| Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Frequent escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2016) |
| Abrus precatorius (rosary pea) | Species is cultivated for ornamental, medicinal, and food additive purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al. (2003); Padua et al. (1999); Weber (2003) |
| Abutilon grandifolium (hairy Indian mallow) | | |
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Abutilon indicum (country mallow) | Possibly escaping from cultivation and becoming naturalized | |
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2015); PIER (2015) |
| Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | Used as an ornamental tree from where it can escape into nearby areas | |
Yes
| PIER (2016) |
| Acacia crassicarpa (northern wattle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acacia decurrens (green wattle) | Escaped from old forestry plantations in many parts of Australia, as well as other countries | |
Yes
| FloraBase (2016); Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Acacia glauca (wild dividivi) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | | |
Yes
| WorldWideWattle (2015) |
| Acacia saligna (coojong) | Species is known to escape cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Doran and Turnbull (1997); Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Achatina fulica (giant African land snail) | Accidental | |
Yes
| |
| Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acridotheres fuscus (jungle myna) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acridotheres tristis (common myna) | | |
Yes
| |
| Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid) | | |
Yes
| |
| Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
| Adiantum hispidulum (rosy maidenhair fern) | Escaped from cultivation and/or naturalized in south eastern USA, Hawaii, Natal and Singapore | |
Yes
| Schelpe and Anthony (1986) |
| Adiantum raddianum (delta maidenhair fern) | spores are carried by wind, accidental | |
Yes
| Palmer (2003) |
| Adonidia merrillii (Christmas palm) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Smith (2010) |
| Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) | |
Yes
| | |
| Aeschynomene americana (shyleaf) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Seeds, bulbils and stem fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2016); Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Agave fourcroydes (henequen) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Badano and Pugnaire (2004) |
| Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
| Agave vivipara (Caribbean agave) | Bulbils | |
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
| Agdestis clematidea (rockroot) | Occasionally planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vickery (2009) |
| Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | Cited as escaping from gardens and naturalizing in nearby areas. | |
Yes
| PFAF (2016) |
| Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, accidental | |
Yes
| Constán-Nava (2012); Kowarik and Säumel (2007) |
| Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | Escaped from agroforestry systems and gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2009) |
| Albizia procera (white siris) | Found naturalized in areas near cultivation | |
Yes
| Parrotta (2004) |
| Allamanda blanchetii (purple allamanda) | Stem fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2007) |
| Allamanda cathartica (yellow allamanda) | Spread by seeds and cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2000) |
| Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) | Escaped or persistent after cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Grayum (2003) |
| Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro) | Occasionally planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manner (2011) |
| Aloe vera (true aloe) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Alopochen aegyptiaca (Egyptian goose) | | |
Yes
| Lever (2005) |
| Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) | Escaped and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| GRIIS (2019) |
| Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | In Hawaii, occasional escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Alternanthera bettzickiana (calico plant) | | |
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2016) |
| Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed) | Stems and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1981); Hanelt et al. (2001) |
| Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | Originally introduced as a medicinal herb for garden cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mosley (2014) |
| Amaranthus dubius (spleen amaranth) | | |
Yes
| |
| Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al. (2003) |
| Amaranthus tricolor (edible amaranth) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ameiurus melas (black bullhead) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ammotragus lervia (aoudad) | There many examples of free-ranging populations originated from escapes from game reserves, both in |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cassinello et al. (2004); Gray (1985) |
| Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo-bush) | | |
Yes
| Karmyzova (2014) |
| Amphisbaena fuliginosa (speckled worm lizard) | Possible pathway | |
Yes
| Murphy et al. (2010) |
| Amynthas agrestis (crazy worm) | Movement with soil or other organic material accompanying plants | |
Yes
| Gates (1958) |
| Andropogon glomeratus (bushy bluestem) | This species invasively self-seeds and seeds are wind-dispersed | |
Yes
| PIER (2008); Rojas and Chavez Vibrans (2010) |
| Angiopteris evecta (king fern) | It has repeatedly escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Christenhusz and Toivonen (2008) |
| Annona reticulata (bullock's heart) | Known to have escaped from cultivation in India and into the wild |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (1987) |
| Anolis extremus (Barbados anole) | Port of Spain (Trinidad) introduction of specimens released by collector, in transit from Barbados |
Yes
| | Murphy (1997) |
| Anolis sagrei (brown anole) | | |
Yes
| |
| Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Anredera vesicaria (Texas madeira vine) | Escaped and naturalized in the Philippines |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pelser (2017) |
| Anser indicus (bar-headed goose) | | |
Yes
| Lever (2005) |
| Antigonon leptopus (coral vine) | Planted as a garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Burke and DiTommaso (2011) |
| Aphanomyces astaci | | |
Yes
| Oidtmann et al. (2005) |
| Apis mellifera scutellata (africanized bee) | From South Africa & Tanzania to Brazil, then escaped into the Brazilian countryside | |
Yes
| Piereira and Chaud-Netto (2005) |
| Ardisia crenata (coral berry) | This is the primary invasion pathway | |
Yes
| USDA-APHIS (2012) |
| Ardisia humilis (low shoebutton) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
| Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | | |
Yes
| |
| Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | | |
Yes
| Csurhes (2009) |
| Aristichthys nobilis (bighead carp) | | |
Yes
| |
| Aristolochia elegans (elegant Dutchman’s pipe) | Can propagate by seeds and vegetatively |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012); Starr et al. (2003); Weeds of Australia (2015) |
| Aristolochia ringens (Dutchman’s pipe) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005); Liogier and Martorell (2000); Meerman (2003); Randall (2012) |
| Aronia x prunifolia | | |
Yes
| |
| Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Arundo donax (giant reed) | | |
Yes
| Dudley (2000) |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | | |
Yes
| Stansbury (1999) |
| Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern) | | |
Yes
| |
| Asparagus falcatus (sicklethorn) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| NSW Weedwise (2018) |
| Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Atriplex semibaccata (Australian saltbush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (cane cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia subulata (Eve’s needle cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015); PIER (2015); Randall (2012); Space et al. (2003) |
| Bambusa bambos (giant thorny bamboo) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ohrnberger (1999) |
