| Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Cultivated as ornamental for its attractive flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Abutilon hirtum (Indian mallow) | Seeds sold over the internet locally and available to be mailed internationally |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | Planted as an ornamental tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | Sold at nurseries; recommended for soil stabilization and screens. | |
Yes
| |
| Acer rufinerve (grey snake-bark maple) | Deliberately raised and planted |
Yes
| | |
| Achatina fulica (giant African land snail) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | Widely cultivated; seed and plants available locally and internationally |
Yes
|
Yes
| Armitage,
1992 |
| Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid) | | |
Yes
| |
| Adiantum raddianum (delta maidenhair fern) | deliberate distribution |
Yes
| | Jones,
1987 |
| Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) | |
Yes
| | |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Agave fourcroydes (henequen) | Cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Badano and Pugnaire,
2004 |
| Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rehm and Espig,
1991 |
| Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed) | Introduced as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Agrostis capillaris (common bent) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kowarik and Säumel,
2007; Ruiz et al.,
1990 |
| Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | Widely used in agroforestry systems |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Aleurotrachelus atratus (palm-infesting whitefly) | |
Yes
| | |
| Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2019 |
| Aloe vera (true aloe) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2017 |
| Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ibrahim,
2001 |
| Alternanthera bettzickiana (calico plant) | Ornamental. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Amaranthus dubius (spleen amaranth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Grubben,
2004 |
| Amelanchier lamarckii (snowy mespilus) | | |
Yes
| NOBANIS,
2009 |
| Amelanchier spicata (dwarf serviceberry) | | |
Yes
| NOBANIS,
2009 |
| Ampelopsis arborea (peppervine) | Plants and seeds sold at nurseries. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Amynthas agrestis (crazy worm) | Movement with soil or other organic material accompanying plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018; Tandy,
1969 |
| Angiopteris evecta (king fern) | Cultivated worldwide as an ornamental fern |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christenhusz and Toivonen,
2008 |
| Anolis aeneus (bronze anole) | On plants |
Yes
| | White et al.,
2011 |
| Anolis cristatellus (Puerto Rican crested anole) | In ornamental flowers |
Yes
| | Perry et al.,
2006; Yokoyama,
2012 |
| Anolis extremus (Barbados anole) | Possible for Florida, USA introduction |
Yes
| | Bartlett and Bartlett,
1998 |
| Anolis trinitatis (St Vincent bush anole) | On breadfruit trees |
Yes
| | Lazell,
1972 |
| Anolis wattsi (Watts' anole) | Probably on pineapple plants imported into Trinidad & Tobago |
Yes
| | White and Hailey,
2006 |
| Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | Used as an ornamental. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Argemone ochroleuca (pale Mexican pricklypoppy) | |
Yes
| | BioNet-EAFRINET,
2011 |
| Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes,
2009 |
| Arion vulgaris (Spanish slug) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rabitsch,
2006; Weidema,
2006 |
| Armillaria limonea | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Armillaria novae-zelandiae | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aronia x prunifolia | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Arthurdendyus triangulatus (New Zealand flatworm) | Movement of containerised plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Blackshaw,
1992; Cannon et al.,
1999; Dynes et al.,
2001; Willis and Edwards,
1977 |
| Arundo donax (giant reed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dudley,
2000 |
| Asclepias curassavica (bloodflower) | Unknown |
Yes
| | Batianoff and Butler,
2002 |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | As an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brookes and Barley,
1992; Mulvaney,
1991 |
| Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern) | As an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Aulacaspis yasumatsui (cycad aulacaspis scale) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (cane cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia subulata (Eve’s needle cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Bactericera cockerelli (tomato/potato psyllid) | |
Yes
| | |
| Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bactrocera zonata (peach fruit fly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) | Extensively cultivated |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dransfield and Widjaja,
1995 |
| Basella alba (malabar spinach) | Red varieties popular in gardening |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2017 |
| Bocconia frutescens (plume poppy) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
| | Riffle,
1998 |
| Bombus terrestris (bumble bee) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea) | Popular ornamental. Widely commercialized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Salam et al.,
2017 |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Cultivated in home gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life,
2018 |
| Breynia disticha (snowbush) | Widely used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018; GISD,
2018 |
| Briza maxima (large quaking grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bromelia pinguin (wild pineapple) | |
Yes
| | Giroux,
2008 |
| Buddleja asiatica (dog tail) | In Hawaii inter-island movement of ornamental plants has been blamed for the movement of B. asiatica |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja madagascariensis (smokebush) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Caesalpinia violacea (brasiletto) | Planted in agroforestry schemes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chemas and Rico-Gray,
