| Acacia glauca (wild dividivi) | Mud containing seeds can attach to vehicles or animals | |
Yes
| |
| Acanthophora spicifera | Pacific Western Central to Hawaii |
Yes
| | Doty (1961) |
| Acanthospermum australe (spiny-bur) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Acarapis woodi (honeybee mite) | Movement of infected bees by beekeepers and commercial suppliers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Korpela (1998); Woodward and Quinn (2011) |
| Achatina fulica (giant African land snail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Barros and Pickering (2014) |
| Adoretus sinicus (Chinese rose beetle) | In ornamental plant trade |
Yes
| | McQuate and Jameson (2011b) |
| Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aeginetia indica (forest ghost flower) | Not mentioned in references but could be a possible way of seed movement |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aethina tumida | On apiculture products or equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| OIE (2012) |
| Ageratina riparia (mistflower) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | Can attach to animals, vehicles, clothes. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Johnson (1971) |
| Agrostis avenacea (Pacific bent grass) | On land transport, but particularly via railway. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Victorian Resources Online (2015) |
| Akebia quinata (five-leaf akebia) | Intentional introduction |
Yes
| | Schweingruber et al. (2011); USDA-ARS (2013) |
| Alexandrium minutum | cysts in ballast water, possible but not documented |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) | Moved unintentionally with crop products, machinery, clothing |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ward et al. (2013); EPPO (2019) |
| Amaranthus tuberculatus (rough-fruited water-hemp) | Can adhere to farm machinery | |
Yes
| Costea et al. (2005) |
| Ambrosia confertiflora | | |
Yes
| |
| Amphibalanus improvisus (bay barnacle) | On vessels, worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| Carlton et al. (2011) |
| Amphisbaena fuliginosa (speckled worm lizard) | Possible pathway | |
Yes
| Murphy et al. (2010) |
| Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Anolis aeneus (bronze anole) | Migrants' belongings |
Yes
| | Hailey et al. (2009) |
| Anolis cristatellus (Puerto Rican crested anole) | |
Yes
| | Fitch et al. (1989) |
| Anolis extremus (Barbados anole) | Likely for St Lucia and Venezuela introductions |
Yes
| | Gorman (1976); Rivas et al. (2012) |
| Anolis trinitatis (St Vincent bush anole) | Migrants' belongings |
Yes
| | Hailey et al. (2009) |
| Anolis wattsi (Watts' anole) | Likely for St Lucia introduction, and jump dispersal within Trinidad |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gorman (1976); White and Hailey (2006) |
| Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet vernal grass) | Probably in hay and straw |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aphanomyces astaci | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oidtmann et al. (2002) |
| Aproceros leucopoda (elm zigzag sawfly) | Associations between spread and roads are known |
Yes
|
Yes
| Schrader and Schröder (2013); Blank et al. (2014) |
| Arctotheca calendula (capeweed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Arcuatula senhousia (Asian date mussel) | |
Yes
| | NIMPIS (2002) |
| Argemone ochroleuca (pale Mexican pricklypoppy) | | |
Yes
| BioNet-EAFRINET (2011) |
| Aristolochia elegans (elegant Dutchman’s pipe) | | |
Yes
| Randall (2012); Starr et al. (2003) |
| Arrhenatherum elatius (false oat-grass) | Can attach to animal fur for limited dispersal | |
Yes
| Couvreur et al. (2005) |
| Arthraxon hispidus (small carpetgrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ascidiella aspersa (European sea squirt) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Asterias amurensis (northern Pacific seastar) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Atriplex semibaccata (Australian saltbush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aulacaspis yasumatsui (cycad aulacaspis scale) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) | Accidental as contaminant on timber, packaging and containers; on personal effects and movement from |
Yes
|
Yes
| Carnegie and Cooper (2011); Grgurinovic et al. (2006) |
| Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly) | Seychelles |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bactrocera musae (banana fruit fly) | Possibly introduced to Lihir Island (New Ireland) and Manus Island in infested fruit brought from mainland Papua New Guinea, low population levels |
Yes
| | Mararuai et al. (2002) |
| Bactrocera tryoni (Queensland fruit fly) | >2 YR (local), ~10 YR (long distance) |
Yes
|
Yes
| Baker and Cowley (1991); Dominiak and Barchia (2005); Maelzer et al. (2004) |