| Bambusa longispiculata (mahal bamboo) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Bambusa tuldoides (punting pole bamboo) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2019) |
| Barleria cristata (Philippine violet) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
| Barleria lupulina (hophead Philippine violet) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aguilar (2001) |
| Barleria prionitis (porcupine flower) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Edwards (1998) |
| Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree) | Fruits can float and remain viable for many months |
Yes
|
Yes
| Yaplito (2001) |
| Basella alba (malabar spinach) | Possible as it is cultivated as an ornamental | |
Yes
| |
| Bauhinia monandra (Napoleon's plume) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Connor (2002) |
| Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith (2010) |
| Begonia nelumbiifolia (lilypad begonia) | This species is grown as an ornamental, but due to its limited dispersal capabilities, only local distance can be possible | |
Yes
| |
| Belonesox belizanus (pike killifish) | A population of B. belizanus discovered in Hillsborough County (Florida) in 1997 were thought to hav | |
Yes
| USGS (2015) |
| Bidens pilosa (blackjack) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAFF (2011) |
| Bixa orellana (annatto) | | |
Yes
| Morton (1960) |
| Bontia daphnoides (white alling) | It has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized | |
Yes
| Little et al. (1974) |
| Bos taurus (cattle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Bothriochloa bladhii (Caucasian bluestem) | Escaped from pastures |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
| Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea) | Naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Davidse et al. (2018) |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | |
Yes
| | Hitchcock (1950) |
| Branta canadensis (Canada goose) | | |
Yes
| Lever (2005) |
| Branta hutchinsii | | |
Yes
| Lever (2005) |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Escaped from cultivation into fields and disturbed areas | |
Yes
| Young-Mathews (2012); Vibrans (2018) |
| Breynia disticha (snowbush) | Spreading by root suckers near areas where cultivated | |
Yes
| PIER (2017); Wildlife of Hawaii (2017) |
| Briza maxima (large quaking grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Brugmansia candida (angel's trumpet) | Often planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Brugmansia suaveolens (white angel's trumpet) | | |
Yes
| |
| Buddleja asiatica (dog tail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Buddleja madagascariensis (smokebush) | Seed and stem fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD (2016) |
| Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) | | |
Yes
| Les and Mehrhoff (1999) |
| Caesalpinia pulcherrima (peacock flower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gillman and Watson (2011); PIER (2014) |
| Caladium bicolor (heart of Jesus) | Seed and rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2016) |
| Callisia fragrans (basketplant) | Individuals break off and root | |
Yes
| Graveson (2012) |
| Callisia repens (creeping inch-plant) | Seeds and plant segments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
| Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas's squirrel) | |
Yes
| | Jouanin (1986); Jouanin (1992) |
| Calopogonium caeruleum (jicama) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Graveson (2012) |
| Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) | Species is known to escape from cultivated areas | |
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Canavalia gladiata (sword bean) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2019) |
| Canis lupus familiaris (dogs) | | |
Yes
| |
| Canna indica (canna lilly) | | |
Yes
| |
| Capra hircus (goats) | | |
Yes
| |
| Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | Known to have escaped garden and crop cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000); Randall (2012) |
| Capsicum baccatum (pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Walter and Lebot (2007) |
| Cardamine flexuosa (wavy bittercress) | Weed in gardens and lawns |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2019) |
| Cardiospermum grandiflorum (balloon vine) | Seed and root fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
| Cardiospermum halicacabum (balloon vine) | Can escape from cultivated areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gildenhuys et al. (2013) |
| Carpobrotus chilensis (sea fig) | Escaped from cultivation via discarded stem pieces | |
Yes
| Jonkers (2001) |
| Carpobrotus edulis (hottentot fig) | | |
Yes
| |
| Carpodacus mexicanus (house finch) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cascabela thevetia (yellow oleander) | Commonly spread in dumped garden waste | |
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2020) |
| Cassia grandis (pink shower) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental in urban and garden areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Toruan-Purba (1999) |
| Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Castor canadensis (beaver) | | |
Yes
| |
| Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
| Cecropia peltata (trumpet tree) | | |
Yes
| Binggelli (1999) |
| Centaurea macrocephala (giant knapweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort) | | |
Yes
| |
| Centratherum punctatum (lark daisy) | Planted as ornamental | |
Yes
| Woodson and Schery (1975) |
| Cervus elaphus (red deer) | Farmed deer are a risk | |
Yes
| |
| Cestrum diurnum (day jessamine) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species is a popular ornamental and is known to have escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
| Chamaedorea elegans (parlour palm) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oviedo Prieto et al. (2012) |
| Channa argus argus (northern snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams (2004) |
| Channa marulius (bullseye snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams (2004); Froese and Pauly (2009) |
| Cheilocostus speciosus (crepe ginger ) | Seeds and rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Staples et al. (2000) |
| Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) | Often escaped from cultivation: seeds, stem fragments, seeds as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2020) |
| Christella dentata (soft fern) | This is not an example of an escape but the planting of it as an ornamental |
Yes
| | Drummond (1959) |
| Cichlasoma urophthalmum (Mayan cichlid) | Released and/or escaped from fish farms possibly responsible for populations in Florida | |
Yes
| Schofield et al. (2016) |
| Cinnamomum burmanni (padang cassia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) | | |
Yes
| Kueffer et al. (2009) |
| Cirsium mexicanum (Mexican thistle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Cissus quadrangularis (treebine) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nzengue et al. (2016) |
| Cleome rutidosperma (fringed spiderflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Cleome viscosa (Asian spiderflower) | | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015) |
| Clerodendrum bungei (rose glorybower) | Grown as an ornamental and has been known to escape cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | | |
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum lindleyi (clerodendrum) | Escaped from gardens and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alain (1957) |
| Clerodendrum paniculatum (pagoda flower) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental. Often escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2020) |
| Clerodendrum speciosissimum (Java glory bower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000); Randall (2012) |
| Clerodendrum wallichii (Wallich's glorybower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
| Clitoria ternatea (butterfly-pea) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya) | Possible, if cuttings are able to root | |
Yes
| |
| Coccinella septempunctata (seven-spot ladybird) | | |
Yes
| |
| Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's-tears) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized in many countries. Often naturalized in areas near villages and farms |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jansen (2006); PROTA (2017) |
| Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Occasionally planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Colubrina asiatica (latherleaf) | Frequently found in coastal hammocks. Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Jones (1996) |
| Columba livia (pigeons) | | |
Yes
| |
| Combretum grandiflorum (showy combretum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005) |
| Combretum indicum (Rangoon creeper) | Capable of spreading by both seed and root suckers |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015); Randall (2012); Staples et al. (2000) |
| Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cordyline fruticosa (ti plant) | Accidental, discard house/garden plant | |
Yes
| |
| Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | | |
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
| Cornu aspersum (common garden snail) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | Europe, Australia |
Yes
| | EPPO (2009); Gardening Australia (2009) |
| Cortaderia jubata (purple pampas grass) | | |
Yes
| Edgar and Connor (2010) |
| Cortaderia selloana (pampas grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2009) |
| Cosmos caudatus (wild cosmos) | Attractive garden plant | |
Yes
| |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Known to have escaped cultivation in Panama, Paraguay, Florida and other parts of the Caribbean and South America |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000); Flora of Panama (2016); Paraguay Checklist (2016) |
| Cotoneaster horizontalis (wall-spray) | | |
Yes
| Dickoré and Kasperek (2010) |
| Crassula helmsii (Australian swamp stonecrop) | | |
Yes
| OEPP/EPPO (2007) |
| Crassula ovata (jade plant) | | |
Yes
| Verloove (2013) |
| Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) | | |
Yes
| Alverson and Sigg (2008) |
| Crescentia cujete (calabash tree) | Possible, although most of the fruits remain under the tree | |
Yes
| |
| Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) | Escaped from cultivation and becoming invasive | |
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
| Crotalaria spectabilis (showy rattlepod) | Seeds as contaminant in crop seeds, forage, hay and agricultural equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maddox et al. (2011) |
| Cucumis anguria (West Indian gherkin) | Escaped from cultivation. Often naturalized outside cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wilkins-Ellert (2004) |
| Cuphea hyssopifolia (false heather) | | |
Yes
| Francis (2004) |
| Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress) | | |
Yes
| Sanz Elorza (2004); Flora Argentina (2017); Flora Italiana (2017) |
| Cupressus sempervirens (Mediterranean cypress) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2015) |
| Cuscuta japonica (Japanese dodder) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Common weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Cyathea cooperi (australian tree fern) | Spores are carried by wind | |
Yes
| Palmer (2003) |
| Cygnus olor (mute swan) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cylindropuntia fulgida (jumping cholla) | Plants and detached segments are often thrown over garden fences or taken to garbage dump sites | |
Yes
| Mathenge et al. (2009) |
| Cylindropuntia rosea (hudson pear) | | |
Yes
| Deltoro et al. (2014) |
| Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) | Rhizomes, tillers and plant fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oyen (1999) |
| Cymbopogon schoenanthus (camel grass) | Seeds, rhizomes and tillers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
| Cynodon nlemfuensis (African Bermuda-grass) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
| Cynodon plectostachyus (African stargrass) | Naturalized along roadsides and in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
| Cynoglossum amabile (Chinese forget-me-not) | Accidental | |
Yes
| New York Botanical Garden (2017); Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (2017) |
| Cyperus imbricatus (shingle flatsedge) | Seeds and stem segments are commonly dispersed in dumped garden waste. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
| Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cyrtomium falcatum (Japanese holly fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) | Fruits and seeds escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2016) |
| Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass) | Contaminant in crops and crop seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Heuzé et al. (2015) |
| Dalbergia sissoo | | |
Yes
| Morton (2007) |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | | |
Yes
| |
| Datura metel (Hindu datura) | Can spread by both seed and vegetative fragmentation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014); Randall (2012) |
| Daucus carota (carrot) | | |
Yes
| |
| Delonix regia (flamboyant) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2009) |
| Derris elliptica (tuba root) | Seed and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Desmodium cajanifolium (tropical tick trefoil) | Escaping from cultivation | |
Yes
| Wester (1992) |
| Dichanthium annulatum (Kleberg's bluestem) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Dieffenbachia seguine (dumb cane) | Accidental | |
Yes
| Space and Flynn (2002) |
| Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass) | Plants produce many seeds and may also spread by rooting at the nodes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1979) |
| Dimorphotheca sinuata (Cape marigold) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized in the wild |
Yes
|
Yes
| Calflora (2020) |
| Dioscorea alata (white yam) | Bulbils, plant fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato) | Escaped from cultivated areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
| Dioscorea cayenensis (Guinea yam) | escaped from cultivation in Panama | |
Yes
| Standley (1928) |
| Diplazium esculentum (vegetable fern) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| PIER (2020) |
| Diplodia seriata (grapevine trunk disease) | | |
Yes
| |
| Discus rotundatus (rotund disc) | Not explicitly mentioned in literature, but likely based on the species’ biology | |
Yes
| |
| Dolichandra unguis-cati (cat's claw creeper) | Seeds, tuber and stem fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Dracaena fragrans (corn plant) | Escaped and/or persistent after cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
| Dypsis lutescens (yellow butterfly palm) | Escaped from gardens | |
Yes
| Dransfield and Beentje (1995) |
| Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
| Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | | |
Yes
| Tokarska-Guzik (2005); Bagi and Böszörményi (2008); Dajdok and Kącki (2009) |
| Elaeagnus pungens (thorny olive) | | |
Yes
| Miller (2003) |
| Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive) | | |
Yes
| Munger (2003) |
| Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) | Evident, but no supporting refs | |
Yes
| |
| Elodea nuttallii (Nuttall's waterweed) | | |
Yes
| Bowmer et al. (1995) |
| Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Emilia praetermissa (yellow thistle) | Weed in gardens and lawns |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Epiphyllum oxypetalum (dutchman's-pipe cactus) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2014) |
| Epipremnum pinnatum (centipede tongavine) | Cultivated in gardens and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman (2011) |
| Equus caballus [ISC] (horse) | | |
Yes
| |
| Eragrostis amabilis (Japanese lovegrass) | Accidental escape | |
Yes
| Pink (2004) |
| Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass) | | |
Yes
| Alien plants of Belgium (2018) |
| Eranthemum pulchellum (blue-sage) | Accidental | |
Yes
| PIER (2019) |
| Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass) | Seeds and stolons |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brosnan and Deputy (2008) |
| Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane) | | |
Yes
| Kunkel (1972); National Museums Northern Ireland (2010); Orchard (1994) |
| Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of New Zealand (2016) |
| Erythrina berteroana (coralbean) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Barrance et al. (2003) |
| Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum) | | |
Yes
| |
| Eucalyptus robusta (swamp mahogany) | Escaped from plantations |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) | | |
Yes
| |
| Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Often naturalized close to plantings | |
Yes
| Zouhar (2009) |
| Euonymus japonicus (Japanese spindle tree) | | |
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia hypericifolia (graceful spurge) | | |
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia lactea (mottled spurge) | Escape from gardens and yards | |
Yes
| Little et al. (1974) |
| Euphorbia leucocephala (white Christmas bush) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hyde et al. (2020) |
| Euphorbia milii (crown-of-thorns) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2020) |
| Euphorbia neriifolia (Indian spurge tree) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little et al. (1974) |
| Euphorbia tithymaloides (devil's backbone) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
| Euphorbia trigona (African milk weed) | Escaped from gardens/cultivation | |
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
| Euphorbia umbellata (African milk bush) | | |
Yes
| PROTA (2017); Weeds of Australia (2017) |
| Falcataria moluccana (batai wood) | | |
Yes
| |
| Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | most common | |
Yes
| |
| Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) | very common indeed | |
Yes
| Bailey and Conolly (2000) |
| Ficus benghalensis (banyan) | Seeds dispersed by birds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) | Naturalised in places where it has been introduced as a garden cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ficus carica (common fig) | Species cultivated for thousands of years and can escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001) |
| Ficus elastica (rubber plant) | Species can escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tawan (2000) |
| Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua (2014); Hutchinson and Rendle (1916); Madulid (1995); Starr et al. (2003) |
| Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) | | |
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
| Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | Spreads by vegetative fragments, known to escape from cultivation and garden rubbish |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2014); Starr et al. (2003) |
| Flacourtia indica (governor's plum) | | |
Yes
| |
| Flemingia lineata (wild hops) | Naturalized in areas near cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oviedo Prieto et al. (2012) |
| Flemingia macrophylla (large leaf flemingia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Flemingia strobilifera (wild hops) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2014) |
| Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
| Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash) | | |
Yes
| |
| Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | Escaped from its cultivation at La Laguna Botanical Garden at El Salvador | |
Yes
| Dendroflora de El Salvador (2018) |
| Gaillardia pulchella (Indian blanket) | Widely cultivated as ornamental and escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014) |
| Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas (2008) |
| Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
| Galphimia glauca (goldshower) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brown (2012) |
| Galphimia gracilis (goldshower) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wunderlin (1998) |
| Garcia nutans (false tung oil tree) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Oviedo et al. (2012) |
| Garrulax canorus (Chinese hwamei) | Popular caged birds in China |
Yes
|
Yes
| Li et al. (2006) |
| Gaultheria shallon (salal) | | |
Yes
| Pojar and Mackinnon (2004) |
| Globodera pallida (white potato cyst nematode) | | |
Yes
| |
| Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Fruits –escaped from plantations and colonizing wild habitats |
Yes
|
Yes
| IUCN (2013) |
| Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush) | Seeds dispersed by wind |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al. (2003) |
| Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth) | |
Yes
| | Flora of Pakistan (2015) |
| Gossypium barbadense (Gallini cotton) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Grevillea robusta (silky oak) | Prolific seed producer. Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Senegal tea plant) | From disposal of aquarium contents | |
Yes
| Weeds CRC (2008) |
| Gypsophila paniculata (baby’s breath) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Darwent (1975) |
| Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gurib-Fakim (2005) |
| Hakea sericea (silky hakea) | | |
Yes
| |
| Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird) | Populations in Europe are thought to originate, at least partly, from specimens used for biocontrol | |
Yes
| Brown et al. (2008a) |
| Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Henderson (2003) |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Helianthus debilis (beach sunflower) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alien plants of Belgium (2020) |
| Hemigraphis alternata (red ivy) | Garden waste dumping |
Yes
|
Yes
| University of Queensland (2016) |
| Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | | |
Yes
| Pyšek et al. (2007d) |
| Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Occasionally cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant | |
Yes
| Kabuce (2006) |
| Heterotis niloticus (African bonytongue) | Natural | |
Yes
| |
| Heterotis rotundifolia (pink lady) | Garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
| Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe) | Naturalized outside plantations |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weaver and Francis (1989) |
| Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hiptage benghalensis (hiptage) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2007) |
| Holcus lanatus (common velvet grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Homarus americanus (American lobster) | Live export/import, Aquaculture |
Yes
| | Jørstad et al. (2011); Stebbing et al. (2012); van der Meeren et al. (2010) |
| Humulus scandens (Japanese hop) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | | |
Yes
| USGS-NAS (2002) |
| Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (floating pennywort) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hygrophila polysperma (Indian swampweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ramey (2001) |
| Hylocereus undatus (dragon fruit) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hymenachne amplexicaulis (hymenachne) | Downstream spread through natural and engineered waterways after escape from ponded pastures in Aust |
Yes
|
Yes
| Australian Weeds Committee (2012) |
| Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) | a potential source of invasion, as seed is available to home gardeners online | |
Yes
| |
| Hyparrhenia rufa (Jaragua grass) | Escaped from planted areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Williams and Baruch (2000) |
| Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) | | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) |
| Hypostomus plecostomus (suckermouth catfish) | Escape/release from aquaculture ponds through drained water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hoover et al. (2014) |
| Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora Mesoamericana (2018) |
| Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | escape from gardens | |
Yes
| Beerling and Perrins (1993) |
| Impatiens parviflora (small balsam) | | |
Yes
| Trepl (1984) |
| Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christenhusz (2009) |
| Indigofera hirsuta (hairy indigo) | Cultivation escape |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2013) |
| Ipomoea alba (white moonflower ) | Has escaped after being planted as ornamental | |
Yes
| Queensland Government (2016) |
| Ipomoea cairica (five-fingered morning glory) | Escaped from gardens, often naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weber (2003) |
| Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory) | Escapes from cultivation (gardens and fences) |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2017) |