1991 |
| Caladium bicolor (heart of Jesus) | Very valuable in the horticulture trade for its colorful and variably-shaped leaves |
Yes
|
Yes
| Deng,
2012 |
| Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Buxus blight) | Infected nursery stock/propagating material |
Yes
|
Yes
| Henricot et al.,
2008; Saracchi et al.,
2008 |
| Calopogonium caeruleum (jicama) | Widely introduced as cover-crop |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Cameraria ohridella (horsechestnut leafminer) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilbert et al.,
2005 |
| Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Carpobrotus edulis (hottentot fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bosch,
2007; Duke,
1983; Hanelt et al.,
2001 |
| Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | Often commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2015 |
| Centaurea macrocephala (giant knapweed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Christella dentata (soft fern) | Associated with greenhouse cultivation |
Yes
| | Drummond,
1959; Murakami et al.,
2007; Strother and Smith,
1970; Wagner,
1950 |
| Chrysomyxa rhododendri (European Rhododendron rust) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bennell,
1985 |
| Ciborinia allii (neck rot of onion) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lacy and Lorbeer,
1995 |
| Cinnamomum burmanni (padang cassia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Franck,
2012 |
| Cissus quadrangularis (treebine) | Commercialized as an ornamental and medicinal plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2018 |
| Clematis terniflora (sweet autumn clematis) | Grown as an ornamental and used for landscaping in the USA |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland and Meisenburg,
2009; GISD,
2018; Missouri Botanical Garden,
2018 |
| Clerodendrum thomsoniae (bleeding glory bower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Coccinella septempunctata (seven-spot ladybird) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cocos nucifera (coconut) | Nut kernels are used to feed animals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chan and Elevitch,
2006 |
| Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's-tears) | Introduced and cultivated in many countries as a garden plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Corms, stems and leaves are edible and planted for human consumption |
Yes
|
Yes
| Safo-Kantaka,
2004 |
| Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | Used in British Victorian bouquets |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lawton,
2007 |
| Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | Europe, Australia |
Yes
| | GISD,
2018; Gardening Australia,
2009 |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Cultivated in gardens | |
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell,
2000; Randall,
2012 |
| Cotoneaster horizontalis (wall-spray) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cotton leaf curl disease complex (leaf curl disease of cotton) | | | | |
| Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (African cotton leaf curl begomovirus) | | | | |
| Crassocephalum crepidioides (redflower ragleaf) | Consumed as a vegetable |
Yes
|
Yes
| Denton,
2004 |
| Crassula ovata (jade plant) | It is transported around the world as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mahr,
2010 |
| Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) | Hybrid of horticultural origin |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | Used as ground cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows) | Possible through movement of infected seedlings or fruit for human consumption (rare to very rare, accidental) |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dirr,
2009 |
| Cuscuta campestris (field dodder) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Common weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Cyathea cooperi (australian tree fern) | Spores are carried by wind. The fern is sold in nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jones,
1987 |
| Cyclosorus parasiticus (parasitic maiden fern) | Presumed cause. An attractive fern, but also likely to contaminate pots with other plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Murakami et al.,
2007 |
| Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth) | Most likely pathway of introduction to Europe |
Yes
| | Leuthardt et al.,
2010 |
| Cylindropuntia fulgida (jumping cholla) | Gardeners take cuttings from their friends’ or relatives’ gardens to plant in their own garden | |
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Cylindropuntia rosea (hudson pear) | | |
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) | |
Yes
| | Floridata,
2014 |
| Cynara cardunculus (cardoon) | Escaped cultivation, grown from seed C. cardunculus reverts to its wild form |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kelly and Pepper,
1996 |
| Cynoglossum amabile (Chinese forget-me-not) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Cyperus meyenianus (Meyen's flatsedge) | |
Yes
| | GISD,
2018 |
| Cyrtomium falcatum (Japanese holly fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Dacus ciliatus (lesser pumpkin fly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Deparia petersenii subsp. petersenii (Petersen’s lady fern) | Purchases for outdoor horticulture can result in spore distribution in new and distant regions. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Deroceras invadens (tramp slug) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Deroceras laeve (meadow slug) | |
Yes
| | |
| Dickeya solani (black leg disease of potato) | D. solani has been found on diseased hyacinth bulbs |
Yes
| | Chen et al.,
2015; van der Wolf et al.,
2014b |
| Dieffenbachia seguine (dumb cane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Croat,
2004 |
| Discus rotundatus (rotund disc) | |
Yes
| | Robinson,
1999 |
| Dolichandra unguis-cati (cat's claw creeper) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Dombeya wallichii (pink ball) | As an ornamental in gardens and urban areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| East Asian Passiflora virus | | |
