| Abutilon hirtum (Indian mallow) | Eaten by goats, camels, bovines, elephants, rhinos, vervet monkeys and bushbucks | |
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010; Wesley et al.,
2013; Whitten,
1988 |
| Acacia angustissima (prairie acacia) | Introduced to Australia for its potential use as forage for cattle. |
Yes
| | Csurhes and Naive,
2009; Pedley,
1981 |
| Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | Trees are browsed by cattle |
Yes
|
Yes
| Banerjee,
1973 |
| Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree) | Leaves and fruits are used as animal fodder |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Aegilops cylindrica | | |
Yes
| |
| Aeschynomene americana (shyleaf) | Used as a cut-and-carry forage for animals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Agropyron cristatum (crested wheatgrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zlatnik,
1999 |
| Agrostis capillaris (common bent) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Albizia adinocephala (cream albizia) | Albizia adinocephala provides livestock fodder with a high crude-protein content | |
Yes
| Rico Arce et al.,
2008 |
| Albizia chinensis (Chinese albizia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | Leaves and stems are used as forage |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro) | Used to feed farm animals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hammel et al.,
2003; León,
1987 |
| Alopecurus pratensis (meadow foxtail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2015 |
| Alosa pseudoharengus (alewife) | For piscivorous fishes, within the USA |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Alternanthera bettzickiana (calico plant) | As a fodder for goats and rabbits. | |
Yes
| Quattrocchi,
2012 |
| Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | Species cultivated as fodder and forage crop for livestock. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke,
1981; Hanelt et al.,
2001 |
| Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | In hay | |
Yes
| Olliff et al.,
2001 |
| Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge) | | |
Yes
| |
| Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet vernal grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Aristida ternipes (spidergrass) | Forage/stock |
Yes
|
Yes
| Allred,
2003 |
| Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha) | | |
Yes
| Hermann,
1997 |
| Arrhenatherum elatius (false oat-grass) | Used as hay |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Arthraxon hispidus (small carpetgrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Atriplex argentea (silverscale saltbush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Atriplex semibaccata (Australian saltbush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Avena barbata (slender oat) | Has been introduced to N. America as a contaminant in forage seeds |
Yes
| | USDA-NRCS,
2012 |
| Axonopus fissifolius | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Balanites aegyptiaca (simple-thorned torchwood) | Leaves and young shoots are used as forage | |
Yes
| Booth and Wickens,
1988 |
| Bambusa bambos (giant thorny bamboo) | Leaves used as forage |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duriyaprapan and Jansen,
1995 |
| Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) | Leaves consumed by goats |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | Leaves good fodder for sheep, goats and cattle |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Bipolaris victoriae (Victoria blight of oats) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bothriochloa ischaemum (yellow bluestem) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Texas Invasives,
2015 |
| Bothriochloa pertusa (pitted beard grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | USA: 1970s but likely earlier too |
Yes
| | Hull AC Jr,
1974 |
| Brassica juncea (mustard) | | |
Yes
| Office of the Gene Technology Regulator,
2008 |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Seeds and foliage eaten by various animals. The seeds are sold at markets in Mexico as bird food |
Yes
|
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life,
2018; Vibrans,
2018 |
| Bromus hordeaceus (soft brome) | Variety Blando (Reg.No. 11) |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alderson and Sharp,
1993; Howard,
1998; Smith,
1968 |
| Bunias orientalis (Turkish warty-cabbage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kshnikatkina and Varlamov,
2005 |
| Calopogonium caeruleum (jicama) | Green manure in pastures |
Yes
| | Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo) | Used as forage legume, green manure, pioneer legume and cover crop |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cenchrus biflorus (Indian sandbur) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Marshall et al.,
2012 |
| Channa marulius (bullseye snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams,
2004; Froese and Pauly,
2009 |
| Chloris virgata (feather finger grass) | Forage, fodder, hay production |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2015 |
| Cissus quadrangularis (treebine) | Leaves and stems sometimes used as forage for livestock |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brink and Achigan-Dako,
2012 |
| Clitoria ternatea (butterfly-pea) | Planted for forage, hay and silage |
Yes
|
Yes
| Staples,
1992 |
| Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's-tears) | Introduced and cultivated in many countries as a forage and fodder crop for livestock and poultry |
Yes
|
Yes
| Schaaffhausen,
1952; FAO,
2017 |
| Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Corms, stems and leaves are used as animal fodder |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Cortaderia jubata (purple pampas grass) | Used as emergency feed for livestock |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pleasants and Whitehead,
1977 |
| Crassocephalum crepidioides (redflower ragleaf) | Used as green fodder |
Yes
|
Yes
| Denton,
2004 |
| Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Crotalaria spectabilis (showy rattlepod) | Contaminant in forage and hay |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maddox et al.,
2011 |
| Cuscuta campestris (field dodder) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Common weed in pasturelands |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Cynodon nlemfuensis (African Bermuda-grass) | Widely introduced in tropical regions |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Cynodon plectostachyus (African stargrass) | Grazed, and used for hay and silage |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass) | Used as fodder and for hay production |