| Ipomoea hederifolia (scarlet-creeper ) | Escaped from cultivation, gardens urban parks | |
Yes
| Queensland Government (2016) |
| Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2017) |
| Ipomoea nil (white edge morning-glory) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Ipomoea ochracea (fence morning-glory) | Planted as ornamental | |
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005) |
| Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | Seeds | |
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
| Ipomoea quamoclit (cypress vine) | Escaped from gardens | |
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
| Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | | |
Yes
| Acevedo Rodríguez et al. (2005) |
| Isatis tinctoria (dyer's woad) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ixora casei (giant red ixora) | Cultivated and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2020) |
| Jacaranda mimosifolia (jacaranda) | | |
Yes
| |
| Jasminum fluminense (Brazilian jasmine) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005); Francis (2004) |
| Jasminum multiflorum (star jasmine) | escaped from cultivation and naturalized in several countries | |
Yes
| Hammer (2000); Parker and Parsons (2012) |
| Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2016) |
| Jasminum simplicifolium (Australian wax jasmine) | Possible from its cultivation | |
Yes
| |
| Jatropha curcas (jatropha) | | |
Yes
| Pitt (1999) |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Jatropha integerrima (peregrina) | Considered as a garden escape in some countries where it has been introduced | |
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2020); HEAR (2017) |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Justicia pectoralis (freshcut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
| Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (flaming katy) | Seeds and cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2016) |
| Kalanchoe daigremontiana (devil's backbone) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Moran (2009) |
| Kalanchoe delagoensis (chandelier plant) | Seeds and plantlets |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET (2011) |
| Kalanchoe integra (Never die) | Sometimes grown as ornamental | |
Yes
| |
| Kigelia africana (sausage tree) | Escape from cultivation in Cuba | |
Yes
| González Gutiérrez et al. (2009) |
| Laelia rubescens (flor de la concepción) | | |
Yes
| García-González and Riverón-Giró (2015) |
| Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | | |
Yes
| Australia Natural Heritage Trust (2003) |
| Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) | Escaped and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Welman (2005) |
| Lagerstroemia indica (Indian crape myrtle) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2014) |
| Lagerstroemia speciosa (Pride of India) | Cultivated as ornamental and roadside tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Lampropeltis californiae (California kingsnake) | Possibly escape of animals bred in captivity | |
Yes
| Mateo et al. (2011); Cabrera-Pérez et al. (2012) |
| Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2017) |
| Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oyen (1991) |
| Leiothrix lutea (red-billed leiothrix) | Frequent escapee from cages/aviaries | |
Yes
| Kawano et al. (2000) |
| Lepomis gibbosus (pumpkinseed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Klaar et al. (2004) |
| Leptochloa fusca (sprangletop) | Seeds escape from cultivation | |
Yes
| PIER (2018) |
| Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza) | Grown for fodder | |
Yes
| Hoveland and Donnelly (1985) |
| Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leuciscus idus (ide) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leucophyllum frutescens (Texas barometer bush) | Cultivated as ornamental and spread by seeds and cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Martin (2020) |
| Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese privet) | Ornamental escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Maddox et al. (2010) |
| Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet) | Widely used as ornamental and hedge plants | |
Yes
| Swarbrick et al. (1999) |
| Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) | Very common | |
Yes
| |
| Ligustrum vulgare (common privet) | Frequent accidental escape | |
Yes
| Henderson (2001); I3N-Brasil (2015); Zhao (2012) |
| Limnobium laevigatum (South American spongeplant) | In West Java, Indonesia | |
Yes
| Akers (2010) |
| Linaria dalmatica (dalmatian toadflax) | | |
Yes
| |
| Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm) | Seeds escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer et al. (2008) |
| Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) | Seeds spread by birds and mammals | |
Yes
| Swearingen et al. (2010) |
| Lonicera morrowii (Morrow’s honeysuckle) | | |
Yes
| Skibo (2006); Nyboer (2007); Invasive.org (2018); MA-DACF (2018) |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | | |
Yes
| Dandelot et al. (2005); Okada et al. (2009) |
| Ludwigia palustris (marsh seedbox) | Escaped from cultivation. Stem fragments and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2018) |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | | |
Yes
| Dandelot et al. (2005) |
| Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leaf lupin) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2017) |
| Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS (2015) |
| Lygodium flexuosum (maidenhair creeper) | No information available but it is a possibility as it is used as an ornamental. | |
Yes
| Yadav et al. (2012) |
| Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) | Primary method of introduction |
Yes
| | Ferriter (2001) |
| Lygodium microphyllum (old world climbing fern) | | |
Yes
| |
| Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque) | | |
Yes
| |
| Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mahonia aquifolium (Oregongrape) | | |
Yes
| Sukopp (2004) |
| Malvaviscus arboreus (wax mallow) | Often planted as ornamental and escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Webb et al. (1988) |
| Malvaviscus penduliflorus (Turk's cap mallow) | Stem fragments dispersed in dumped garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weed Watch (2012) |
| Mangifera indica (mango) | | |
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | | |
Yes
| |
| Maranta arundinacea (arrowroot) | Escaped from cultivation --widely naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Marisa cornuarietis (giant ramshorn) | Potential for escape from garden ponds, for example in cases of flood transporting snails into water | |
Yes
| |
| Melicoccus bijugatus (Spanish lime) | | |
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2003) |
| Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2017) |
| Melinis repens (natal redtop) | Garden escape | |
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal) | Cultivation escape |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2013) |
| Merremia tuberosa (woodrose) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Miconia calvescens (miconia) | | |
Yes
| Csurhes (1998); Medeiros et al. (1997); Meyer (1996) |
| Mimosa casta (graceful mimosa) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Mimosa ceratonia (climbing mimosa) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012); Velez and Overbeek (1950) |
| Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | | |
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2016) |
| Miscanthus sinensis (eulalia) | Various States in USA; NSW Australia | |
Yes
| Harley (2007); Meyer (2003) |
| Molineria capitulata (palm-grass) | Accidental | |
Yes
| Siqueira (2006) |
| Molothrus bonariensis (shiny cowbird) | | |
Yes
| |
| Momordica balsamina (common balsam apple) | Deliberate | |
Yes
| Bosch (2004) |
| Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Moorochloa eruciformis (sweet signal grass) | | |
Yes
| Blanca et al. (2009) |
| Morella faya (firetree) | | |
Yes
| |
| Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | Disturbed areas near cultivated land | |
Yes
| Csurhes and Navie (2016) |
| Morus nigra (black mulberry) | Species is known to escape from cultivation and naturalize | |
