Senna multijuga (November shower) | One of the Senna species locally used for traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua,
2014; Hanelt et al.,
2001; PIER,
2014 |
| Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | Traded for the seeds and medicinal purposes between Africa and Europe |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Senna septemtrionalis (smooth senna) | Species is used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al.,
2001; Wagner et al.,
2014 |
| Senna surattensis (golden senna) | Leaves, flowers, roots and bark of the plant are reportedly used locally for traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al.,
2001; Little and Skolmen,
1989; Motooka et al.,
2003; Sosef and Maesen,
1997 |
| Sesbania sesban (sesban) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Usman et al.,
2013 |
| Sida acuta (sida) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Karou et al.,
2007; Waterhouse and Norris,
1987 |
| Sida linifolia (flaxleaf fanpetals) | Various traditional medicinal uses are reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Sisymbrium irio | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chopra et al.,
1956; PFAF,
2013 |
| Solanum erianthum (potato tree) | Used in local folk medicine, especially in South-east Asia and Asia-Pacific | |
Yes
| Modise and Mogotsi,
2008; Wiart,
2006 |
| Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Used in traditional medicine in tropical areas including Southeast Asia-Pacific and Central America | |
Yes
| Lim,
2013 |
| Solidago nemoralis (grey goldenrod) | hypothetical |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sonchus asper (spiny sow-thistle) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) | Planted for use in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Spermacoce verticillata (shrubby false buttonwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sterculia apetala (Panama tree) | Ethnobotanical purposes | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants,
2017 |
| Syzygium grande (sea apple) | Seeds, fruit, and bark are used in local traditional medicine | |
Yes
| National University of Singapore,
2015; Rahman,
1977 |
| Syzygium malaccense (Malay apple) | | |
Yes
| Duke,
2015; Morton,
1987; Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Tabebuia rosea (pink poui) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Fruits and leaves |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Tibouchina urvilleana (princessflower) | | |
Yes
| Yoshida et al.,
1986 |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) | | |
Yes
| Kuo and Chen,
1997 |
| Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) | Fruits and wax used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aggarwal,
2001 |
| Tradescantia spathacea (boat lily) | Used in traditional medicine in Mexico and South East Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rosales-Reyes et al.,
2008 |
| Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Triplaris americana (ant tree) | Traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Grandtner and Chevrette,
2013 |
| Triumfetta rhomboidea (diamond burbark) | Used in traditional African and Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara,
2001 |
| Turnera ulmifolia (West Indian holly) | Cultivated as a medicinal herb for its leaves |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Urena lobata (caesar weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Urena sinuata (bur mallow) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ong,
2001 |
| Urochloa reptans (sprawling signalgrass) | Roots used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gupta,
2013 |
| Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF,
2015 |
| Vachellia macracantha (porknut) | used in traditional Mexican medicine | |
Yes
| Seigler and Ebinger,
1988 |
| Verbascum thapsus (common mullein) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gross and Werner,
1978 |
| Vigna marina (beach bean) | Several medicinal uses are documented in Micronesia and elsewhere in the Pacific |
Yes
|
Yes
| NYBG,
2016 |
| Viguiera dentata (sunflower goldeneye) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Xanthosoma sagittifolium (elephant ear) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Youngia japonica (oriental false hawksbeard) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants,
2018 |
| Zeuxine strateumatica (soldier’s orchid) | Ethnobotanical uses reported | |
Yes
| Shibu et al.,
2013; Philippine Alternative Medicine,
2018 |
| Zingiber capitatum (wild ginger) | | |
Yes
| Joshi,
2011 |
| Zingiber montanum (cassumunar ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chirangini and Sharma,
2005; Ravindran and Babu,
2005; Wolff et al.,
1999 |
| Zingiber zerumbet (shampoo ginger) | Cultivated in tropical regions worldwide for culinary and medicinal use |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong,
2005 |
| Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ's thorn jujube) | Traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Neuwinger,
2000 |