Yes
| |
| Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | | |
Yes
| Lenda et al.,
2014 |
| Eichhornia paniculata (Brazilian water hyacinth) | Water gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hériteau and Thomas,
1994 |
| Eleutherodactylus planirostris (greenhouse frog) | Frequently moved unintentionally in nursery plants and construction materials |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018; Kraus,
2009 |
| Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Emilia sonchifolia (red tasselflower) | Sometimes planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2018 |
| Epiphyas postvittana (light brown apple moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hind,
2012 |
| Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) | Ornamental/ shade tree/ edible fruit |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Erwinia amylovora (fireblight) | The movement of fire blight in the USA seems to have followed the introduction of apple and pear pro |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bonn and Zwet,
2000 |
| Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum) | grown as an ornamental foliage crop | |
Yes
| |
| Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Cultivars are sold at numerous retail nurseries in many countries as well as online |
Yes
|
Yes
| Amazon,
2013; ISSG,
2013 |
| Euonymus japonicus (Japanese spindle tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia hypericifolia (graceful spurge) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia lactea (mottled spurge) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Widely planted for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | varieties still for sale |
Yes
| | |
| Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) | Originally but not anymore | |
Yes
| |
| Ferrisia virgata (striped mealybug) | Accidental introduction on plants, and also on machinery, tools and workers |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) | Widely sold and used as lawn seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gibson and Newman,
2001 |
| Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) | Has been introduced and cultivated beyond its native range for use as an ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al.,
2001; PIER,
2014; Randall,
2012; USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Britton,
1918; Floridata,
2014; Hooker,
1882 |
| Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE,
2014; Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Fimbristylis cymosa (tropical fimbry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Flacourtia indica (governor's plum) | Though not common in Hawaii today, governor's-plum has been planted as a barrier hedge and fruit tre |
Yes
| | PIER,
2014 |
| Forficula auricularia (European earwig) | accidental; nymphs and adults |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips) | Inadvertently transported in infested plant material. Commonly intercepted on transported plant mate |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nickle,
2003; Vierbergen,
1995 |
| Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | Weed in gardens and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas,
2008 |
| Galphimia glauca (goldshower ) | Cultivated and commercialized as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Floridata,
2015 |
| Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Often planted as shade tree in cacao and coffee plantations |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Gunnera tinctoria (giant rhubarb) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Williams et al.,
2005 |
| Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird) | Intercepted in Norway on horticultural plants from the Netherlands |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brown et al.,
2008a |
| Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Branney,
2005; GISD,
2018 |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hemigraphis alternata (red ivy) | Widely commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Occasionally cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce,
2006 |
| Hop stunt viroid (hop stunt viroid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hadidi et al.,
2003 |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | |
Yes
|
Yes
| CWS,
2003 |
| Hygrophila polysperma (Indian swampweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| FNW Disseminules,
2007 |
| Hylocereus undatus (dragon fruit) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) | Grown worldwide as a medicinal plant and sometimes as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | Widely commercialized as an ornamental and potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara,
2001 |
| Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | |
Yes
| | Beerling and Perrins,
1993 |
| Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Extensively cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Adamowski,
2008 |
| Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | Planted as forage and groundcover plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Ipomoea alba (white moonflower ) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory) | Often cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2017 |
| Ipomoea hederifolia (scarlet-creeper ) | Often cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2017 |
| Ipomoea nil (white edge morning-glory) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2017 |
| Ipomoea quamoclit (cypress vine) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2018 |
| Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Jasminum multiflorum (star jasmine) | widely used in horticulture and traded for this purpose |
Yes
|
Yes
| Learn2grow,
2016 |
| Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) | Cultivated for its fragrant, white flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Jasminum simplicifolium (Australian wax jasmine) | Occasionally used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | Accidental contaminant in commercial seed, peat or soil |
Yes
| | Grøstad,
2003 |
| Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (flaming katy) | Popular ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kalanchoe Growers,
2016 |
| Kalanchoe integra (Never die) | Introduced to various countries as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| New York Botanical Garden,
2016 |
| Lachnellula willkommii (European larch canker) | | |
Yes
| Tegethoff,
1965 |
| Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS,
2005 |
| Lantana camara (lantana) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Branca and Donnini,
2011 |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maki and Galatowitsch,
2004 |
| Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | |
Yes
| | |
| Liberibacter africanus (African greening) | Deliberately by locals | |
Yes
| |
| Liberibacter asiaticus (Asian greening) | Deliberate by locals | |
Yes
| |
| Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet) | Widely used as ornamental and hedge plants |
Yes
| | Swarbrick et al.,
1999 |
| Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maddox et al.,
2010 |
| Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) | Widespread hedging plant |
Yes
| | |
| Lilioceris lilii (lily leaf beetle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Limax maximus (leopard slug) | Accidental transport with vegetation, soil, machinery and packaging |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Linaria dalmatica (dalmatian toadflax) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) | Commonly sold 1900s-1980s in US, Europe |
Yes
| | Luken and Thieret,
1997 |
| Lonicera morrowii (Morrow’s honeysuckle) | Planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden,
2018; Invasive.org,
2018; GISD,
2018; Go Botany,
2018 |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Okada et al.,
2009 |
| Ludwigia hyssopifolia (water primrose) | Accidental with growing medium – coconut fibre |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ferrer and Laguna,
2009 |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dandelot et al.,
2005 |
| Lumbricus rubellus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lumbricus terrestris | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS,
2015 |
| Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) | |
Yes
| | Ferriter,
2001 |
| Lysichiton americanus (American skunk cabbage) | Via sale of artificially propagated rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| EPPO,
2006 |
| Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree) | |
Yes
| | USDA,
1915 |
| Mahonia aquifolium (Oregongrape) | |
Yes
| | Ross et al.,
2009 |
| Mainsia rubi | |
Yes
| | |
| Mangifera indica (mango) | Often interplanted with other fruits and vegetables |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bally,
2006 |
| Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Maranta arundinacea (arrowroot) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2018 |
| Marisa cornuarietis (giant ramshorn) | Associated with aquatic plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Melicoccus bijugatus (Spanish lime) | Planted for fruits |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez,
2003 |
| Melinis repens (natal redtop) | Frequently sold as ornamental in USA and other countries |
Yes
| | Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Meloidogyne enterolobii (Pacara earpod tree root-knot nematode) | rare | |
Yes
| |
| Merremia umbellata (hogvine) | Cultivated in botanic gardens and home gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sunshine Seeds,
2016 |
| Miconia calvescens (miconia) | Sold as a garden plant in Tahiti in the early 1980s |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer,
1998a |
| Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | Ornamental use worldwide. |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | Cultivated for edible fruits |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Monochamus leuconotus (white coffee stem borer) | Very slight risk that eggs may be transported on nursery trees. This should not happen if basic nurs | |
Yes
| |
| Monomorium pharaonis (pharaoh ant) | |
Yes
| | |
| Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Accidental introduction, rare pathway |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Moraea (Cape tulip) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Moraea collina (Cape tulip) | |
Yes
| | |
| Moraea miniata (two-leaf Cape-tulip) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis,
2004 |
| Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | Introduced in many countries as an ornamental and fruit tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| NAS,
1980 |
| Mussaenda erythrophylla (red flag bush) | Widely commercialized as ornamental. Many cultivars and hybrids have been developed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ogbu,
2011 |
| Mussaenda philippica (Queen of Philippines) | Widely commercialized as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alejandro et al.,
2016 |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Nandina domestica (Nandina) | Nandina is widely grown and sold in horticultural industry |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wirth et al.,
2004 |
| Neolecanium cornuparvum (magnolia scale) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Nephrolepis brownii (Asian swordfern) | |
Yes
| | Nauman,
1981 |
| Nesticella mogera (cave-dwelling spider) | |
Yes
| | Rozwalka et al.,
2013 |
| Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | Used as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Nymphoides peltata (yellow floating-heart) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS,
2005 |
| Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) | Ornamental, aromatic, culinary plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2018 |
| Odontonema callistachyum (purple firespike) | Commonly cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel,
1995 |
| Odontonema cuspidatum (Cardinal’s guard) | Commonly cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel,
1995 |
| Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (wild olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Onopordum acaulon (horse thistle) | |
Yes
| | |
| Onopordum illyricum (Illyrian thistle) | |
Yes
| | |
