| Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Abrus precatorius (rosary pea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al. (2003); Padua et al. (1999); Weber (2003) |
| Abutilon hirtum (Indian mallow) | Various medicinal uses reported. | |
Yes
| Achigan-Dako (2010) |
| Abutilon indicum (country mallow) | Used for traditional medicine in various countries | |
Yes
| Pandikumar et al. (2011); Rout et al. (2009) |
| Acacia angustissima (prairie acacia) | Used in Mexico for traditional medicinal purposes. | |
Yes
| Berlin and Berlin (1996) |
| Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | Used in ethnobotany in Australia. | |
Yes
| Contu (2012) |
| Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | Long history of various medicinal uses; cultivated and introduced for medicinal uses |
Yes
|
Yes
| Applequist and Moerman (2011); Mitich (1990) |
| Achyranthes aspera (devil's horsewhip) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Girach et al. (1992) |
| Aeginetia indica (forest ghost flower) | The species is used for traditional medicinal purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lemmens (2003) |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Leaves and sap used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Agave fourcroydes (henequen) | Leaves and roots sometimes used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fern (2014) |
| Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| FAO (2012) |
| Agdestis clematidea (rockroot) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Abreu et al. (2008) |
| Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed) | Used in ethnobotany over its range |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, deliberate |
Yes
| | Feret (1985) |
| Albizia adinocephala (cream albizia) | |
Yes
| | Ovenden et al. (2002) |
| Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | Leaves and seeds are used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Albizia niopoides (silk tree) | Roots and bark used in traditional medicine in South America |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vozzo (2002) |
| Albizia procera (white siris) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Allamanda cathartica (yellow allamanda) | Leaves and roots are used in traditional herbal medicine as a purgative |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier (1990) |
| Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) | Used in traditional Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
| Aloe vera (true aloe) | One of the oldest known medicinal herbs |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) | Popular medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hurrell (2018) |
| Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Alternanthera bettzickiana (calico plant) | Used locally to treat various ailments. | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2016) |
| Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | Species is used in Ayurveda and SE Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Duke (1981); Hanelt et al. (2001); Quattrocchi (2012) |
| Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | Imported into North America as medicinal herb |
Yes
| | Mosley (2014) |
| Amaranthus cruentus (red amaranth) | Amaranth oil is a powerful antioxidant used as a dietary supplement for diabetes and those suffering from hypertension and metabolic disorders |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pal and Khoshoo (1974); Teutonico and Knorr (1985) |
| Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ambrosia peruviana (Peruvian ragweed) | Often used as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lans (2007) |
| Ambrosia trifida (giant ragweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Anethum graveolens (dill) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jana and Shekhawat (2010) |
| Angiopteris evecta (king fern) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Shil and Choudhury (2009) |
| Annona reticulata (bullock's heart) | Plant parts known to have folkloric medicinal uses | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Jansen et al. (1991); UK Natural History Museum (2014) |
| Anredera vesicaria (Texas madeira vine) | Used for traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ankli et al. (1999); Burgos (2014); Cruz Frías et al. (2016) |
| Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aristolochia elegans (elegant Dutchman’s pipe) | | |
Yes
| Duke (2015); Hance (1873); USDA-ARS (2015) |
| Aristolochia ringens (Dutchman’s pipe) | | |
Yes
| Duke (2015); Hance (1873); USDA-ARS (2015) |
| Aronia x prunifolia | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha) | With some local ethnobotanical and veterinary uses. | |
Yes
| Hermann (1997) |
| Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) | Used in traditional medicine in the Pacific and Caribbean |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ragone (2006) |
| Asparagus falcatus (sicklethorn) | Ethnobotanical uses reported | |
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Atriplex argentea (silverscale saltbush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi) | Used for a variety of traditional uses in local medicine | |
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009); Quisumbing (1951); Samson (1991) |
| Bacopa monnieri (water hyssop) | Widely commercialized as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2017) |
| Balanites aegyptiaca (simple-thorned torchwood) | Used in traditional African medicine | |
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) | Traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
| Barleria cristata (Philippine violet) | Cultivated as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015) |
| Barleria lupulina (hophead Philippine violet) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity Portal (2016) |
| Barleria prionitis (porcupine flower) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity Portal (2016) |