| Bactrocera zonata (peach fruit fly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bagrada hilaris (painted bug) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Matsunaga (2014); LeVeen and Hodges (2015) |
| Bassia hyssopifolia (fivehook bassia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) | Possible human-mediated (direct) dispersal by pathogen adherence to boots or shoes | |
Yes
| Martel et al. (2014) |
| Bergia capensis (white water fire) | Possible on clothes, shoes or equipment used in rice fields, in debris from rice cultivation, or in mud attached to feathers and feet of birds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Leach (1989); Quiles Hoyo (2019); India Biodiversity Portal (2019) |
| Bidens frondosa (beggarticks) | | |
Yes
| Online Atlas of British and Irish Flora (2014) |
| Blattella germanica (German cockroach) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rockman (1992) |
| Boa imperator (Central American Boa) | Accidental as stowaway in cargo |
Yes
| | Guthrie (1923); Allen (1928) |
| Boerhavia coccinea (scarlet spiderling) | sticky seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jurado et al. (1991) |
| Bothriocephalus acheilognathi | Moved worldwide in host fish, especially carp for aquaculture |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bauer and Hoffman (1976); Choudhury and Cole (2012); Scholz et al. (2012) |
| Bothriochloa ischaemum (yellow bluestem) | | |
Yes
| Hilty (2014) |
| Bothriochloa pertusa (pitted beard grass) | Livestock, birds and humans | |
Yes
| |
| Botrylloides violaceus (violet tunicate) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Carlton and Geller (1993); Dijkstra et al. (2007) |
| Brachypodium distachyon (purple false brome) | Florets can be dispersed by vehicle tires and human activities, particularly in contaminated hay | |
Yes
| Cal-IPC (California Invasive Plant Council) (2016) |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Heinken and Raudnitschka (2002) |
| Brassica nigra (black mustard) | accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cal-IPC (California Invasive Plant Council) (2004) |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Possible from its cultivation and as part of bird food mix | |
Yes
| Vibrans (2018) |
| Brassica tournefortii (African mustard) | Wet seeds form a sticky gel like coating so can adhere to passing animals or vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Minnich and Sanders (2000) |
| Bromus secalinus (rye brome) | Seeds attach to humans and animals | |
Yes
| Hilty (2015) |
| Bunias orientalis (Turkish warty-cabbage) | |
Yes
| | |
| Bythotrephes longimanus (spiny waterflea) | Long-distance via transatlantic ship transportation in ballast water; Local via the attachment onto |
Yes
|
Yes
| Branstrator et al. (2006); Lui et al. (2010) |
| Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Les and Mehrhoff (1999) |
| Cactoblastis cactorum (cactus moth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cameraria ohridella (horsechestnut leafminer) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilbert et al. (2004); Gilbert et al. (2005) |
| Candidatus Liberibacter africanus (African greening) | Infected vectors on leaf debris and hosts plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Candidula intersecta (wrinkled dune snail) | Terracotta tiles from Spain and South America into USA containers especially via Caribbean transship |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meissner et al. (2009) |
| Caprella mutica | Found attached to commercial and recreational boat hulls |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ashton (2006) |
| Carcinus maenas (European shore crab) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cohen and Carlton (1995) |
| Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | Seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weber (1981); Nelson (2008) |
| Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides | Accidentally from the North West Pacific on Pacific oysters |
Yes
| | Pérez et al. (2006); Henkel and Janussen (2011) |
| Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ceratocephala testiculata (bur buttercup) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ceratocystis platani (canker stain of plane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ceratopteris thalictroides (watersprite) | Possibly arriving in Hawaii through rice (Oryza sativa) crops |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lloyd (1973) |
| Chama macerophylla (leafy jewelbox) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Channa argus argus (northern snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams (2004) |
| Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) | Seeds as contaminants (pasture seeds) |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2020) |
| Christella dentata (soft fern) | Spores and gametophytes could be easily transported |
Yes
| | |