| Opogona sacchari (banana moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Opuntia aurantiaca (jointed cactus) | Ornamental trade |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Osteopilus septentrionalis (Cuban treefrog) | Transported with ornamental plants and palm trees |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Oxalis corniculata (creeping woodsorrel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Oxychilus alliarius (garlic snail) | |
Yes
| | USDA,
1964 |
| Pachira aquatica (pachira nut) | Cultivated as an outdoor and indoor plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duff,
2012 |
| Pachira insignis (wild chestnut) | Cultivated as an ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell,
2000 |
| Paederia foetida (skunkvine) | Infests nursery stock |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pemberton and Pratt,
2002 |
| Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug) | Long distance and local trade in infested ornamental plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Macharia et al.,
2017 |
| Paratrechina longicornis (crazy ant) | |
Yes
| | |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | | |
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Passiflora edulis (passionfruit) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Akamine et al.,
1974; Martin and Nakasone,
1970 |
| Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla) | This is the major reason for the deliberate dispersal of the plant by people |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Passiflora suberosa (corkystem passionflower) | Fairly widespread use in the gardening trade |
Yes
| | Amela Garcia,
2008; Dave's Garden,
2011; Gann et al.,
2011; Ulmer and MacDougal,
2004 |
| Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pectobacterium parmentieri (black leg disease of potato) | | | | |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species exported from South Africa in 1700s for ornamental cultivation. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller,
1996; GISD,
2018 |
| Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller,
1996; SANBI,
2014; GISD,
2018 |
| Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass) | As a turf grass |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Ornamental plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Pentas lanceolata (Egyptian starcluster) | Widely cultivated as a garden ornamental and potted plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2018 |
| Persicaria perfoliata (mile-a-minute weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Moul,
1948 |
| Persicaria wallichii (Himalayan knotweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Used as an ornamental worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2019; GISD,
2018 |
| Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid) | Propagated as an ornamental in Taiwan |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phenacoccus solenopsis (cotton mealybug) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) | Many ornamental forms developed |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phyllostachys aurea (golden bamboo) | Deliberately selling rhizomes online or promoted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gucker,
2009; Rickel,
2012 |
| Phyllostachys aureosulcata (yellow groove bamboo) | Promoted as an ornamental |
Yes
| | Rickel,
2012; USDA-APHIS,
2012 |
| Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry) | Widely dispersed as food crop |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phytophthora austrocedri | P. austrocedri detected in trade nursery plants of several species of Cupressaceae |
Yes
|
Yes
| Henricot et al.,
2017 |
| Phytophthora lateralis (Port-Orford-cedar root disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zobel et al.,
1985 |
| Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug) | Accidental introduction on imported plants, transport on workers, tools and machinery |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gerson,
2016 |
| Plantago asiatica mosaic virus | Extensive exports from the Netherlands occurred prior to introduction of certification programmes. Still likely to be some infected bulbs in export stocks |
Yes
|
Yes
| Plant Protection Service of the Netherlands,
2010 |
| Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root) | Infected plants could be moved long distance |
Yes
| | |
| Podosphaera spiraeae (Japanese spiraea powdery mildew) | |
Yes
| | |
| Populus nigra (black poplar) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Portulaca pilosa (kiss-me-quick) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Prunus campanulata (Taiwan cherry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2011 |
| Prunus serotina (black cherry) | |
Yes
| | Morton,
1987 |
| Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | On planting stock |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Mexican flamevine) | Ornamental vine |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2018 |
| Pseudomonas cichorii (bacterial blight of endive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) | For fruit production |
Yes
| | Samson,
1989 |
| Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Ornamental, shade tree, windbreaker |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2017 |
| Pterocarpus macrocarpus (Burma padauk) | Ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2017 |
| Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) | Widely used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Puccinia buxi | |
Yes
|
Yes
| NAPPO,
2006 |
| Puccinia gladioli | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wise et al.,
2004 |
| Pueraria phaseoloides (tropical kudzu) | Nitrogen fixing plant used for soil improvement |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Pyracantha coccinea (scarlet firethorn) | Popular ornamental shrub. |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2018 |
| Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rhagoletis cingulata (cherry fruit fly) | Infested fruits, can serve as a reservoir from which dispersal can occur |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Downy rose-myrtle) | Deliberate, occasional |
Yes
|
Yes
| Campbell,
