| Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Cultivated as ornamental for its attractive flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD (2018) |
| Abutilon hirtum (Indian mallow) | Seeds sold over the internet locally and available to be mailed internationally |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | Planted as an ornamental tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | Sold at nurseries; recommended for soil stabilization and screens. | |
Yes
| |
| Acer rufinerve (grey snake-bark maple) | Deliberately raised and planted |
Yes
| | |
| Achatina fulica (giant African land snail) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | Widely cultivated; seed and plants available locally and internationally |
Yes
|
Yes
| Armitage (1992) |
| Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid) | | |
Yes
| |
| Adiantum raddianum (delta maidenhair fern) | deliberate distribution |
Yes
| | Jones (1987) |
| Adonidia merrillii (Christmas palm) | Popular ornamental palm |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2012) |
| Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) | |
Yes
| | |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Agave fourcroydes (henequen) | Cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Badano and Pugnaire (2004) |
| Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rehm and Espig (1991) |
| Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed) | Introduced as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Agrostis capillaris (common bent) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kowarik and Säumel (2007); Ruiz et al. (1990) |
| Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | Widely used in agroforestry systems |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Albizia niopoides (silk tree) | Planted as ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vozzo (2002) |
| Aleurotrachelus atratus (palm-infesting whitefly) | |
Yes
| | |
| Allamanda blanchetii (purple allamanda) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Aloe vera (true aloe) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ibrahim (2001) |
| Alternanthera bettzickiana (calico plant) | Ornamental. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Amaranthus dubius (spleen amaranth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Grubben (2004) |
| Amelanchier lamarckii (snowy mespilus) | | |
Yes
| NOBANIS (2009) |
| Amelanchier spicata (dwarf serviceberry) | | |
Yes
| NOBANIS (2009) |
| Ampelopsis arborea (peppervine) | Plants and seeds sold at nurseries. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Amynthas agrestis (crazy worm) | Movement with soil or other organic material accompanying plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gates (1958; 1966); Tandy (1969) |
| Angiopteris evecta (king fern) | Cultivated worldwide as an ornamental fern |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christenhusz and Toivonen (2008) |
| Anolis aeneus (bronze anole) | On plants |
Yes
| | White et al. (2011) |
| Anolis cristatellus (Puerto Rican crested anole) | In ornamental flowers |
Yes
| | Perry et al. (2006); Yokoyama (2012) |
| Anolis extremus (Barbados anole) | Possible for Florida, USA introduction |
Yes
| | Bartlett and Bartlett (1998) |
| Anolis trinitatis (St Vincent bush anole) | On breadfruit trees |
Yes
| | Lazell (1972) |
| Anolis wattsi (Watts' anole) | Probably on pineapple plants imported into Trinidad & Tobago |
Yes
| | White and Hailey (2006) |
| Anoplophora chinensis (black and white citrus longhorn) | Accidentally spread with woody plants for planting being shipped with eggs or larvae within infested hosts. Dozens of interceptions in Europe since 1980. Haack et al. (2010) EFSA (2019) Hérard and Maspero (2019). |
Yes
| | Haack et al. (2010); EFSA (2019); Hérard and Maspero (2019) |
| Anredera vesicaria (Texas madeira vine) | Grown as an ornamental for its showy and fragrant inflorescences |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2019) |
| Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | Used as an ornamental. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Argemone ochroleuca (pale Mexican pricklypoppy) | |
Yes
| | BioNet-EAFRINET (2011) |
| Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes (2009) |
| Arion vulgaris (Spanish slug) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rabitsch (2006); Weidema (2006) |
| Armillaria limonea | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Armillaria novae-zelandiae | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aronia x prunifolia | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Arthurdendyus triangulatus (New Zealand flatworm) | Movement of containerised plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Blackshaw (1992); Cannon et al. (1999); Dynes et al. (2001); Willis and Edwards (1977) |
| Arundo donax (giant reed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dudley (2000) |
| Asclepias curassavica (bloodflower) | Unknown |
Yes
| | Batianoff and Butler (2002) |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | As an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brookes and Barley (1992); Mulvaney (1991) |
| Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern) | As an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Asparagus falcatus (sicklethorn) | Used as an ornamental worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Aulacaspis yasumatsui (cycad aulacaspis scale) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (cane cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia subulata (Eve’s needle cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Bactericera cockerelli (tomato/potato psyllid) | |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bactrocera zonata (peach fruit fly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bambusa longispiculata (mahal bamboo) | Planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Bambusa tuldoides (punting pole bamboo) | Planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) | Extensively cultivated |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dransfield and Widjaja (1995) |