| Citrus leprosis virus C (leprosis of citrus) | The infected mite vector can be transported in many ways (fruit, vegetables, host plants, clothes, e |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | Seeds and root fragments possibly transported by soil stuck to hooves, shoes, on wheels, etc. | |
Yes
| |
| Coccinia grandis (scarlet-fruited ivy gourd) | Seeds can be spread by birds, rodents and possibly pigs. | |
Yes
| Englberger (2009) |
| Cochliomyia hominivorax (New World screwworm) | Very low risk |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides | Between European countries, NW Atalantic coast, and Southern Hemisphere |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bouck and Morgan (1957); Carlton and Scanlon (1985); Dromgoole (1975); Silva (1955); Silva (1957); Silva (1979) |
| Codium parvulum | Via ballast water or hull fouling | |
Yes
| Hoffman et al. (2014) |
| Coptotermes gestroi (Asian subterranean termite) | Hitchhike on any wooden structure e.g. storage boxes |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Corella eumyota (orange-tipped sea squirt) | Hull fouling, floating debris, contaminated mussels or oysters |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lambert (2004); El-Nagar et al. (2010) |
| Corvus splendens (house crow) | On board ships particularly from Mumbai, Colombo, Aden |
Yes
| | Ryall (1994); Ryall (2002) |
| Corythucha ciliata (sycamore lace bug) | Accidental - on vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cosmos caudatus (wild cosmos) | Small seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Seeds are adapted for external attachment and animal dispersal | |
Yes
| Jansen (2005); PlantPono (2014) |
| Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Crassula helmsii (Australian swamp stonecrop) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Environment Agency (2003) |
| Crypsis schoenoides (swamp pricklegrass) | Accidental dispersal via waterfowl movements | |
Yes
| Green et al. (2002) |
| Ctenosaura similis (black spiny-tailed iguana) | Presumably brought to Venezuela accidentally on cargo ships. Also spread in Florida via vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Barrio-Amorós and Rivas-Fuenmayor (2008); Krysko et al. (2003) |
| Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows) | Possible through movement of infected seedlings or fruit for human consumption (rare to very rare, accidental) |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito) | Larvae in bilge water or cargo. Adults in cargo or aeroplane cabins. |
Yes
| | Bataille et al. (2009); Joyce (1961); Lounibos (2002); Smith and Carter (1984) |
| Cuphea carthagenensis (Colombian waxweed) | |
Yes
| | Technigro (2011) |
| Cynara cardunculus (cardoon) | Seeds attach to passing animals or vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kelly (2000) |
| Cynoglossum amabile (Chinese forget-me-not) | | |
Yes
| Melcher et al. (2000) |
| Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Daphnia lumholtzi | Resting eggs enclosed in a protective ephippium which possess hooks that allow attachment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Benzie (1988); Dzialowski et al. (2000); Fryer (1996); Havel and Hebert (1993); Havel and Shurin (2004) |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | | |
Yes
| |
| Datura metel (Hindu datura) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Deparia petersenii subsp. petersenii (Petersen’s lady fern) | Spore contaminated equipment and vehicles could be involved in transport. |
Yes
| | |
| Deroceras laeve (meadow slug) | Accidental |
Yes
| | AnimalBase (2015) |
| Descurainia sophia (flixweed) | | |
Yes
| Howard (2003) |
| Desmodium incanum (creeping beggerweed) | Stick-tight seeds provide adherence |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mori and Brown (1998) |
| Dichanthium aristatum (angelton bluestem) | Although no detailed information available it is reported as a potential seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Didemnum vexillum (carpet sea squirt) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Carlton and Geller (1993); Dijkstra et al. (2007a) |
| Digitaria bicornis (Asian crabgrass) | Might be carried unintentionally in clothes, shoes, etc., due to small size of seeds. Also carried in animal fur | |
Yes
| Catasús Guerra (2015) |
| Digitaria fuscescens (yellow crab grass) | Might be carried unintentionally in clothes, shoes, etc | |
Yes
| |
| Diplazium esculentum (vegetable fern) | Possible in mud attached to animals | |
Yes
| HEAR (2020) |
| Diplodia seriata (grapevine trunk disease) | |
Yes
| | |
| Diplosoma listerianum | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Carlton and Geller (1993); Dijkstra et al. (2007a) |
| Discus rotundatus (rotund disc) | Not explicitly mentioned in literature, but likely based on the species’ biology |
Yes
| | |
| Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila) | |
Yes