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
| Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1981) |
| Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | Naturalized in many countries; bats and birds disperse the seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| NAS (1980) |
| Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine) | Dispersed in dumped garden waste. Animals are seed dispersers | |
Yes
| Pikart et al. (2011); Brisbane City Council (2020) |
| Mus musculus (house mouse) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mussaenda erythrophylla (red flag bush) | Seeds, stem fragments. It can be found naturalized in areas near cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Mussaenda philippica (Queen of Philippines) | Seeds and stem fragments from gardens, yards and parks |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ogbu (2011) |
| Mustela furo (ferret) | | |
Yes
| |
| Myiopsitta monachus (monk parakeet) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mylopharyngodon piceus (black amur) | Escaped from an aquaculture facility in Missouri | |
Yes
| Nico (2011) |
| Myocastor coypus (coypu) | | |
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | | |
Yes
| Gregory (2003); Kay and Hoyle (2001) |
| Myriophyllum spicatum (spiked watermilfoil) | |
Yes
| | |
| Myroxylon balsamum (Peru balsam) | | |
Yes
| |
| Nandina domestica (Nandina) | Bird and animal dispersed seeds | |
Yes
| Stone (2009) |
| Nasua narica (white-nosed coati) | |
Yes
| | |
| Nasua nasua (ring-tailed coati) | | |
Yes
| |
| Neomarica caerulea (walking iris) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman (1999) |
| Neovison vison (American mink) | | |
Yes
| |
| Nerium oleander (oleander) | As an escape from cultivation | |
Yes
| HEAR (2017); PIER (2018) |
| Neyraudia reynaudiana (burma reed) | | |
Yes
| Gordon (1998); Guala (1990); Majtkowski and Majtkowsk (2000) |
| Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) | N. glauca has been transported globally as an ornamental plant used in gardens from where it has sub |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ollerton et al. (2012) |
| Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco) | | |
Yes
| Sudhakar Reddy et al. (2008) |
| Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | | |
Yes
| Funk et al. (2007); PIER (2014); Randall (2012) |
| Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | Planted as an ornamental; propagates easily vegetatively |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2017) |
| Noronhia emarginata (Madagascar olive) | Deliberate | |
Yes
| Daehler and Baker (2006) |
| Nymphoides peltata (yellow floating-heart) | | |
Yes
| Stuckey (1973) |
| Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) | Seed, stem fragment in garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Odontonema callistachyum (purple firespike) | Commonly cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel (1995) |
| Odontonema cuspidatum (Cardinal’s guard) | Commonly cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel (1995) |
| Oeceoclades maculata (monk orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Stern (1988) |
| Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines) | Seeds, roots, stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
| Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (wild olive) | | |
Yes
| |
| Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive) | | |
Yes
| |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ondatra zibethicus (muskrat) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia aurantiaca (jointed cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia elatior (red-flower prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia engelmannii (cactus apple) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia monacantha (common prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia stricta (erect prickly pear) | e.g. Kruger National Park | |
Yes
| |
| Orbea variegata (carrion-flower) | Escaped from gardens | |
Yes
| NSW Department of Primary Industries (2020); Government of South Australia (2021) |
| Oreochromis aureus (blue tilapia) | Accidental introduction | |
Yes
| Muoneke (1988) |
| Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) | Releases or escapes from fish farms, hatcheries and zoos | |
Yes
| Nico (2011) |
| Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) | Accidental | |
Yes
| Canonico et al. (2005); Nico and Schofield (2011) |
| Ovis aries musimon (European mouflon) | This is the origin of the Swedish mouflon population | |
Yes
| Liberg et al. (2010) |
| Pachystachys coccinea (Cardinal's guard) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kenny (2000) |
| Paederia foetida (skunkvine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Parmentiera aculeata (cucumber tree) | Escaped from cultivation in northern Queensland, Australia | |
Yes
| Queensland Government (2018) |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | Possible from its use as an ornamental | |
Yes
| |
| Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper) | Escaped from cultivation/gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2017) |
| Paspalum conjugatum (buffalo grass) | Escaped from cultivation/pastures/lawns |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2018) |
| Paspalum notatum (Bahia grass) | Seeds, stolons, and rhizomes in garden waste | |
Yes
| Violi (2000) |
| Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | Possible from its use as a pasture grass | | | |
| Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Passiflora edulis (passionfruit) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla) | Seeds dispersed by birds and mammals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Staples et al. (2000) |
| Passiflora tarminiana (banana passionfruit) | | |
Yes
| Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge et al. (2001) |
| Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) | Accidental escape from agricultural fields and vegetable gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cain et al. (2010) |
| Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pelargonium odoratissimum (apple geranium) | Known to be a garden escape in Puerto Rico |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species known to have escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
| Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | Species known to have escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000); Randall (2012) |
| Pelophylax cf. bedriagae | Especially in Belgium | |
Yes
| Holsbeek et al. (2008) |
| Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Seed dispersal from ornamental plantings | |
Yes
| Florabase (2012) |
| Pentas lanceolata (Egyptian starcluster) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Persicaria chinensis (Chinese knotweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-APHIS (2012) |
| Persicaria wallichii (Himalayan knotweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Petiveria alliacea (guinea hen weed) | Widely planted for traditional medicine purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alegre and Clavo (2007) |
| Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Possible. No details but reported as naturalized in Madeira | |
Yes
| DAISIE (2019) |
| Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid) | | |
Yes
| Ackerman (2012) |
| Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005) |
| Phleum pratense (timothy grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm) | | |
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy (2006) |
| Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) | Often used as a decorative garden plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phyllostachys aurea (golden bamboo) | Rhizomes disposed in dumped garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2017) |
| Phyllostachys flexuosa (drooping timber bamboo) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2017) |
| Phyllostachys reticulata (giant timber bamboo) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2017) |
| Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phytophthora kernoviae | | |
Yes
| |
| Pimenta dioica (allspice) | Seeds are vector-dispersed eg. birds causing local escape from gardens | |
Yes
| |
| Pimenta racemosa (bay rum tree) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pinus caribaea (Caribbean pine) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (1992) |