| Basella alba (malabar spinach) | Red varieties popular in gardening |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Begonia nelumbiifolia (lilypad begonia) | Grown as an ornamental |
Yes
| | Dave's Garden (2016) |
| Blighia sapida (akee apple) | Used as an ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2019) |
| Bocconia frutescens (plume poppy) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
| | Riffle (1998) |
| Bombus terrestris (bumble bee) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea) | Popular ornamental. Widely commercialized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Salam et al. (2017) |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Cultivated in home gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life (2018) |
| Breynia disticha (snowbush) | Widely used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2017); Useful Tropical Plants (2017) |
| Briza maxima (large quaking grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bromelia pinguin (wild pineapple) | |
Yes
| | Giroux (2008) |
| Buddleja asiatica (dog tail) | In Hawaii inter-island movement of ornamental plants has been blamed for the movement of B. asiatica |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja madagascariensis (smokebush) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Caesalpinia violacea (brasiletto) | Planted in agroforestry schemes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chemas and Rico-Gray (1991) |
| Caladium bicolor (heart of Jesus) | Very valuable in the horticulture trade for its colorful and variably-shaped leaves |
Yes
|
Yes
| Deng (2012) |
| Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Buxus blight) | Infected nursery stock/propagating material |
Yes
|
Yes
| Henricot et al. (2008); Saracchi et al. (2008) |
| Calopogonium caeruleum (jicama) | Widely introduced as cover-crop |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Cameraria ohridella (horsechestnut leafminer) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilbert et al. (2005) |
| Canavalia gladiata (sword bean) | Grown as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
| Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Carpobrotus chilensis (sea fig) | Used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Carpobrotus edulis (hottentot fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cascabela thevetia (yellow oleander) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bosch (2007); Duke (1983); Hanelt et al. (2001) |
| Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | Often commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2015) |
| Cavanillesia platanifolia (cuipo) | As an ornamental in large parks and public gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| IPlantz (2019) |
| Centaurea macrocephala (giant knapweed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cheilocostus speciosus (crepe ginger ) | Widely commercialized as an ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2015) |
| Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Christella dentata (soft fern) | Associated with greenhouse cultivation |
Yes
| | Drummond (1959); Murakami et al. (2007); Strother and Smith (1970); Wagner (1950) |
| Chrysomyxa rhododendri (European Rhododendron rust) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bennell (1985) |
| Ciborinia allii (neck rot of onion) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lacy and Lorbeer (1995) |
| Cinnamomum burmanni (padang cassia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Franck (2012) |
| Cissus quadrangularis (treebine) | Commercialized as an ornamental and medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Cissus verticillata (possum grape vine) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Clematis terniflora (sweet autumn clematis) | Grown as an ornamental and used for landscaping in the USA |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland and Meisenburg (2009); Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2018); Missouri Botanical Garden (2018) |
| Clerodendrum lindleyi (clerodendrum) | Grown as an ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Méndez Santos (2013) |
| Clerodendrum paniculatum (pagoda flower) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2020) |
| Clerodendrum thomsoniae (bleeding glory bower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clover yellow mosaic virus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya) | Used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little et al. (1974) |
| Coccinella septempunctata (seven-spot ladybird) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cocos nucifera (coconut) | Nut kernels are used to feed animals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chan and Elevitch (2006) |
| Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's-tears) | Introduced and cultivated in many countries as a garden plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| De la Sagra (1850) |
| Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Corms, stems and leaves are edible and planted for human consumption |
Yes
|
Yes
| Safo-Kantaka (2004) |
| Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | Used in British Victorian bouquets |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lawton (2007) |
| Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | Europe, Australia |
Yes