| | |
| Drymaria arenarioides (alfombrilla) | Spread by adhering to animals | |
Yes
| Allison (1977) |
| Echinochloa crus-pavonis (gulf cockspur grass) | Contaminated agricultural equipment moved from field to field | |
Yes
| Webster (2015) |
| Ehrharta calycina (perennial veldtgrass) | agricultural machinery | |
Yes
| Bossard et al. (2000) |
| Elephantopus mollis (elephant's foot) | On clothing, animals or machinery | |
Yes
| Queensland Government (2014) |
| Eleutherodactylus coqui (Caribbean tree frog) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eleutherodactylus planirostris (greenhouse frog) | Thought to have been introduced to Mexico and Jamaica via the shipping and cargo trade |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christy et al. (2007); Jensen et al. (2008); Olson et al. (2012); Reynolds (2012); Schwartz (1974); Stewart (1977); Zippel et al. (2005) |
| Elodea canadensis (Canadian pondweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Emilia praetermissa (yellow thistle) | Seeds dispersed as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Epilobium ciliatum (northern willowherb) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Epiphyas postvittana (light brown apple moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass) | seed spread in hay, cattle and vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA Forest Service (2014) |
| Eragrostis plana (South African lovegrass) | Seeds moved in cattle, dogs fur and paws and adhered to vehicles and machinery |
Yes
|
Yes
| Reis (1993) |
| Erechtites glomerata (fireweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane) | In India, probably first introduced along with seeds of ornamental plants from Australia |
Yes
| | Rao and Sagar (2012) |
| Eriocheir hepuensis (Hepu mitten crab) | |
Yes
| | Naser et al. (2012) |
| Erionota thrax (banana skipper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Erionota torus (banana skipper) | Motor vehicles, boats and aircraft could all carry hitchhiker adults of E. torus. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cock (2015) |
| Erodium botrys (long-beaked stork's bill) | In animal products (wool) |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alien plants of Belgium (2013) |
| Erodium cicutarium (common storksbill) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia terracina (false caper) | |
Yes
| | |
| Euschistus heros (Neotropical brown stink bug) | Found in crop residues. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Saluso et al. (2011) |
| Euwallacea fornicatus (polyphagous shot-hole borer) | Usually transported in wood packaging material |
Yes
| | |
| Faxonius limosus (Spiny-cheek crayfish) | Fishing nets or shipments of fish for stocking |
Yes
| | |
| Ferrisia virgata (striped mealybug) | Accidental introduction on plants, and also on machinery, tools and workers |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Festuca pratensis (meadow fescue) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ficopomatus enigmaticus (tubeworm) | One specimen was collected in an oyster clump in the Port of Brunswick in East River |
Yes
|
Yes
| USGS (2009) |
| Forficula auricularia (European earwig) | Most important pathway for this species; nymphs and adults |
Yes
|
Yes
| Crumb et al. (1941) |
| Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) | Seeds dispersed by animals | |
Yes
| Schulze et al. (2012); Willson (1993) |
| Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips) | Inadvertently transported in infested plant material. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nickle (2003); Vierbergen (1995) |
| Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | Possible that seeds could hitchhike in clothes, gear and vehicles | |
Yes
| |
| Galega officinalis (goatsrue) | |
Yes
| | |
| Geosmithia morbida (thousand cankers disease) | Walnut wood or wood products |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Glyceria declinata (small sweet grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Gracilaria salicornia | Pacific Western Central to Hawaiian Islands |
Yes
| | Smith et al. (2004) |
| Grateloupia turuturu | |
Yes
| | Farnham (1978); Farnham (1980); Marston and Villalard-Bohnsack (2002); Simon et al. (2001) |
| Gymnodinium catenatum | Japan to Australia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bolch and Salas (2007) |
| Halogeton glomeratus (halogeton) | | |
Yes
| |
| Halyomorpha halys (brown marmorated stink bug) | Frequently occurs due to H. halys seeking sheltered overwintering sites. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hoebeke and Carter (2003) |
| Haplaxius crudus (American palm cixiid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brown et al. (2008b) |
| Helenium amarum (bitterweed) | Potentially accidentally carried by aircraft |
Yes
| | Tomley and Panetta (2002) |
| Hemidactylus frenatus (common house gecko) | Accidental introduction.