Yes
|
Yes
| Heuzé et al.,
2015 |
| Danthonia decumbens (heath grass) | Introduced to Tasmania and Victoria from Europe as a fodder grass |
Yes
| | Alfonso,
2010; Mallett,
2005 |
| Descurainia sophia (flixweed) | | |
Yes
| Blackshaw and Rode,
1991 |
| Desmodium incanum (creeping beggerweed) | Often promoted as forage |
Yes
|
Yes
| Demski et al.,
1981; Schifino-Wittmann,
2000; Smith,
1995 |
| Dichanthium annulatum (Kleberg's bluestem) | Pasture for grazing |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Dichanthium caricosum (nadi blue grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2015 |
| Digitaria bicornis (Asian crabgrass) | | |
Yes
| Quattrocchi,
2006 |
| Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1979 |
| Digitaria eriantha (pangola grass) | Forage/fodder for livestock. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tropical Forages,
2016 |
| Dioscorea alata (white yam) | Tubers (yams) and bulbils are also used to feed animals |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) | Planted as a forage and fodder crop |
Yes
|
Yes
| FAO,
2014 |
| Echinochloa pyramidalis | | |
Yes
| |
| Ehrharta calycina (perennial veldtgrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Eragrostis atrovirens (thalia lovegrass) | Use for pasture and hay |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Eragrostis japonica (pond lovegrass) | Use for pasture, forage, fodder |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass) | Cultivated for hay, used as a forage grass in arid areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| FAO,
2015; PROTA,
2015; Uchytil,
1992 |
| Eragrostis plana (South African lovegrass) | Used to be cultivated as a forage species in southern Brazil |
Yes
|
Yes
| Reis,
1993; Kissmann,
1997; Medeiros et al.,
2004 |
| Erythrina berteroana (coralbean) | Leaves are eaten by cattle, goats, rabbits, etc |
Yes
|
Yes
| Barrance et al.,
2003 |
| Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) | Grown for fodder and hay |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Festuca pratensis (meadow fescue) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Darbyshire,
2007 |
| Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | Used for medicinal purposes, firewood and seeds collected to use hairs for pillows | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants,
2018 |
| Gaultheria shallon (salal) | |
Yes
| | EPPO,
2014; Pojar and Mackinnon,
2004 |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Main cause of introduction to many countries/regions was cultivation as a fodder crop |
Yes
|
Yes
| EPPO,
2008; Kabuce,
2006; Nielsen et al.,
2005 |
| Hirschfeldia incana (shortpod mustard) | | |
Yes
| South East Natural Resources Management Board,
2009 |
| Hyparrhenia rufa (Jaragua grass) | Introduced to enhance livestock production |
Yes
|
Yes
| Williams and Baruch,
2000 |
| Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Indigofera hirsuta (hairy indigo) | Introduced by the USDA as a forage plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wallace,
1957 |
| Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Ischaemum rugosum (saramollagrass) | Used to establish permanent pastures |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2015 |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | Used as livestock forage by Paiute people of Oregon | |
Yes
| Mahar,
1953 |
| Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | Browsed by livestock |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Lemna aequinoctialis (lesser duckweed) | By birds and fish | |
Yes
| Mukhopadhyay and Dewanji,
2005 |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | |
Yes
| | Bouda and Chien,
2005 |
| Lepidium latifolium (perennial pepperweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lepidium virginicum (Virginian peppercress) | Used as bird food and as fodder for other animals. | |
Yes
| CONABIO,
2016 |
| Lepomis cyanellus (green sunfish) | To Madagascar (1954), South Africa and Swaziland (1939), Zimbabwe (1940), and Brazil (1930s) |
Yes
| | Welcomme,
1988 |
| Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leptochloa fusca (sprangletop) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | | |
Yes
| |
| Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leaf lupin) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2017 |
| Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | In hay as feed |
Yes
| | Thompson et al.,
1987 |
| Macroptilium atropurpureum (siratro) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Maranta arundinacea (arrowroot) | Animal forage |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2018 |
| Medicago lupulina (black medick) | Cultivated as forage for livestock |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2017 |
| Medicago polymorpha (bur clover) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | Often planted as forage crop |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2017 |
| Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) | Planted as forage and fodder |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Microstegium vimineum (Nepalese browntop) | Moderate uncertainty | |
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010; Warren et al.,
2010 |
| Mimosa arenosa (elegant mimosa) | Fodder for goats and cattle |
Yes
|
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Mimosa casta (graceful mimosa) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Mimosa ceratonia (climbing mimosa) | Forage for goats, but according to Vélez and Overbeek (1950), this species is avoided by cattle |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Mimosa diplotricha (creeping sensitive plant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAF,
2016; Parsons and Cuthbertson,
1992 |
| Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Accidental introduction, rare pathway | |
Yes
| |
| Moorochloa eruciformis (sweet signal grass) | | |
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | Fruits used to feed pigs |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis,
2004 |
| Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) | Cultivated as a cover crop and fodder/forage crop |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke,
1981 |
| Neonotonia wightii (perennial soybean) | Widely introduced forage crop |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | Used as a fodder/forage species |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt,
2017 |
| Orobanche ramosa (branched broomrape) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jacobsohn,