| | EPPO (2009); Gardening Australia (2009) |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Cultivated in gardens | |
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000); Randall (2012) |
| Cotoneaster horizontalis (wall-spray) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cotton leaf curl disease complex (leaf curl disease of cotton) | | | | |
| Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (African cotton leaf curl begomovirus) | | | | |
| Cowpea mild mottle virus (angular mosaic of beans) | | | | |
| Crassocephalum crepidioides (redflower ragleaf) | Consumed as a vegetable |
Yes
|
Yes
| Denton (2004) |
| Crassula ovata (jade plant) | It is transported around the world as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mahr (2010) |
| Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) | Hybrid of horticultural origin |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | Used as ground cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
| Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows) | Possible through movement of infected seedlings or fruit for human consumption (rare to very rare, accidental) |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dirr (2009) |
| Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (bacterial wilt of dry beans) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cuscuta campestris (field dodder) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Common weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Cyathea cooperi (australian tree fern) | Spores are carried by wind. The fern is sold in nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jones (1987) |
| Cyclosorus parasiticus (parasitic maiden fern) | Presumed cause. An attractive fern, but also likely to contaminate pots with other plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Murakami et al. (2007) |
| Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth) | Most likely pathway of introduction to Europe |
Yes
| | Leuthardt et al. (2010) |
| Cylindropuntia fulgida (jumping cholla) | Gardeners take cuttings from their friends’ or relatives’ gardens to plant in their own garden | |
Yes
| Novoa et al. (2015) |
| Cylindropuntia rosea (hudson pear) | | |
Yes
| Novoa et al. (2015) |
| Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) | |
Yes
| | Floridata (2014) |
| Cynara cardunculus (cardoon) | Escaped cultivation, grown from seed C. cardunculus reverts to its wild form |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kelly and Pepper (1996) |
| Cynoglossum amabile (Chinese forget-me-not) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2017) |
| Cyperus meyenianus (Meyen's flatsedge) | |
Yes
| | Gardening.eu (2012) |
| Cyrtomium falcatum (Japanese holly fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Dacus ciliatus (lesser pumpkin fly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Deparia petersenii subsp. petersenii (Petersen’s lady fern) | Purchases for outdoor horticulture can result in spore distribution in new and distant regions. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Deroceras invadens (tramp slug) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Deroceras laeve (meadow slug) | |
Yes
| | |
| Desmodium cajanifolium (tropical tick trefoil) | Reported as an ornamental | |
Yes
| Wester (1992) |
| Diaporthe eres (apple leaf, branch and fruit fungus) | Umbel browning and stem necrosis on carrot |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bastide et al. (2017) |
| Dickeya solani (black leg disease of potato) | D. solani has been found on diseased hyacinth bulbs |
Yes
| | Chen et al. (2015); van der Wolf et al. (2014b) |
| Dieffenbachia seguine (dumb cane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Croat (2004) |
| Dimorphotheca sinuata (Cape marigold) | Popular ornamental plant due to attractive flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Diplazium esculentum (vegetable fern) | Used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2020) |
| Discus rotundatus (rotund disc) | |
Yes
| | Robinson (1999) |
| Dolichandra unguis-cati (cat's claw creeper) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Dombeya wallichii (pink ball) | As an ornamental in gardens and urban areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2017) |
| Dracaena fragrans (corn plant) | Widely commercialized as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2019) |
| Dypsis decaryi (triangle palm) | Deliberate |
Yes
| | PIER (2018) |
| East Asian Passiflora virus | | |
Yes
| |
| Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | | |
Yes
| Lenda et al. (2014) |
| Eichhornia paniculata (Brazilian water hyacinth) | Water gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hériteau and Thomas (1994) |
| Eleutherodactylus planirostris (greenhouse frog) | Frequently moved unintentionally in nursery plants and construction materials |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christy et al. (2007); Kraus (2009) |
| Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Emilia sonchifolia (red tasselflower) | Sometimes planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2018) |
| Epidendrum radicans (crucifix orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2020) |
| Epiphyas postvittana (light brown apple moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Epiphyllum oxypetalum (dutchman's-pipe cactus) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2014) |
| Eranthemum pulchellum (blue-sage) | Deliberate |
Yes
| | PIER (2019) |
| Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hind (2012) |
| Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) | Ornamental/ shade tree/ edible fruit |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Erwinia amylovora (fireblight) | The movement of fire blight in the USA seems to have followed the introduction of apple and pear pro |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bonn and Zwet (2000) |
| Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum) | grown as an ornamental foliage crop | |
Yes
| |
| Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Cultivars are sold at numerous retail nurseries in many countries as well as online |
Yes
|
Yes
| Amazon (2013); ISSG (2013) |
| Euonymus japonicus (Japanese spindle tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia hypericifolia (graceful spurge) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia lactea (mottled spurge) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Euphorbia leucocephala (white Christmas bush) | Commercialized as garden ornamental and potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Steinmann (2014); Burger and Huft (1995) |
| Euphorbia milii (crown-of-thorns) | Popular ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Euphorbia neriifolia (Indian spurge tree) | Widely used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Widely planted for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | varieties still for sale |
Yes
| | |
| Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) | Originally but not anymore | |
Yes
| |
| Ferrisia virgata (striped mealybug) | Accidental introduction on plants, and also on machinery, tools and workers |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) | Widely sold and used as lawn seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gibson and Newman (2001) |
| Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) | Has been introduced and cultivated beyond its native range for use as an ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001); PIER (2014); Randall (2012); USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Britton (1918); Floridata (2014); Hooker (1882) |
| Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2014); Starr et al. (2003) |
| Fimbristylis cymosa (tropical fimbry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Flacourtia indica (governor's plum) | Though not common in Hawaii today, governor's-plum has been planted as a barrier hedge and fruit tre |
Yes
| | PIER (2014) |
| Forficula auricularia (European earwig) | accidental; nymphs and adults |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips) | Inadvertently transported in infested plant material. Commonly intercepted on transported plant mate |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nickle (2003); Vierbergen (1995) |
| Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | Weed in gardens and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas (2008) |
| Galphimia glauca (goldshower) | Cultivated and commercialized as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Floridata (2015) |
| Galphimia gracilis (goldshower) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Anderson (2007) |
| Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Often planted as shade tree in cacao and coffee plantations |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Gossypium barbadense (Gallini cotton) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2017) |
| Gunnera tinctoria (giant rhubarb) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Williams et al. (2005) |
| Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird) | Intercepted in Norway on horticultural plants from the Netherlands |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brown et al. (2008a) |
| Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Branney (2005); Dave's Garden (2014) |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Helenium amarum (bitterweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Helianthus debilis (beach sunflower) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman and Park-Brown (1999) |
| Hemigraphis alternata (red ivy) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Occasionally cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce (2006) |
| Hop stunt viroid (hop stunt viroid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hadidi et al. (2003) |
| Humulus scandens (Japanese hop) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | |
Yes
|
Yes
| CWS (2003) |
| Hygrophila polysperma (Indian swampweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| FNW Disseminules (2007) |
| Hylocereus undatus (dragon fruit) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) | Grown worldwide as a medicinal plant and sometimes as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | Widely commercialized as an ornamental and potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara (2001) |
| Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | |
Yes
| | Beerling and Perrins (1993) |
| Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Extensively cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Adamowski (2008) |
| Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | Planted as forage and groundcover plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
| Ipomoea alba (white moonflower ) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Ipomoea cairica (five-fingered morning glory) | Grown as a garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory) | Often cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Ipomoea hederifolia (scarlet-creeper ) | Often cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Ipomoea nil (white edge morning-glory) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Ipomoea quamoclit (cypress vine) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
| Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Jasminum multiflorum (star jasmine) | widely used in horticulture and traded for this purpose |
Yes
|
Yes
| Learn2grow (2016) |
| Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) | Cultivated for its fragrant, white flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Jasminum simplicifolium (Australian wax jasmine) | Occasionally used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2018) |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Jatropha integerrima (peregrina) | It is widely used as an ornamental, mostly in tropical and subtropical areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| HEAR (2017) |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | Accidental contaminant in commercial seed, peat or soil |
Yes
| | Grøstad (2003) |
| Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (flaming katy) | Popular ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kalanchoe Growers (2016) |
| Kalanchoe integra (Never die) | Introduced to various countries as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| New York Botanical Garden (2016) |
| Lachnellula willkommii (European larch canker) | | |
Yes
| Tegethoff (1965) |
| Laelia rubescens (flor de la concepción) | |
Yes
| | García-González and Riverón-Giró (2015) |
| Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS (2005) |
| Lantana camara (lantana) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Branca and Donnini (2011) |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maki and Galatowitsch (2004) |
| Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | |
Yes
| | |
| Leucophyllum frutescens (Texas barometer bush) | Popular ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Liberibacter africanus (African greening) | Deliberately by locals | |
Yes
| |
| Liberibacter asiaticus (Asian greening) | Deliberate by locals | |
Yes
| |
| Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet) | Widely used as ornamental and hedge plants |
Yes
| | Swarbrick et al. (1999) |
| Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maddox et al. (2010) |
| Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) | Widespread hedging plant |
Yes
| | |
| Lilioceris lilii (lily leaf beetle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Limax maximus (leopard slug) | Accidental transport with vegetation, soil, machinery and packaging |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Linaria dalmatica (dalmatian toadflax) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) | Commonly sold 1900s-1980s in US, Europe |
Yes
| | Luken and Thieret (1997) |
| Lonicera morrowii (Morrow’s honeysuckle) | Planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2018); Invasive.org (2018); IPANA (2018); Go Botany (2018) |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Okada et al. (2009) |
| Ludwigia hyssopifolia (water primrose) | Accidental with growing medium – coconut fibre |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ferrer and Laguna (2009) |
| Ludwigia palustris (marsh seedbox) | Aquatic ornamental, aquarium plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2020) |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dandelot et al. (2005) |
| Lumbricus rubellus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lumbricus terrestris | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS (2015) |
| Lygodium flexuosum (maidenhair creeper) | No information available but it could be a possibility as it is reported an ornamental | |
Yes
| Yadav et al. (2012) |
| Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) | |
Yes
| | Ferriter (2001) |
| Lysichiton americanus (American skunk cabbage) | Via sale of artificially propagated rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| EPPO (2006) |
| Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree) | |
Yes
| | USDA (1915) |
| Mahonia aquifolium (Oregongrape) | |
Yes
| | Ross et al. (2009) |
| Mainsia rubi | |
Yes
| | |
| Malvaviscus penduliflorus (Turk's cap mallow) | Garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Mangifera indica (mango) | Often interplanted with other fruits and vegetables |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bally (2006) |
| Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Maranta arundinacea (arrowroot) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2018) |
| Marisa cornuarietis (giant ramshorn) | Associated with aquatic plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Melicoccus bijugatus (Spanish lime) | Planted for fruits |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2003) |
| Melinis repens (natal redtop) | Frequently sold as ornamental in USA and other countries |
Yes
| | Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Meloidogyne enterolobii (Pacara earpod tree root-knot nematode) | rare | |
Yes
| |
| Merremia umbellata (hogvine) | Cultivated in botanic gardens and home gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sunshine Seeds (2016) |
| Miconia calvescens (miconia) | Sold as a garden plant in Tahiti in the early 1980s |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer (1998a) |
| Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | Ornamental use worldwide. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2016) |
| Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | Cultivated for edible fruits |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Monochamus leuconotus (white coffee stem borer) | Very slight risk that eggs may be transported on nursery trees. This should not happen if basic nurs | |
Yes
| |
| Monochoria hastata (hastate-leaved pondweed) | No information available, but possible as it is used occasionally as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
| Monomorium pharaonis (pharaoh ant) | |
Yes
| | |
| Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Accidental introduction, rare pathway |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Moraea (Cape tulip) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Moraea collina (Cape tulip) | |