See all citations under History of Introduction/Spread |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Asian shore crab) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hemigrapsus takanoi (brush-clawed shore crab) | Accidental introduction |
Yes
| | Gollasch (1999) |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Seeds can get attached to cloth, footwear, animal fur or to vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce (2006) |
| Herpestes auropunctatus (small Indian mongoose) | |
Yes
| | |
| Heterotheca grandiflora (telegraph weed) | Probably an accidental introduction to Hawaii, Australia, Japan, and possibly Arizona and Utah |
Yes
| | PIER (2015) |
| Hirschfeldia incana (shortpod mustard) | | |
Yes
| Brooks (2004) |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USGS-NAS (2002) |
| Hygrophila polysperma (Indian swampweed) | |
Yes
| | Kay and Hoyle (2001) |
| Hypnea musciformis | Between Hawaiian Islands | |
Yes
| Russell and Balazs (1994) |
| Hyptis spicigera (black sesame) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Le Bourgeois et al. (2019) |
| Hyptis suaveolens (pignut) | | |
Yes
| Cullen et al. (2012) |
| Icerya samaraia (steatococcus scale) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller et al. (2014a); Miller et al. (2014b) |
| Impatiens parviflora (small balsam) | On the fur of wild animals | |
Yes
| Trepl (1984) |
| Indigofera spicata (creeping indigo) | Seeds dispersed by human and animal movement, e.g. horses |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (1989) |
| Inula britannica (british yellowhead) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ipomoea quamoclit (cypress vine) | Seeds in garden waste | |
Yes
| Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (2010) |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Juncus effusus (common rush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | Accidental contaminant in seeds/peat/soil, with other aquatic plants, or on people or vehicles |
Yes
| | Dörr (1995); Pohjakallio and Hämet-Ahti (1974); Poland (2005) |
| Juncus tenuis (slender rush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Richards (1943) |
| Kigelia africana (sausage tree) | Vertebrates eat the fruits and disperse the seeds | |
Yes
| SANBI (2020) |
| Lactuca floridana (woodland lettuce) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | |
Yes
| | USDA-ARS (1997) |
| Lampropeltis californiae (California kingsnake) | Stowaways on ships |
Yes
|
Yes
| Verzelen et al. (2017) |
| Lemna aequinoctialis (lesser duckweed) | Short distance by birds and fish | |
Yes
| Hicks (1937) |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maki and Galatowitsch (2004) |
| Lepidium perfoliatum (clasping pepperweed) | Potential seed contaminant. Has been accidentally spread with bird feed and as contaminant in grain |
Yes
|
Yes
| NDFF (2016); USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Lepidium virginicum (Virginian peppercress) | As contaminant in hay, grains and wool. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora (2016) |
| Leptocybe invasa (blue gum chalcid) | Small L. invasa adults or movement of leaves with galls (e.g. leaves stuck outside the windscreen of a vehicle) | |
Yes
| |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leucaspius delineatus (sunbleak) | | |
Yes
| |
| Limnobium laevigatum (South American spongeplant) | Propagules are dispersed as hitchhikers on watercrafts. | |
Yes
| Akers (2010) |
| Limnoria lignorum (gribble) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Littorina littorea (common periwinkle) | With Atlantic seaweeds used as packing for long distance transport of bait worms and shellfish/fish |
Yes
| | Carlton (2007) |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | | |
Yes
| Ruaux et al. (2009) |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | | |
Yes
| Ruaux et al. (2009) |
| Lumbricus rubellus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gates (1972); Gates (1982) |
| Lumbricus terrestris | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gates (1972); Gates (1982) |
| Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly) | Adults frequently land in vehicle conveyances and can be transported long distances |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) | Spores spread when pine straw collected from infested sites and used as mulch elsewhere | |
Yes
| Loan van (2006) |
| Lythrum maritimum (pukamole) | Seeds can be transported on vehicles or clothing |
Yes
|
Yes
| Anderson et al. (1992) |
| Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Harman (in press) |
| Mainsia rubi | |
Yes
| | |
| Marrubium vulgare (horehound) | | |
Yes
| |
| Medicago polymorpha (bur clover) | Probably as a contaminant in hay, straw and agricultural seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Megaplatypus mutatus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | e.g. vehicles, machinery, grain, soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| Klein (2011); USDA-NRCS (2017) |
| Melissococcus plutonius | On apiculture products or equipment | |
Yes
| |
| Mesosphaerum pectinatum (comb bushmint) | Accidental, frequent |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Microlaena stipoides (meadow rice grass, meadow ricegrass) | On animal coats e.g. dogs, wild pigs in Hawaii |
Yes
| | Medeiros et al. (1998); Native Turf as Grass (2010) |
| Microstegium vimineum (Nepalese browntop) | Moderate uncertainty | |
Yes
| Baiser et al. (2008); Warren et al. (2010) |
| Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Moneilema semipunctatum (cactus borer beetle) | May be present as adults of larvae in plants collect from the wild |
Yes
|
Yes
| Woodruff (2010) |
| Monochoria hastata (hastate-leaved pondweed) | No information available, but possible from rice cultivation practices | |
Yes
| |
| Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Accidental introduction, common pathway |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Moraea (Cape tulip) | | |
Yes
| |
| Moraea collina (Cape tulip) | | |
Yes
| |
| Moraea miniata (two-leaf Cape-tulip) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mycale grandis (orange keyhole sponge) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum heterophyllum (broadleaf watermilfoil) | May attach to boats and boat trailers | |
Yes
| |
| Mytilicola intestinalis (mussel red worm) | In infected bivalve hosts attached to ship/boat hull. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rohde (1993) |
| Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel) | |
Yes
| | |
| Myxobolus cerebralis (whirling disease agent) | Potential movement on anglers' gear | |
Yes
| Gates et al. (2008) |
| Nasturtium microphyllum (one-row watercress) | | |
Yes
| |
| Neolecanium cornuparvum (magnolia scale) | Can be carried on the feet of birds and by ants | |
Yes
| Herms and Nielsen (2004); Vanek and Potter (2010b) |
| Nephrolepis hirsutula (sword fern) | Possible in animal fur, and accidentally by people | |
Yes
| Whistler (1988) |
| Nerium oleander (oleander) | As a seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt (2020); USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Neyraudia reynaudiana (burma reed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hill (1976) |
| Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco) | Might be dispersed unintentionally due to small seed size |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Onopordum illyricum (Illyrian thistle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. undulatifolius (wavyleaf basketgrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Orobanche cernua (nodding broomrape) | | |
Yes
| |
| Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) | | |
Yes
| |
| Osteopilus septentrionalis (Cuban treefrog) | Accidentally transported in crates of vegetables |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Paederia foetida (skunkvine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pemberton and Pratt (2002) |
| Paenibacillus larvae | On apiculture products or equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Antúnez et al. (2010) |
| Palaemon elegans (rock shrimp) | |
Yes
| | |
| Palaemon macrodactylus (oriental shrimp) | Probably occurs but not observed | |
Yes
| Lavesque et al. (2010) |
| Papuana huebneri (taro beetle) | Ships, boats, other vehicles, soil, gravel, water, taro corms and taro propagating material |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Parentucellia viscosa (yellow glandweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | Animals, vehicles, machinery, grains, humans |
Yes
|
Yes
| PAG (2000); Baiwa et al. (2016) |
| Paspalum dilatatum (dallisgrass) | unintentionally dispersed by animals and humans |
Yes
|
Yes
| Eurobodalla Shire Council (2017); PIER (2017) |
| Paspalum notatum (Bahia grass) | garden waste, grass and crop seeds, hay and agricultural machinery | |
Yes
| |
| Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | Mostly related to agricultural practices |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hitchcock (1936); FAO (2012b) |
| Passion fruit woodiness virus (passionfruit woodiness disease) | Moves in infected Passiflora plant material |
Yes
|
Yes
| Baker et al. (2014) |
| Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) | Attachment to machinery involved with farming, landscaping and construction activities |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cain et al. (2010) |
| Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Seeds stick to clothing, fur |
Yes
|
Yes
| Halvorson and Guertin (2003) |
| Petricolaria pholadiformis (false angel wing) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rosenthal (1980) |
| Philornis downsi | |
Yes
| | |
| Phytophthora alni species complex (alder Phytophthora) | Movement of infected soil on shoes/machinery (not specifically demonstrated for the alder Phytophthora but known to be important for root phytophthoras) or livestock | |
Yes
| Webber and Rose (2008); Redondo et al. 2015) |
| Phytophthora cinnamomi (Phytophthora dieback) | Probably very common |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phytophthora kernoviae | Soil harbouring pathogen transported on footwear, tools, machinery, etc. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Benson et al. (2010); EPPO (2013) |
| Pinctada imbricata radiata (rayed pearl oyster) | |
Yes
| | Oliverio et al. (1992) |
| Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rivers (2002) |
| Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root) | Infested soil can be moved on footwear | |
Yes
| Wallenhammar et al. (2016) |
| Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush) | Accidentally introduced as a result of military activity |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
| Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Podarcis sicula (Italian wall lizard) | One of the main causes in Europe and frequent as there is no surveillance programme |
Yes
| | Carretero and Silva-Rocha (2015); Mizsei et al. (2016); Tok et al. (2015) |
| Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass) | As contaminant in hay, straw or packing material |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pomacea canaliculata (golden apple snail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pomacea maculata | Snails eggs could be transported on the outside of boats |
Yes
| | EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2012) |
| Pontogammarus robustoides | In ship fouling |
Yes
|
Yes
| Arbaciauskas (2005); Kurashov et al. (2012a) |
| Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2006) |
| Prunella vulgaris (self-heal) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pseudelephantopus spicatus (false elephant’s foot) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ward (1975) |
| Pseudochattonella verruculosa | |
Yes
| | |
| Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | On farm machinery used in infested vineyards or orchards |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pseudogymnoascus destructans (white-nose syndrome fungus) | May be spread by infected bats, & contact with contaminated substrates and human clothing/equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ballmann et al. (2017); Carpenter et al. (2016); Lorch et al. (2011); Lorch et al. (2013b); Mulec et al. (2013); Shelley et al. (2013); Sleeman (2011); Wilder et al. (2015) |
| Pteris tripartita (giant brake) | Not mentioned in literature, but a possibility from its cultivation | |
Yes
| |
| Pteris vittata (Chinese ladder brake fern) | Spores can be transported via clothing and equipment | |
Yes
| UF-IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants (2019) |
| Pterolepis glomerata (false meadowbeauty) | Propagules dispersed unintentionally - grows in heavily trafficked areas | |
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
| Pyrrhalta luteola (elm leaf beetle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Raffaelea lauricola (laurel wilt) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fraedrich et al. (2008) |
| Raffaelea quercivora (Japanese oak wilt) | Predicted but not confirmed |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rattus norvegicus (brown rat) | Historically introduced by boat. Still locally introduced by boat today |
Yes
|
Yes
| Russell et al. (2008) |
| Rhagoletis cingulata (cherry fruit fly) | Infested fruits, pupae in transportation units |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Harris mud crab) | On ships from North America to Europe, Panama and Japan |
Yes
| | Christiansen (1969); Iseda et al. (2007); Roche et al. (2009) |
| Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass) | Railcars from Mexico to USA |
Yes
| | Lehtonen (2003) |
| Sacciolepis indica (glen woodgrass) | Multiple inferences | |
Yes
| Hitchcock (1971); Mallett and Orchard (2002); Proctor (1982) |
| Salsola kali (common saltwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Salsola paulsenii (barbwire Russian thistle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2009) |
| Salvinia minima | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USGS (2005) |
| Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | | |
Yes
| McFarland et al. (2004) |
| Sargassum muticum (wire weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Schizoporella japonica (orange ripple bryozoan) | On oysters |
Yes
| | Powell (1970) |
| Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae (brown stripe downy mildew of maize) | Accidental, potentially on farm equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Securigera varia (crown vetch) | Seeds mixed with cereals, wool and building materials |
Yes
|
Yes
| Luneva (2009); Alien Plants of Belgium (2016) |
| Senna alata (candle bush) | Reported as likely to be dispersed unintentionally | |
Yes
| PIER (2016) |
| Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | As contaminants in agricultural produce such as hay and grain |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Senna septemtrionalis (smooth senna) | Mud stuck to bottom of shoes, machinery, or animals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2014) |
| Setaria parviflora (knotroot foxtail) | Possibly wool or sheep |
Yes
| | Ryves et al. (1996) |
| Sida acuta (sida) | | |
Yes
| Lonsdale et al. (1995) |
| Siganus rivulatus (marbled spinefoot) | In ballast water |
Yes
| | Wonham et al. (2000) |
| Silene latifolia subsp. alba (white campion) | Originally introduced in ship ballast |
Yes
| | |
| Solanum erianthum (potato tree) | | |
Yes
| Roe (1979) |
| Solanum rostratum (prickly nightshade) | Seed-bearing fruit possesses prickly thorns. Easily sticks to wool and clothes |
Yes
|
Yes
| DEPI-AU (2014); Todd (1882); Tower (1906) |
| Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) | Contaminant in fodder |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hill (1994) |
| Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant) | Electrical equipment, vehicles - accidental | |
Yes
| ISSG (2014) |
| Soliva sessilis | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Polster (2007) |
| Sonchus asper (spiny sow-thistle) | Seeds in crop seed, feathers, fur, clothing, shoes, machinery |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD (2018) |
| Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
| Sphaerodactylus vincenti (Saint Vincent dwarf gecko) | Possible invasion pathway by humans |
Yes
| | Daltry (2009) |
| Spirodela polyrrhiza (giant duckweed) | Moved over short distances accidentally attached to fur or feathers of aquatic animals | |