| Basella alba (malabar spinach) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Bauhinia tomentosa (yellow bauhinia) | Used in Asian and African traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009); PROTA (2015) |
| Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | Bark is used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Begonia nelumbiifolia (lilypad begonia) | In its native range in Mexico | |
Yes
| Alonso-Castro et al. (2012) |
| Bidens frondosa (beggarticks) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2014); Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora (2014) |
| Bidens pilosa (blackjack) | Extensively used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Bixa orellana (annatto) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Blighia sapida (akee apple) | Used medicinally |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2019) |
| Bocconia frutescens (plume poppy) | Used and cultivated within native range for a variety of medicinal purposes | |
Yes
| Duke (2008) |
| Boerhavia coccinea (scarlet spiderling) | Used in traditional medicine in Africa, Mexico, South America and India. | |
Yes
| Filipov (1994); Osuna et al. (2005); Ramabhimaiah et al. (1984); Struwig and Siebert (2013) |
| Boerhavia diffusa (red spiderling) | Plant parts used medicinally in Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015) |
| Bontia daphnoides (white alling) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Wong (1976); Liogier (1990); Lans (2006) |
| Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea) | Potential pharmaceutical applications |
Yes
|
Yes
| Xu et al. (2009) |
| Brassica juncea (mustard) | | |
Yes
| Canadian Food Inspection Agency (2008) |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Some ethnobotanical uses |
Yes
|
Yes
| India Biodiversity Portal (2018) |
| Breynia disticha (snowbush) | Ethnobotanical uses are reported | |
Yes
| Okokon et al. (2015) (2017) |
| Brugmansia candida (angel's trumpet) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alvarez (2008) |
| Brugmansia suaveolens (white angel's trumpet) | | |
Yes
| |
| Buddleja asiatica (dog tail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Plants for a Future (2013) |
| Caladium bicolor (heart of Jesus) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| DeFilipps et al. (2004) |
| Callisia fragrans (basketplant) | Cultivated in Russia |
Yes
| | Schvoong (2012) |
| Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) | Traded locally for use in medicine; species grown commercially for essential oils which are used in perfume and traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) | | |
Yes
| Olowokudejo et al. (2008) |
| Canavalia gladiata (sword bean) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2019) |
| Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Basu and De (2003); FAO EcoCrop (2014) |
| Cardamine flexuosa (wavy bittercress) | Leaves and stems used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China (2019) |
| Cardiospermum halicacabum (balloon vine) | Medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gildenhuys et al. (2013) |
| Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1983); Griffith (1847) |
| Cassia grandis (pink shower) | Used extensively for local medicine in Latin America and Asia | |
Yes
| Duke et al. (2009); Toruan-Purba (1999) |
| Cassia javanica (pink shower) | Used in traditional Malesian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Toruan-Purba (1999) |
| Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | Widely used as a medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nelson (2008) |
| Cavanillesia platanifolia (cuipo) | Latex and seeds used for medicinal purposes | |
Yes
| Hyde (1925); EcuRed (2019) |
| Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ceratopteris thalictroides (watersprite) | Ethnobotanical uses reported for the species | |
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species is reportedly used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001) |
| Channa micropeltes (giant snakehead) | In Indonesia and Malaysia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ng and Lim (1990); Lee and Ng (1991); Courtenay and Williams (2004) |
| Cheilocostus speciosus (crepe ginger ) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015) |
| Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) | Roots, oil and leaves used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gnansounou et al. (2017) |
| Cinchona pubescens (quinine tree) | Saint Helena, Hawaii, Galapagos Islands, French Polynesia |
Yes
| | Cronk and Fuller (1995); Meyer (2004); Starr et al. (2003); Tye (2001); Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Cissus quadrangularis (treebine) | Extensively used in traditional African and Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Cissus verticillata (possum grape vine) | Roots used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Clematis terniflora (sweet autumn clematis) | Used in traditional Chinese medicine and sold in Chinese and Korean markets | |
Yes
| Han et al. (2013); Liu et al. (2015) |
| Cleome rutidosperma (fringed spiderflower) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
| Clerodendrum bungei (rose glorybower) | Used for traditional medicine in China | |
Yes
| Duke (2014) |
| Clerodendrum chinense (Chinese glory bower) | Use in traditional Chinese medicine | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2012) |
| Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | Used in traditional medicine in Asia | |
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum lindleyi (clerodendrum) | Medicinal plant in China |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2020) |
| Clerodendrum paniculatum (pagoda flower) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2020) |
| Clerodendrum wallichii (Wallich's glorybower) | Used in traditional medicine in India | |
Yes
| Deori et al. (2013) |
| Clitoria ternatea (butterfly-pea) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gomez and Kalamani (2003) |
| Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya) | Used for traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2019) |
| Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's-tears) | Used in traditional medicine in Asia, often cultivated for medicinal purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jain and Banerjee (1974); van den Bergh and Iamsupasit (1996) |
| Colubrina asiatica (latherleaf) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2005) |
| Combretum indicum (Rangoon creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aguilar (1999); Hanelt et al. (2001); USDA-ARS (2015) |
| Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Copaifera officinalis (copaiba balsam) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Cordia obliqua (clammy cherry) | Fruits are used in traditional Indian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parmar and Kaushal (1982) |
| Cordyline fruticosa (ti plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cornu aspersum (common garden snail) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Used in China and Brazil in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Botsaris (2007) |
| Crescentia cujete (calabash tree) | Used in traditional medicine throughout its range |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | Leaves and flowers used in medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nuhu et al. (2009) |
| Cucumis anguria (West Indian gherkin) | Fruits and leaves used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Cucumis dipsaceus (hedgehog gourd) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2017) |
| Cuphea carthagenensis (Colombian waxweed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cuscuta japonica (Japanese dodder) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tidwell (2008) |
| Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Used in African traditional herb medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
| Cyathula prostrata (pasture weed) | Widely used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ibrahim et al. (2012) |
| Cyclosorus parasiticus (parasitic maiden fern) | Presumed cause. Medicinal uses known -- see text |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oyen (1999) |
| Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) | |
Yes
| | Floridata (2014) |
| Cymbopogon schoenanthus (camel grass) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2019) |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Datura metel (Hindu datura) | Widely used in traditional medicine, particularly in Asia | |
Yes
| Ratsch (1998); USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Derris elliptica (tuba root) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Digitaria eriantha (pangola grass) | Some ethnobotanical uses in Africa. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato) | Cultivated to manufacture steroidal hormones |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hammer (1998) |
| Dioscorea cayenensis (Guinea yam) | ethnobotanical uses in Africa | |
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Diplazium esculentum (vegetable fern) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Dombeya wallichii (pink ball) | A stomach medicine in Thailand | |
Yes
| Anderson (1986) |
| Dracaena fragrans (corn plant) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | This species is used worldwide as a vermifuge, analgesic, antiashmatic, and antifungal agent |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
| Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | | |
Yes
| Bagi and Böszörményi (2008) |
| Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2016) |
| Elephantopus mollis (elephant's foot) | Assumed |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Used in traditional African medicine | |
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Emilia fosbergii (Florida tassel-flower) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gargiullo et al. (2008) |
| Emilia sonchifolia (red tasselflower) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China (2018) |
| Epiphyllum oxypetalum (dutchman's-pipe cactus) | Used in traditional medicine and homeopathy |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2014) |
| Epipremnum pinnatum (centipede tongavine) | Traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chen and Turner (1998) |
| Erechtites hieraciifolius (American burnweed) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Darbyshire et al. (2012) |
| Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) | Plants used in traditional medicine mainly in Asia | |
Yes
| Jackie et al. (2011) |
| Euphorbia milii (crown-of-thorns) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2020) |
| Euphorbia neriifolia (Indian spurge tree) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Used in traditional African and Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Euphorbia umbellata (African milk bush) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Luz et al. (2016); PROTA (2017) |
| Ficus benghalensis (banyan) | Bark, seeds and leaves are used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rojo et al. (1999) |
| Ficus carica (common fig) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Quattrocchi (2012); Rojo et al. (1999); USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) | Used in traditional medicine in such places as Pakistan | |
Yes
| Mabberly (2008); Starr et al. (2003); USDA-ARS (2014); Whistler (2000) |
| Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | Ethnobotanical uses are reported | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2018) |
| Gaillardia pulchella (Indian blanket) | Used in traditional Native-American medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Turner and Whalen (1975) |
| Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas (2008) |
| Galphimia glauca (goldshower) | Used as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sharma et al. (2012) |
| Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish) | For mosquito control |
Yes
| | |