| Pinus elliottii (slash pine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) | | |
Yes
| Gherardi (2007); Rivers (2002) |
| Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug) | | |
Yes
| |
| Plantago coronopus (Buck's-horn plantain) | | |
Yes
| |
| Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua (2014); PIER (2014); Randall (2012) |
| Plumbago auriculata (cape leadwort) | | |
Yes
| |
| Plumeria rubra (red frangipani) | Escaped and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2020) |
| Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) | Weed in gardens, yards and parks |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
| Podarcis sicula (Italian wall lizard) | Missouri population escaped from a terrarium overturned by a feral cat. 80 individuals were observed | |
Yes
| Briggler et al. (2015) |
| Poecilia reticulata (guppy) | |
Yes
| | |
| Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass) | Occasional garden escape | |
Yes
| Hubbard (1984) |
| Polyscias balfouriana (Balfour aralia) | Escaped and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oviedo and Gonzalez-Oliva (2015) |
| Polyscias guilfoylei (geranium aralia) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wunderlin (1998) |
| Pomacea maculata | After snail farms were abandoned in SE Asia, snails dispersed | |
Yes
| |
| Pongamia pinnata (Indian beech) | | |
Yes
| Wunderlin et al. (2020) |
| Populus alba (silver-leaf poplar) | | |
Yes
| Jobling (1990) |
| Portulaca pilosa (kiss-me-quick) | | |
Yes
| |
| Procyon lotor (raccoon) | | |
Yes
| Lutz (1995) |
| Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) | Escape from plantations | |
Yes
| Pasiecznik et al. (2001) |
| Pseuderanthemum carruthersii (false eranthemum) | Accidental | |
Yes
| Starr et al. (2004) |
| Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | On ornamental plants | |
Yes
| |
| Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Mexican flamevine) | Persistent after escaping from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2018) |
| Pseudorasbora parva (topmouth gudgeon) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Copp et al. (2005a) |
| Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Strubbe and Matthysen (2009a) |
| Pteris multifida (spider brake) | As a garden escapee | |
Yes
| Keener et al. (2020) |
| Pteris tripartita (giant brake) | Through wind spore dispersal | |
Yes
| Morton (1957) |
| Pteris vittata (Chinese ladder brake fern) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2019) |
| Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) | Possible as found near where planted | |
Yes
| Morton (1976) |
| Ptychosperma macarthurii (Macarthur palm) | Fruits dispersed by birds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daehler and Baker (2006) |
| Pycnonotus cafer (red-vented bulbul) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pycnonotus jocosus (Red-whiskered bulbul) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| National Audubon Society (2017) |
| Pyracantha coccinea (scarlet firethorn) | As a garden escape aided by bird dispersal. | |
Yes
| Vergara-Tabares et al. (2016) |
| Rana catesbeiana (American bullfrog) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rauvolfia caffra (quinine tree ) | Escaped from cultivation in Cuba |
Yes
|
Yes
| Granda and Fuentes (1987) |
| Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Downy rose-myrtle) | Accidental, frequent | |
Yes
| Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants (2012); Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Rivina humilis (bloodberry) | Assumed | |
Yes
| |
| Rosa multiflora (multiflora rose) | Root-stock, and planted as a hedge and for conservation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Munger (2002) |
| Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | | |
Yes
| Bruun (2005) |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | Known cultivation escape |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
| Roystonea oleracea (Caribbean royal palm) | Extensively escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Meyer et al. (2008); Svenning (2002); Zucaratto and dos Santos Pires (2014) |
| Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry) | Common garden escape | |
Yes
| Ceska (1999) |
| Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry) | | |
Yes
| Gardner (1999) |
| Rubus niveus (Mysore raspberry) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2014) |
| Rubus racemosus (black raspberry) | Often planted as an ornamental and for its edible fruits |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2012) |
| Rubus rosifolius (roseleaf raspberry) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2010) |
| Ruellia macrophylla (large leaved ruellia) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2017) |
| Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Floridata (2016) |
| Saccharum ravennae (ravenna grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sagittaria latifolia (broadleaf arrowhead) | | |
Yes
| DAISIE (2009); NOBANIS (2009) |
| Salvia splendens (scarlet sage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2014); Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2009) |
| Salvinia biloba (giant salvinia) | Possible, as it is used locally as an ornamental | |
Yes
| San Pedro Naturaleza (2020) |
| Salvinia minima | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2006) |
| Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | | |
Yes
| McFarland et al. (2004) |
| Sambucus canadensis (American black elderberry) | Escaped from cultivation, naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alien plants of Belgium (2020) |
| Sanchezia parvibracteata (sanchezia) | Invasions are usually associated with nearby gardens | |
Yes
| Queensland Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (2014) |
| Sanchezia speciosa (shrubby whitevein) | Naturalized outside cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer and Lavergne (2004) |
| Sansevieria hyacinthoides (African bowstring hemp) | Commonly escapes from gardens and yards | |
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Schefflera actinophylla (umbrella tree) | Seeds are dispersed by birds and bats |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman and Watson (1994); PIER (2012) |
| Sechium edule (chayote) | Escaped and spontaneous in abandoned lands |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lira (1996) |
| Securigera varia (crown vetch) | Occurs in gardens but could spread nearby via its rhizomes | |
Yes
| Gucker (2009) |
| Senecio glastifolius (holly-leaved senecio) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Senna aculeata (senna) | Naturalized in Cuba |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oviedo and Gonzalez-Oliva (2015) |
| Senna alata (candle bush) | | |
Yes
| Dutton and Dale Thomas (1991) |
| Senna italica (Senegal senna) | Naturalized on islands across Caribbean region and South America |
Yes
|
Yes
| van der Burg et al. (2012); POWO (2020) |
| Senna multijuga (November shower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Senna septemtrionalis (smooth senna) | Known to have escaped cultivation as a garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2014) |
| Senna spectabilis (whitebark senna) | Species is known to have escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2007) |
| Senna surattensis (golden senna) | Escaped from cultivation in places including India, Burma, Indochina, and the Philippines |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little and Skolmen (1989); Randall (2012); Wagner et al. (2014) |
| Sesbania grandiflora (sesbania) | | |
Yes
| |
| Setaria palmifolia (palm grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Silene gallica (common catchfly) | Has escaped from gardens in China | |
Yes
| |
| Solanum capsicoides (cockroach berry) | Used as an ornamental and promoted as rootstock for eggplant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Staples and Herbst (2005) |
| Solanum erianthum (potato tree) | Known to have escaped cultivation | |
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
| Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Grown as an ornamental or curiosity plant worldwide, and has the potential to escape cultivation | |
Yes
| PBI Solanum Project (2014) |