Yes
| | |
| Moraea miniata (two-leaf Cape-tulip) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2004) |
| Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | Introduced in many countries as an ornamental and fruit tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| NAS (1980) |
| Mussaenda erythrophylla (red flag bush) | Widely commercialized as ornamental. Many cultivars and hybrids have been developed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ogbu (2011) |
| Mussaenda philippica (Queen of Philippines) | Widely commercialized as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alejandro et al. (2016) |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Nandina domestica (Nandina) | Nandina is widely grown and sold in horticultural industry |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wirth et al. (2004) |
| Neolecanium cornuparvum (magnolia scale) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Nephrolepis brownii (Asian swordfern) | |
Yes
| | Nauman (1981) |
| Nesticella mogera (cave-dwelling spider) | |
Yes
| | Rozwalka et al. (2013) |
| Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | Used as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2017) |
| Noronhia emarginata (Madagascar olive) | Deliberate |
Yes
| | PIER (2018) |
| Nymphoides peltata (yellow floating-heart) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS (2005) |
| Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) | Ornamental, aromatic, culinary plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Odontonema callistachyum (purple firespike) | Commonly cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel (1995) |
| Odontonema cuspidatum (Cardinal’s guard) | Commonly cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel (1995) |
| Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (wild olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Onopordum acaulon (horse thistle) | |
Yes
| | |
| Onopordum illyricum (Illyrian thistle) | |
Yes
| | |
| Opogona sacchari (banana moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Opuntia aurantiaca (jointed cactus) | Ornamental trade |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Osteopilus septentrionalis (Cuban treefrog) | Transported with ornamental plants and palm trees |
Yes
|
Yes
| Johnson (2017) |
| Oxalis corniculata (creeping woodsorrel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Oxychilus alliarius (garlic snail) | |
Yes
| | USDA (1964) |
| Pachira aquatica (pachira nut) | Cultivated as an outdoor and indoor plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duff (2012) |
| Pachira insignis (wild chestnut) | Cultivated as an ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
| Paederia foetida (skunkvine) | Infests nursery stock |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pemberton and Pratt (2002) |
| Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug) | Long distance and local trade in infested ornamental plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Macharia et al. (2017) |
| Paratrechina longicornis (crazy ant) | |
Yes
| | |
| Parmentiera aculeata (cucumber tree) | Grown as an ornamental and useful tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little et al. (1974) |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Baiwa et al. (2016) |
| Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | | |
Yes
| Gardening.eu (2012) |
| Passiflora edulis (passionfruit) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Akamine et al. (1974); Martin and Nakasone (1970) |
| Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla) | This is the major reason for the deliberate dispersal of the plant by people |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Passiflora suberosa (corkystem passionflower) | Fairly widespread use in the gardening trade |
Yes
| | Amela Garcia (2008); Dave's Garden (2011); Gann et al. (2011); Ulmer and MacDougal (2004) |
| Passion fruit woodiness virus (passionfruit woodiness disease) | Moves in infected Passiflora plant material |
Yes
|
Yes
| Baker et al. (2014) |
| Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pectobacterium parmentieri (black leg disease of potato) | | | | |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species exported from South Africa in 1700s for ornamental cultivation. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller (1996); Walt JJAvan der (1977) |
| Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller (1996); SANBI (2014); Walt JJAvan der (1977) |
| Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass) | As a turf grass |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Ornamental plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Florabase (2012) |
| Pentas lanceolata (Egyptian starcluster) | Widely cultivated as a garden ornamental and potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
| Persicaria perfoliata (mile-a-minute weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Moul (1948) |
| Persicaria wallichii (Himalayan knotweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Used as an ornamental worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2019); Dave's Garden (2019) |
| Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid) | Propagated as an ornamental in Taiwan |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phenacoccus solenopsis (cotton mealybug) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) | Many ornamental forms developed |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phyllostachys aurea (golden bamboo) | Deliberately selling rhizomes online or promoted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gucker (2009); Rickel (2012) |