Yes
| Les (2020) |
| Spodoptera eridania (southern armyworm) | Movement of plants, interceptions |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus africanus (rat’s tail grass) | attaches to clothes, vehicles, animals |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus junceus (pineywoods dropseed) | Possible movement by small animals that use the species as a food source | |
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2020) |
| Sporobolus pyramidalis (giant rat’s tail grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus pyramidatus (whorled dropseed) | | |
Yes
| Wester (1992) |
| Taeniatherum caput-medusae (medusahead wildrye) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kyser et al. (2014) |
| Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold) | Seeds adhered to animals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cortés-Flores et al. (2013) |
| Tapinoma melanocephalum (ghost ant) | In all the reported interceptions, it is associated as a hitchhiker with equipment or a crop |
Yes
|
Yes
| Harris et al. (2005) |
| Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug) | Unintentional movement of both extreme long distances and locally principally through human mediatio |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nadel et al. (2010) |
| Theba pisana (white garden snail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cowie (1987); Robinson (1999) |
| Themeda quadrivalvis (grader grass) | Contaminant in straw packing, hay, pasture seed and birdseed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Keir and Vogler (2006) |
| Tibouchina herbacea (cane tibouchina) | Found on tree tern trunks imported to Oahu from Hawaii island. A likely contaminant of potted plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Frohlich and Lau (2007) |
| Tibouchina urvilleana (princessflower) | Propagules are likely to be dispersed unintentionally, because plants growin heavily trafficked area | |
Yes
| PIER (2016) |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) | Contaminant agricultural produce |
Yes
| | Akobundu and Agyakwa (1987) |
| Tragus racemosus (stalker bur grass) | Accidentally introduced to various countries as a contaminant of wool products |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alien plants of Belgium (2020); SEINet (2020) |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Les and Mehrhoff (1999) |
| Tropilaelaps | On bees or beekeeping equipment moved for apicultural purposes. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Defra (2005) |
| Tubastraea coccinea (orange-cup coral) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Typha domingensis (southern cattail) | Achenes with hairs attach to humans and animals. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Typha x glauca (hybrid cattail) | Fruits and hairs attach to humans, animals and farm implements | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
| Tyto alba (Barn owl) | On ships and aircraft |
Yes
| | Hyde et al. (2013) |
| Ulva pertusa | |
Yes
| | Carlton (1985); Hewitt et al. (2007); Sidharthan et al. (2004) |
| Umbra pygmaea (eastern mudminnow) | Belgian pisciculturists unintentionally spread U. pygmaea in several ponds in Marne region (France) |
Yes
| | Guidou and Keith (2002); Verreycken et al. (2010) |
| Undaria pinnatifida (Asian kelp) | | |
Yes
| Forrest et al. (2000); Voisin et al. (2005) |
| Urochloa distachya (signal grass) | Seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries (2015) |
| Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Taylor (2009) |
| Ventenata dubia (North Africa grass) | Seeds easily transported by animals, when seeds are present |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Verbascum thapsus (common mullein) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Verbena litoralis (blue vervain) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Verbena officinalis (vervain) | Found in ballasts and established in dump grounds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brown (1878) |
| Vespa velutina (Asian hornet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Vespula germanica (German wasp) | Europe to New Zealand, New Zealand to Australia, within Australia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Spradbery and Maywald (1992); Thomas (1960) |
| Vespula pensylvanica (western yellowjacket) | Christmas tree trade |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Vespula vulgaris (wasp, common) | |
Yes
| | |
| Vulpia myuros (annual fescue) | Seeds attach to animals, machinery etc. Accidental. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wallace (1997) |
| Wasmannia auropunctata (little fire ant) | On camping equipment |
Yes
| | ISSG (2014) |
| Xanthium spinosum (bathurst burr) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2013) |
| Xenohaliotis californiensis | Transport of infected abalones |
Yes
|
Yes
| Crosson et al. (2014) |
| Youngia japonica (oriental false hawksbeard) | Contaminant in crop and grass seeds or soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
| Zachrysia provisoria (Cuban brown snail) | Occasional, accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Robinson and Fields (2004) |
| Zeuxine strateumatica (soldier’s orchid) | Accidentally introduced with contaminated seeds, soil, footwear and animals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ames (1938); Proctor (1982) |
| Zinnia peruviana (Peruvian zinnia) | Seeds have awns that attach to fur and clothing |
Yes
|
Yes
| Torres (1963) |