| Garcinia dulcis (yellow mangosteen) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Glycosmis parviflora (flower axistree) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China (2016) |
| Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Used in traditional Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush) | Medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014) |
| Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth) | |
Yes
| | Flora of Pakistan (2015) |
| Gossypium barbadense (Gallini cotton) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gurib-Fakim (2005) |
| Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Quattrocchi (2012) |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | | |
Yes
| |
| Heliocarpus donnellsmithii (majagua) | Used in traditional Mexican medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook (2016) |
| Heliotropium curassavicum (salt heliotrope) | Used as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2018) |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Tested for medicinal/veterinary use but is not clear whether and on what scale it was ever used |
Yes
| | Gadzhiev and Eminov (1986); Kedzia et al. (1996); Kostecka-Madalska (1962); Kostecka-Madalska and Bankowski (1963); Lipnitskij (1996); Mägi and Sahk (2003); Tkachenko (2006); Wolski et al. (1996) |
| Heterotis rotundifolia (pink lady) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Abere et al. (2010) |
| Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe) | Used in traditional Caribbean medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weaver and Francis (1989) |
| Holmskioldia sanguinea (Chinese hat plant) | | |
Yes
| Quattrocchi (2012) |
| Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) | important in traditional and conventional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| NCBI (2015) |
| Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) |
| Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | Traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara (2001) |
| Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Used as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christenhusz (2009) |
| Indigofera suffruticosa (Anil indigo) | |
Yes
| | |
| Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) | Tradtitional medicines | |
Yes
| Duke (1981) |
| Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | Traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| ILDIS (2014) |
| Inula britannica (british yellowhead) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ipomoea cairica (five-fingered morning glory) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2017) |
| Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Used as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Ipomoea nil (white edge morning-glory) | Used as a medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | Ethnobotanical uses reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Ixora casei (giant red ixora) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fosberg et al. (1993) |
| Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2016) |
| Jasminum simplicifolium (Australian wax jasmine) | Ethnobotanical uses reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| O’rourke George (1995); Bharali et al. (2017) |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | Used medicinally by the Hoh and Quileute peoples of Washington state |
Yes
|
Yes
| Reagan (1936) |
| Justicia pectoralis (freshcut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Joseph et al. (1988) |
| Kalanchoe integra (Never die) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sharma et al. (2011) |
| Kigelia africana (sausage tree) | Used medicinally | |
Yes
| Jackson and Beckett (2012); PROTA (2020) |
| Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) | Used in traditional African and Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Launaea intybacea (bitter lettuce) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | Used in traditional Asian and African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Leonurus japonicus (honeyweed) | Used in herbal traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Teo and Pin (2001) |
| Leonurus sibiricus (Siberian motherwort) | Used medicinally where native | |
Yes
| Ridley (1908); Schmidt et al. (2013) |
| Lepidagathis alopecuroidea (pata de gallina) | Local ethnobotanical uses reported in the Lesser Antilles | |
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Lepidium virginicum (Virginian peppercress) | Various medicinal uses are reported. |
Yes
|
Yes
| CONABIO (2016) |
| Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese privet) | Some possible medicinal uses reported | |
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2018); PFAF (2020) |
| Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | | |
Yes
| |
| Linaria vulgaris (common toadflax) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Litsea glutinosa (Indian laurel) | deliberate |
Yes
| | Flora of China Editorial Committee (2019) |
| Lonicera confusa | | |
Yes
| |
| Lygodium flexuosum (maidenhair creeper) | It is used for traditional medicinal purposes | |
Yes
| Yadav et al. (2012) |
| Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | Immigrants bringing it as a medicinal plant |
Yes
| | |
| Malva pusilla (round-leaved mallow) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Malvaviscus arboreus (wax mallow) | Used in traditional medicine – medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2014) |
| Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Marrubium vulgare (horehound) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Martynia annua (tiger's claw) | Widely used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kenwat et al. (2013) |
| Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | Used as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Merremia tuberosa (woodrose) | Roots are used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mansur (2001) |
| Mesosphaerum pectinatum (comb bushmint) | Deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mimosa casta (graceful mimosa) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | With ethnobotanical uses. | |