1977; Staples and Herbst,
2005 |
| Rhus typhina (staghorn sumac) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rivina humilis (bloodberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | |
Yes
| | Weidema,
2006 |
| Rubus argutus (sawtooth blackberry) | Historically transported for horticulture (not currently) |
Yes
| | Medel and Vargas,
1981; Neal,
1965; Smith,
1985; Webb et al.,
1988 |
| Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry) | First introductions were for horticultural purposes |
Yes
| | Ceska,
1999 |
| Rubus parviflorus (thimbleberry) | First introductions for horticulture purposes |
Yes
| | Biological Records Centre,
2015 |
| Ruellia simplex (Mexican petunia) | Grown as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hupp et al.,
2013 |
| Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Sold as an ornamental at internet sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Saccharum ravennae (ravenna grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sagittaria latifolia (broadleaf arrowhead) | | |
Yes
| DAISIE,
2009; NOBANIS,
2009 |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2009 |
| Schizolobium parahyba (Brazilian fern tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pacific Horticulture,
2016 |
| Securigera varia (crown vetch) | Seeds and plants available for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Minnesota Wildflowers,
2016 |
| Setaria palmifolia (palm grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Silene gallica (common catchfly) | Escape from gardens | |
Yes
| |
| Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Intentionally cultivated as an ornamental or curiosity plant worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| PBI Solanum Project,
2014 |
| Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Planted as ornamental. Seeds dispersed by birds. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gallagher et al.,
2010 |
| Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant) | Equipment, soil and planting material | |
Yes
| ISSG,
2014 |
| Solenopsis richteri (black imported fire ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Green,
1967 |
| Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weber and Jakobs,
2005 |
| Spartium junceum (Spanish broom) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2017 |
| Spiraea chamaedryfolia (germander meadowsweet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spodoptera eridania (southern armyworm) | Movement of plants, interceptions |
Yes
|
Yes
| Karsholt,
1994 |
| Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Stachytarpheta urticifolia (rattail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kuo,
2003 |
| Sternochetus mangiferae (mango seed weevil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold) | Widely commercialized as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Tapinoma melanocephalum (ghost ant) | Due to the association of T. melanocephalum with pests of horticulture, horticulture must be conside |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fowler et al.,
1990 |
| Tecoma capensis (Cape honeysuckle) | Ornamental – showy flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Everett,
1982 |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Widely commercialized as ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Theba pisana (white garden snail) | | |
Yes
| Hanna,
1966 |
| Thelypteris opulenta (jewelled maiden fern) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | Grown on trellises and fences, in hanging baskets and as a ground cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| Whistler,
2000 |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ng'inja et al.,
1998 |
| Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) | Widely commercialized as garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2018 |
| Tomato apical stunt viroid | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (Tomato New Delhi virus) | Whitefly host switch during harvest and vegetable trade |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (leaf curl) | Whitefly host switch during harvest. | |
Yes
| |
| Trachelospermum jasminoides (star-jasmine) | Ornamental and ground cover |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2017 |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hummel and Kiviat,
2004 |
| Trimezia steyermarkii (yellow walking iris) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Turbina corymbosa (Christmas vine) | Cultivated in botanic gardens and home gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Austin,
1980; Botanic Garden Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz,
2016 |
| Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2010 |
| Verbascum thapsus (common mullein) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gross and Werner,
1978 |
| Verbena rigida (stiff verbena) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Royal Horticultural Society,
2015 |
| Vespa velutina (Asian hornet) | |
Yes
| | |
| Vitex rotundifolia (beach vitex) | Salt tolerant, low growing, attractive. Previously recommended to beachfront residents for planting | |
Yes
| Cousins et al.,
2010a; Gresham,
2015 |
| Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria) | Popular ornamental plant | |
Yes
| Trusty et al.,
2007a |
| Xanthomonas citri (citrus canker) | | |
Yes
| |
| Xanthosoma sagittifolium (elephant ear) | Tubers are consumed by humans |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manner,
2011 |
| Youngia japonica (oriental false hawksbeard) | Sometimes planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Loewenstein and Loewenstein,
2005 |
| Yucca aloifolia (Spanish bayonet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith et al.,
2012 |
| Zachrysia provisoria (Cuban brown snail) | Occasional, accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Robinson and Fields,
2004 |
| Zingiber capitatum (wild ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| GBIF,
2016 |
| Zinnia peruviana (Peruvian zinnia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube) | |
Yes
| | Azam-Ali et al.,
2006 |
| Zophopetes dysmephila (palm tree nightfighter) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Claassens and Dickson,
1986 |