| Phyllostachys aureosulcata (yellow groove bamboo) | Promoted as an ornamental |
Yes
| | Rickel (2012); USDA-APHIS (2012) |
| Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry) | Widely dispersed as food crop |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phytophthora austrocedri | P. austrocedri detected in trade nursery plants of several species of Cupressaceae |
Yes
|
Yes
| Henricot et al. (2017) |
| Phytophthora kernoviae | Planting of infected shrubs and trees |
Yes
|
Yes
| EPPO (2013) |
| Phytophthora lateralis (Port-Orford-cedar root disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zobel et al. (1985) |
| Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug) | Accidental introduction on imported plants, transport on workers, tools and machinery |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gerson (2016) |
| Plantago asiatica mosaic virus | Extensive exports from the Netherlands occurred prior to introduction of certification programmes. Still likely to be some infected bulbs in export stocks |
Yes
|
Yes
| Plant Protection Service of the Netherlands (2010) |
| Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root) | Infected plants could be moved long distance |
Yes
| | |
| Plumeria rubra (red frangipani) | More than 40 cultivars and varieties |
Yes
|
Yes
| Criley (2005) |
| Podosphaera spiraeae (Japanese spiraea powdery mildew) | |
Yes
| | |
| Polyscias balfouriana (Balfour aralia) | Cultivated as a landscape ornamental and indoor potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lowry and Plunkett (2010) |
| Polyscias fruticosa (ming aralia) | Ornamental and hedge plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
| Polyscias guilfoylei (geranium aralia) | Popular ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Populus nigra (black poplar) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Portulaca pilosa (kiss-me-quick) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Prunus campanulata (Taiwan cherry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD (2011) |
| Prunus serotina (black cherry) | |
Yes
| | Morton (1987) |
| Pseudocercospora fuligena (black leaf mould) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | On planting stock |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Mexican flamevine) | Ornamental vine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2018) |
| Pseudomonas cichorii (bacterial blight of endive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) | For fruit production |
Yes
| | Samson (1989) |
| Pteris multifida (spider brake) | Used as an ornamental worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| HEAR (2017) |
| Pteris tripartita (giant brake) | Used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora and Fauna Web (2019); PROSEA (2019) |
| Pteris vittata (Chinese ladder brake fern) | As an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2019) |
| Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Ornamental, shade tree, windbreaker |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Pterocarpus macrocarpus (Burma padauk) | Ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) | Widely used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2017) |
| Puccinia buxi | |
Yes
|
Yes
| NAPPO (2006) |
| Puccinia gladioli | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wise et al. (2004) |
| Pueraria phaseoloides (tropical kudzu) | Nitrogen fixing plant used for soil improvement |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Pyracantha coccinea (scarlet firethorn) | Popular ornamental shrub. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2017) |
| Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rhagoletis cingulata (cherry fruit fly) | Infested fruits, can serve as a reservoir from which dispersal can occur |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Downy rose-myrtle) | Deliberate, occasional |
Yes
|
Yes
| Campbell (1977); Staples and Herbst (2005) |
| Rhus typhina (staghorn sumac) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rivina humilis (bloodberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | |
Yes
| | Weidema (2006) |
| Rubus argutus (sawtooth blackberry) | Historically transported for horticulture (not currently) |
Yes
| | Medel and Vargas (1981); Neal (1965); Smith (1985); Webb et al. (1988) |
| Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry) | First introductions were for horticultural purposes |
Yes
| | Ceska (1999) |
| Rubus buergeri | Deliberate | |
Yes
| Useful Temperate Plants (2019) |
| Rubus parviflorus (thimbleberry) | First introductions for horticulture purposes |
Yes
| | Biological Records Centre (2015) |
| Ruellia simplex (Mexican petunia) | Grown as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hupp et al. (2013) |
| Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Sold as an ornamental at internet sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Saccharum ravennae (ravenna grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sagittaria latifolia (broadleaf arrowhead) | | |
Yes
| DAISIE (2009); NOBANIS (2009) |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2009) |
| Sambucus canadensis (American black elderberry) | Cultivated for its fruits and as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Charlebois et al. (2010) |
| Schizolobium parahyba (Brazilian fern tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pacific Horticulture (2016) |
| Securigera varia (crown vetch) | Seeds and plants available for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Minnesota Wildflowers (2016); PFAF (2016) |
| Senna italica (Senegal senna) | Cultivated for its leaves, flowers and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Okeyo and Bosch (2007) |
| Setaria palmifolia (palm grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Silene gallica (common catchfly) | Escape from gardens | |