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Momordica balsamina (common balsam apple) | Deliberate | |
Yes
| Singh (2017) |
| Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | Stems used in traditional Asian and African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Monochoria hastata (hastate-leaved pondweed) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
| Morella faya (firetree) | |
Yes
| | |
| Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | Widely used for medicinal purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | Commercial and ethnobotanical uses |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Morus nigra (black mulberry) | | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) | | |
Yes
| Duke (1981); Flora of Pakistan (2014); Fox (1952) |
| Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine) | Various medicinal uses reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| National Parks Board (2020); PROTA (2020); Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Mussaenda erythrophylla (red flag bush) | Used in traditional African medicine | |
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Nelsonia canescens (blue pussyleaf) | Used in African traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
| Nephrolepis hirsutula (sword fern) | Ethnobotanical use reported | |
Yes
| Whistler (1990) |
| Nerium oleander (oleander) | Various ethnobotanical uses reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco) | Used in ethnobotany in India | |
Yes
| Rothe (2011); Singh et al. (2014) |
| Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | Used in traditional medicine, especially in the Americas and Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | Several uses in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life (2017); Useful Tropical Plants (2017) |
| Nymphaea lotus (white Egyptian lotus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) | Extensively used in traditional African and Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines) | Used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Patel et al. (2014) |
| Oldenlandia lancifolia (calycose mille graines) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Burkill (1985) |
| Pandanus utilis (common screw pine) | Deliberate | |
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Parmentiera aculeata (cucumber tree) | Used medicinally | |
Yes
| Morales-Sánchez et al. (2015) |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | Local ethnobotanical uses | |
Yes
| Joshi et al. (2016) |
| Paspalum conjugatum (buffalo grass) | Used as medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manidool (1992) |
| Pelargonium odoratissimum (apple geranium) | Known to have traditional medicinal use | |
Yes
| PFAF (2014) |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species known to be used for local traditional medicine | |
Yes
| SANBI (2004); USDA-ARS (2015); Wiersema and Leon (2013) |
| Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Used for traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
| Plantago asiatica mosaic virus | Detected in first greenhouse-grown, and then field-grown, plants of R. glutinosa in Korea | |
Yes
| Kwak et al. (2018); Kwon et al. (2017) |
| Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian borage) | Used medicinally in Africa, Asia, Pacific and Americas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Roux (2003); USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus) | | |
Yes
| Duke (2002); USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush) | Used medicinally and available in herbal shops | |
Yes
| Francis (2004); Hodges and Bennett (2006) |
| Plumeria rubra (red frangipani) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Polyscias fruticosa (ming aralia) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2020) |
| Portulaca quadrifida (chickenweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (2008) |
| Prunella vulgaris (self-heal) | Used by herbalists for medicines in Europe and China. Also used as an anti-cancer drug in China |
Yes
|
Yes
| WCSP (2016) |
| Pseudelephantopus spicatus (false elephant’s foot) | |
Yes
| | Ward (1975) |
| Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Used in traditional Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Rauvolfia caffra (quinine tree ) | Widely used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weidema (2006) |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rubus rosifolius (roseleaf raspberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2010) |
| Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Used for traditional medicinal purposes | |
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Salvia occidentalis (West Indian sage) | | |
Yes
| Jaime-Vasconcelos et al. (2011) |
| Sambucus canadensis (American black elderberry) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Stevens (2001) |
| Sansevieria hyacinthoides (African bowstring hemp) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Sansevieria trifasciata (mother-in-law’s tongue) | Used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Sunilson et al. (2009) |
| Scaevola taccada (beach naupaka) | Asian traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Sechium edule (chayote) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Securigera varia (crown vetch) | Used for traditional medicinal uses in some countries | |
Yes
| PFAF (2016) |
| Senna aculeata (senna) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2020) |
| Senna alata (candle bush) | Used for medicinal purposes in many of the countries where it occurs. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Senna bacillaris (whitebark senna) | Species is used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke and Vasquez (1994); ILDIS (2014); Toruan-Purba (1999) |
| Senna hirsuta (hairy senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Senna italica (Senegal senna) | Extensively used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Okeyo and Bosch (2007) |