| Solanum quitoense (naranjilla) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
| Solanum rostratum (prickly nightshade) | Known to escape cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
| Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Planted as ornamental. Seeds dispersed by birds. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gallagher et al. (2010) |
| Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| ISSG (2020) |
| Solanum tuberosum (potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) | | |
Yes
| |
| Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) | | |
Yes
| Weber and Jakobs (2005) |
| Solidago sempervirens (seaside goldenrod) | Seeds, rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
| Spartium junceum (Spanish broom) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spathoglottis plicata (Philippine ground orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spermacoce verticillata (shrubby false buttonwood) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sphagneticola trilobata (wedelia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Spiraea chamaedryfolia (germander meadowsweet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spirodela polyrrhiza (giant duckweed) | Possible through high waters or attached to aquatic animal | |
Yes
| Les (2020) |
| Sporobolus tenuissimus (tropical dropseed) | Used as an ornamental in Africa and Colombia from where it is possible to spread | |
Yes
| Veldekamp (2003); |
| Stachytarpheta urticifolia (rattail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kuo (2003) |
| Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalo grass) | | |
Yes
| Herbiguide (2013) |
| Sterculia apetala (Panama tree) | Will spread slowly if no seed predators are available | |
Yes
| Janzen (1972); PIER (2017) |
| Stictocardia tiliifolia (spottedheart) | Possible as it is regarded as an ornamental, although not advertised online or nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2019) |
| Sus scrofa [ISC] (feral pig) | | |
Yes
| |
| Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (New York aster) | | |
Yes
| |
| Syngonium podophyllum (arrowhead vine) | Commonly planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
| Syzygium malaccense (Malay apple) | Species known to escape cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Funk et al. (2007); Randall (2012) |
| Tabebuia heterophylla (pink trumpet tree) | Likely, no cited evidence | |
Yes
| |
| Tabebuia rosea (pink poui) | Seeds could be carried by wind into adjacent areas | |
Yes
| |
| Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold) | Seeds | |
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
| Tamarindus indica (tamarind) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2018) |
| Tecoma capensis (Cape honeysuckle) | Escaped from cultivation/gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Thomson and Evans (2006) |
| Thelypteris opulenta (jewelled maiden fern) | Often naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith (1995) |
| Thespesia populnea (portia tree) | | |
Yes
| |
| Threskiornis aethiopicus (sacred ibis) | In Taiwan, USA, Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Canary Islands, Netherlands | |
Yes
| Clergeau and Yésou (2006); Clergeau et al. (2005); Herring and Gawlik (2008); Ottens (2006) |
| Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | Stem fragments and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Thunbergia erecta (bush clockvine) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel (1995); Flora of Panama (2020) |
| Thunbergia fragrans (whitelady) | Stem fragments, roots, dumped garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
| Thunbergia grandiflora (Bengal trumpet) | Seeds, cuttings, stem fragments and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2012); Starr et al. (2003) |
| Thymophylla tenuiloba (Dahlberg daisy) | Escaped from cultivation in Hawaii | |
Yes
| PIER (2018) |
| Tibouchina herbacea (cane tibouchina) | Likely introduced as an ornamental to Hawaii; could contaminate other plants grown with it |
Yes
|
Yes
| Almasi (2000) |
| Tibouchina urvilleana (princessflower) | Reported as escaped in Genting Highlands, Peninsular Malaysia. | |
Yes
| Faravani and Bakar (2007) |
| Tilapia zillii (redbelly tilapia) | Accidental introduction | |
Yes
| Hogg (1976) |
| Tinca tinca (tench) | | |
Yes
| Nico and Fuller (2011) |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) | Seeds in dumped garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2018) |
| Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) | Seeds in dumped garden waste and contaminated agricultural produce |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET (2018) |
| Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) | Escaped from gardens and naturalized in areas near cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
| Trachelospermum jasminoides (star-jasmine) | Stem fragments dumped in garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman (1999) |
| Tradescantia pallida (purple queen) | Cuttings, and discarded plants | |
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
| Tradescantia spathacea (boat lily) | Seeds, cuttings, and discarded plants | |
Yes
| Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (2011); PIER (2012) |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | | |
Yes
| O'Neill (2006) |
| Trifolium hybridum (alsike clover) | Escapes cultivation |
Yes
| | Minnesota Wildflowers (2015) |
| Trimezia steyermarkii (yellow walking iris) | Stem fragments/plantlets and rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Trioceros jacksonii (Jackson’s chameleon) | Accidentally released in Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, California | |
Yes
| McKeown (1997) |
| Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) | Used as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
| Turbina corymbosa (Christmas vine) | |
Yes
| | Bosser and Heine (2000) |
| Turnera ulmifolia (West Indian holly) | Escaped and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
| Umbra pygmaea (eastern mudminnow) | Releases and escapes from aquaria | |
Yes
| Verreycken et al. (2010) |
| Urena lobata (caesar weed) | Escaped from plantations | |
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Urochloa decumbens (signal grass) | Weed of gardens and parks |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2015) |
| Urochloa mutica (para grass) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Varanus niloticus (Nile monitor) | introduced to certain areas after escaping enclosures | |
Yes
| Cardoza et al. (1993); Enge et al. (2004); Pleguezuelos (2004) |
| Verbascum thapsus (common mullein) | | |
Yes
| Gross and Werner (1978) |
| Verbena officinalis (vervain) | As a weed following its cultivation | |
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
| Verbena rigida (stiff verbena) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2015); Manual of the Alien Plants of Belgium (2016) |
| Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree) | Escaped from gardens and invaded areas near cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Swearingen and Bargeron (2016) |
| Vitex parviflora (molave) | Escaped from cultivation in Guam | |
Yes
| University of Guam CNAS (2020) |
| Vulpia bromoides (squirreltail fescue) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria) | | |
Yes
| Swearingen and Remaley (2010) |
| Xanthosoma sagittifolium (elephant ear) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
| Youngia japonica (oriental false hawksbeard) | Seeds | |
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
| Yucca aloifolia (Spanish bayonet) | | |
Yes
| Sydney Weeds Committee (2016) |
| Yucca gigantea (spineless yucca) | Stem and root fragments in garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| NZPCN (2020) |
| Zeuxine strateumatica (soldier’s orchid) | Can spread unintentionally from lawns and gardens. It is also present in pots at nurseries | |
Yes
| Ames (1938); Dave’s Garden (2018.) |
| Zingiber zerumbet (shampoo ginger) | Cultivation escape |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
| Zinnia peruviana (Peruvian zinnia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ's thorn jujube) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Van der Burg et al. (2012) |
| Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) | Spreads by rhizomes | |
Yes
| Duble (2016) |