Yes
| |
| Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Intentionally cultivated as an ornamental or curiosity plant worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| PBI Solanum Project (2014) |
| Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Planted as ornamental. Seeds dispersed by birds. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gallagher et al. (2010) |
| Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PBI Solanum Project (2020) |
| Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant) | Equipment, soil and planting material | |
Yes
| ISSG (2014) |
| Solenopsis richteri (black imported fire ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Green (1967) |
| Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weber and Jakobs (2005) |
| Spartium junceum (Spanish broom) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Spiraea chamaedryfolia (germander meadowsweet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spodoptera eridania (southern armyworm) | Movement of plants, interceptions |
Yes
|
Yes
| Karsholt (1994) |
| Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Stachytarpheta urticifolia (rattail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kuo (2003) |
| Sternochetus mangiferae (mango seed weevil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Stictocardia tiliifolia (spottedheart) | Possible as it is regarded as an ornamental, although not advertised online or nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2019) |
| Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold) | Widely commercialized as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Tamarindus indica (tamarind) | Ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Tapinoma melanocephalum (ghost ant) | Due to the association of T. melanocephalum with pests of horticulture, horticulture must be conside |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fowler et al. (1990) |
| Tecoma capensis (Cape honeysuckle) | Ornamental – showy flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Everett (1982) |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Widely commercialized as ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Terminalia muelleri (Australian almond) | Cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman and Watson (1993) |
| Theba pisana (white garden snail) | | |
Yes
| Hanna (1966) |
| Thelypteris opulenta (jewelled maiden fern) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | Grown on trellises and fences, in hanging baskets and as a ground cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| Whistler (2000) |
| Thunbergia erecta (bush clockvine) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman (1999) |
| Thymophylla tenuiloba (Dahlberg daisy) | Used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2019); Missouri Botanical Garden (2019) |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ng'inja et al. (1998) |
| Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) | Widely commercialized as garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2018) |
| Tomato apical stunt viroid | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (Tomato brown rugose fruit virus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (Tomato New Delhi virus) | Whitefly host switch during harvest and vegetable trade |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (leaf curl) | Whitefly host switch during harvest. | |
Yes
| |
| Trachelospermum jasminoides (star-jasmine) | Ornamental and ground cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hummel and Kiviat (2004) |
| Trimezia steyermarkii (yellow walking iris) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Turbina corymbosa (Christmas vine) | Cultivated in botanic gardens and home gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Austin (1980); Botanic Garden Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (2016) |
| Tuta absoluta (South American tomato pinworm) | South America, Europe, Africa and Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sylla et al. (2017); Campos et al. (2017) |
| Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2010) |
| Verbascum thapsus (common mullein) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gross and Werner (1978) |
| Verbena rigida (stiff verbena) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Royal Horticultural Society (2015) |
| Vespa velutina (Asian hornet) | |
Yes
| | |
| Vitex rotundifolia (beach vitex) | Salt tolerant, low growing, attractive. Previously recommended to beachfront residents for planting | |
Yes
| Cousins et al. (2010a); Gresham (2015) |
| Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria) | Popular ornamental plant | |
Yes
| Trusty et al. (2007a) |
| Xanthomonas citri (citrus canker) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthosoma sagittifolium (elephant ear) | Tubers are consumed by humans |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manner (2011) |
| Youngia japonica (oriental false hawksbeard) | Sometimes planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Loewenstein and Loewenstein (2005) |
| Yucca aloifolia (Spanish bayonet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith et al. (2012) |
| Zachrysia provisoria (Cuban brown snail) | Occasional, accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Robinson and Fields (2004) |
| Zingiber capitatum (wild ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| GBIF (2016) |
| Zinnia peruviana (Peruvian zinnia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube) | |
Yes
| | Azam-Ali et al. (2006) |
| Zophopetes dysmephila (palm tree nightfighter) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Claassens and Dickson (1986) |