| Senna multijuga (November shower) | One of the Senna species locally used for traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua (2014); Hanelt et al. (2001); PIER (2014) |
| Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | Traded for the seeds and medicinal purposes between Africa and Europe |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2016) |
| Senna septemtrionalis (smooth senna) | Species is used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Wagner et al. (2014) |
| Senna surattensis (golden senna) | Leaves, flowers, roots and bark of the plant are reportedly used locally for traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); Little and Skolmen (1989); Motooka et al. (2003); Sosef and Maesen (1997) |
| Sesbania sesban (sesban) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Usman et al. (2013) |
| Sida acuta (sida) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Karou et al. (2007); Waterhouse and Norris (1987) |
| Sida linifolia (flaxleaf fanpetals) | Various traditional medicinal uses are reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Sisymbrium irio | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chopra et al. (1956); PFAF (2013) |
| Solanum erianthum (potato tree) | Used in local folk medicine, especially in South-east Asia and Asia-Pacific | |
Yes
| Modise and Mogotsi (2008); Wiart (2006) |
| Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Used in traditional medicine in tropical areas including Southeast Asia-Pacific and Central America | |
Yes
| Lim (2013) |
| Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) | Leaves are used in traditional medicine | |
Yes
| ISSG (2020) |
| Solidago nemoralis (grey goldenrod) | hypothetical |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sonchus asper (spiny sow-thistle) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) | Planted for use in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Spermacoce verticillata (shrubby false buttonwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spirodela polyrrhiza (giant duckweed) | Reported ethnobotanical uses | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2020); Les (2020) |
| Sterculia apetala (Panama tree) | Ethnobotanical purposes | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2017) |
| Syzygium grande (sea apple) | Seeds, fruit, and bark are used in local traditional medicine | |
Yes
| National University of Singapore (2015); Rahman (1977) |
| Syzygium malaccense (Malay apple) | | |
Yes
| Duke (2015); Morton (1987); Quisumbing (1951) |
| Tabebuia rosea (pink poui) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Tamarindus indica (tamarind) | Extensively used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Fruits and leaves |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | Used in traditional African medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
| Tibouchina urvilleana (princessflower) | | |
Yes
| Yoshida et al. (1986) |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) | | |
Yes
| Kuo and Chen (1997) |
| Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) | Fruits and wax used in traditional Asian medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aggarwal (2001) |
| Tradescantia spathacea (boat lily) | Used in traditional medicine in Mexico and South East Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rosales-Reyes et al. (2008) |
| Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Triplaris americana (ant tree) | Traditional medicine | |
Yes
| Grandtner and Chevrette (2013) |
| Triumfetta rhomboidea (diamond burbark) | Used in traditional African and Asian medicine | |
Yes
| Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara (2001) |
| Turnera ulmifolia (West Indian holly) | Cultivated as a medicinal herb for its leaves |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
| Urena lobata (caesar weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Urena sinuata (bur mallow) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ong (2001) |
| Urochloa reptans (sprawling signalgrass) | Roots used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gupta (2013) |
| Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2015) |
| Vachellia macracantha (porknut) | used in traditional Mexican medicine | |
Yes
| Seigler and Ebinger (1988) |
| Verbascum thapsus (common mullein) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gross and Werner (1978) |
| Verbena officinalis (vervain) | Used as a medicinal herb since ancient times |
Yes
|
Yes
| Crackles (1986); PROTA (2020) |
| Vigna marina (beach bean) | Several medicinal uses are documented in Micronesia and elsewhere in the Pacific |
Yes
|
Yes
| NYBG (2016) |
| Viguiera dentata (sunflower goldeneye) | Medicinal herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree) | Extensively used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniele et al. (2005) |
| Vitex parviflora (molave) | Various medicinal uses are reported for the species | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Xanthosoma sagittifolium (elephant ear) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
| Youngia japonica (oriental false hawksbeard) | Used in traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2018) |
| Yucca gigantea (spineless yucca) | Traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Zeuxine strateumatica (soldier’s orchid) | Ethnobotanical uses reported | |
Yes
| Shibu et al. (2013); Philippine Alternative Medicine (2018) |
| Zingiber capitatum (wild ginger) | | |
Yes
| Joshi (2011) |
| Zingiber montanum (cassumunar ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chirangini and Sharma (2005); Ravindran and Babu (2005); Wolff et al. (1999) |
| Zingiber zerumbet (shampoo ginger) | Cultivated in tropical regions worldwide for culinary and medicinal use |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
| Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ's thorn jujube) | Traditional medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| Neuwinger (2000) |