1984 |
| Oryza barthii | | |
Yes
| |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PAG,
2000 |
| Paspalum conjugatum (buffalo grass) | Cultivated as forage and cut-and-carry systems |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manidool,
1992 |
| Paspalum dilatatum (dallisgrass) | widely introduced as forage for livestock |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2017 |
| Paspalum millegrana (yerba brava) | Young plants are consumed by cattle |
Yes
|
Yes
| Más and Garcia-Molinari,
2006 |
| Paspalum notatum (Bahia grass) | Grown in pastures |
Yes
|
Yes
| Heuzé and Tran,
2016 |
| Paspalum paniculatum (Russell River grass) | Sometimes used as forage |
Yes
|
Yes
| Más and Garcia-Molinari,
2006 |
| Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | Widely introduced as a pasture grass around the world |
Yes
| | Bowen and Hollinger,
2002; Randall,
2012 |
| Paspalum vaginatum (seashore paspalum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Paspalum virgatum (sword grass) | Young plants consumed by cattle |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sistachs and Leon,
1987 |
| Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass) | Widely introduced as a forage crop |
Yes
| | |
| Pennisetum polystachion (mission grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Choubey and Bhagat,
2005 |
| Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) | P. purpureum is one of the highest yielding tropical forage grasses |
Yes
|
Yes
| FAO,
2013 |
| Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Leaves used in Mexico to feed domestic animals | |
Yes
| Rueda,
1994 |
| Phalaris aquatica (bulbous canarygrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Barry,
2007 |
| Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) | Cultivated for its edible seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Phleum pratense (timothy grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phragmites australis (common reed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| NatureServe,
2012 |
| Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) | Weed in pastures |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Polygonum arenastrum (common knotweed) | Ingested by horses used to transport people in recreational trails | |
Yes
| Wells and Lauenroth,
2007 |
| Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass) | As contaminant in hay, straw or packing material |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tomaino,
2004 |
| Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) | Dispersed by birds, racoons and opossums | |
Yes
| Zona,
1997; PIER,
2017 |
| Pueraria phaseoloides (tropical kudzu) | Forage legume |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass) | Originally to the USA, but unlikely now |
Yes
| | Bugwood,
2008 |
| Rutilus rutilus (roach) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Welcomme,
1988 |
| Sacciolepis indica (glen woodgrass) | | |
Yes
| Mallett and Orchard,
2002 |
| Salsola kali (common saltwort) | | |
Yes
| |
| Salsola paulsenii (barbwire Russian thistle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sander lucioperca (pike-perch) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Schismus arabicus (Arabian schismus) | Used as a forage grass |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Securigera varia (crown vetch) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sesbania sericea (silky sesban) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ipor and Oyen,
1997 |
| Sesbania sesban (sesban) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al.,
2001 |
| Setaria palmifolia (palm grass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Setaria parviflora (knotroot foxtail) | | |
Yes
| Arregui et al.,
2001; Leithead et al.,
1971; Muller and Via,
2012 |
| Setaria verticillata (bristly foxtail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sida acuta (sida) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith,
2002 |
| Silene latifolia subsp. alba (white campion) | Contaminant of hay |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alberta Weed Monitoring Network,
2014 |
| Solanum viarum (tropical soda apple) | movement of hay, within USA |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mullahey et al.,
2006 |
| Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporisorium pulverulentum (Sporisorium smut of wild Saccharum) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus africanus (rat’s tail grass) | can occur in hay |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus pyramidalis (giant rat’s tail grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Themeda arguens (Christmas grass) | Young plants used as forage |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith,
1979 |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) | Used as forage and fodder | |
Yes
| Roothaert and Paterson,
1997 |
| Trifolium angustifolium (narrow-leaf clover) | Used in making hay as a protein source | |
Yes
| Kamalak and Canbolat,
2010 |
| Trifolium hybridum (alsike clover) | Cultivated as a forage crop |
Yes
| | Achigan-Dako,
2010; Clark and Malte,
1913; Minnesota Wildflowers,
2015; USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Tripsacum dactyloides (eastern gamagrass) | Widely cultivated as forage crop |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2017 |
| Tripsacum latifolium (wideleaf gamagrass) | Cultivated as fodder plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden,
2017 |
| Ulex europaeus (gorse) | As a contaminant of hay |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tulang,
1992 |
| Urochloa decumbens (signal grass) | Permanent pastures and fresh feed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2015 |
| Urochloa distachya (signal grass) | Shade tolerant | |
Yes
| Schultze-Kraft,
1992 |
| Urochloa mutica (para grass) | Pasture grass |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Urochloa reptans (sprawling signalgrass) | Cultivated as forage |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gupta,
2013 |
| Vachellia macracantha (porknut) | cultivated for fodder |
Yes
|
Yes
| Seigler and Ebinger,
1988 |
| Ventenata dubia (North Africa grass) | In harvested hay, when seeds are present |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Verbena litoralis (blue vervain) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Vulpia bromoides (squirreltail fescue) | Possibly spread in hay, straw |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ's thorn jujube) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) | Grazed in coconut plantations | |
Yes
| FAO,
2015 |
