Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Frequent escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2016) |
Abrus precatorius (rosary pea) | Species is cultivated for ornamental, medicinal, and food additive purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al. (2003); Padua et al. (1999); Weber (2003) |
Abutilon grandifolium (hairy Indian mallow) | | |
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
Abutilon indicum (country mallow) | Possibly escaping from cultivation and becoming naturalized | |
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2015); PIER (2015) |
Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | Used as an ornamental tree from where it can escape into nearby areas | |
Yes
| PIER (2016) |
Acacia crassicarpa (northern wattle) | | |
Yes
| |
Acacia decurrens (green wattle) | Escaped from old forestry plantations in many parts of Australia, as well as other countries | |
Yes
| FloraBase (2016); Weeds of Australia (2016) |
Acacia glauca (wild dividivi) | | |
Yes
| |
Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | | |
Yes
| WorldWideWattle (2015) |
Acacia saligna (coojong) | Species is known to escape cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Doran and Turnbull (1997); Weeds of Australia (2016) |
Achatina fulica (giant African land snail) | Accidental | |
Yes
| |
Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | | |
Yes
| |
Acridotheres fuscus (jungle myna) | | |
Yes
| |
Acridotheres tristis (common myna) | | |
Yes
| |
Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid) | | |
Yes
| |
Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
Adiantum hispidulum (rosy maidenhair fern) | Escaped from cultivation and/or naturalized in south eastern USA, Hawaii, Natal and Singapore | |
Yes
| Schelpe and Anthony (1986) |
Adiantum raddianum (delta maidenhair fern) | spores are carried by wind, accidental | |
Yes
| Palmer (2003) |
Adonidia merrillii (Christmas palm) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Smith (2010) |
Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) | |
Yes
| | |
Aeschynomene americana (shyleaf) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
Agave americana (century plant) | Seeds, bulbils and stem fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2016); Weeds of Australia (2016) |
Agave fourcroydes (henequen) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Badano and Pugnaire (2004) |
Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
Agave vivipara (Caribbean agave) | Bulbils | |
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
Agdestis clematidea (rockroot) | Occasionally planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vickery (2009) |
Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | Cited as escaping from gardens and naturalizing in nearby areas. | |
Yes
| PFAF (2016) |
Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, accidental | |
Yes
| Constán-Nava (2012); Kowarik and Säumel (2007) |
Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | Escaped from agroforestry systems and gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2009) |
Albizia procera (white siris) | Found naturalized in areas near cultivation | |
Yes
| Parrotta (2004) |
Allamanda blanchetii (purple allamanda) | Stem fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2007) |
Allamanda cathartica (yellow allamanda) | Spread by seeds and cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2000) |
Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) | Escaped or persistent after cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Grayum (2003) |
Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro) | Occasionally planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manner (2011) |
Aloe vera (true aloe) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
Alopochen aegyptiaca (Egyptian goose) | | |
Yes
| Lever (2005) |
Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) | Escaped and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| GRIIS (2019) |
Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | In Hawaii, occasional escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
Alternanthera bettzickiana (calico plant) | | |
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2016) |
Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed) | Stems and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1981); Hanelt et al. (2001) |
Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | Originally introduced as a medicinal herb for garden cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mosley (2014) |
Amaranthus dubius (spleen amaranth) | | |
Yes
| |
Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al. (2003) |
Amaranthus tricolor (edible amaranth) | | |
Yes
| |
Ameiurus melas (black bullhead) | |
Yes
| | |
Ammotragus lervia (aoudad) | There many examples of free-ranging populations originated from escapes from game reserves, both in |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cassinello et al. (2004); Gray (1985) |
Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo-bush) | | |
Yes
| Karmyzova (2014) |
Amphisbaena fuliginosa (speckled worm lizard) | Possible pathway | |
Yes
| Murphy et al. (2010) |
Amynthas agrestis (crazy worm) | Movement with soil or other organic material accompanying plants | |
Yes
| Gates (1958) |
Andropogon glomeratus (bushy bluestem) | This species invasively self-seeds and seeds are wind-dispersed | |
Yes
| PIER (2008); Rojas and Chavez Vibrans (2010) |
Angiopteris evecta (king fern) | It has repeatedly escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Christenhusz and Toivonen (2008) |
Annona reticulata (bullock's heart) | Known to have escaped from cultivation in India and into the wild |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (1987) |
Anolis extremus (Barbados anole) | Port of Spain (Trinidad) introduction of specimens released by collector, in transit from Barbados |
Yes
| | Murphy (1997) |
Anolis sagrei (brown anole) | | |
Yes
| |
Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine) | | |
Yes
| |
Anredera vesicaria (Texas madeira vine) | Escaped and naturalized in the Philippines |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pelser (2017) |
Anser indicus (bar-headed goose) | | |
Yes
| Lever (2005) |
Antigonon leptopus (coral vine) | Planted as a garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Burke and DiTommaso (2011) |
Aphanomyces astaci | | |
Yes
| Oidtmann et al. (2005) |
Apis mellifera scutellata (africanized bee) | From South Africa & Tanzania to Brazil, then escaped into the Brazilian countryside | |
Yes
| Piereira and Chaud-Netto (2005) |
Ardisia crenata (coral berry) | This is the primary invasion pathway | |
Yes
| USDA-APHIS (2012) |
Ardisia humilis (low shoebutton) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | | |
Yes
| |
Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | | |
Yes
| Csurhes (2009) |
Aristichthys nobilis (bighead carp) | | |
Yes
| |
Aristolochia elegans (elegant Dutchman’s pipe) | Can propagate by seeds and vegetatively |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012); Starr et al. (2003); Weeds of Australia (2015) |
Aristolochia ringens (Dutchman’s pipe) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005); Liogier and Martorell (2000); Meerman (2003); Randall (2012) |
Aronia x prunifolia | | |
Yes
| |
Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Arundo donax (giant reed) | | |
Yes
| Dudley (2000) |
Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | | |
Yes
| Stansbury (1999) |
Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern) | | |
Yes
| |
Asparagus falcatus (sicklethorn) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| NSW Weedwise (2018) |
Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
Atriplex semibaccata (Australian saltbush) | | |
Yes
| |
Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (cane cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
Austrocylindropuntia subulata (Eve’s needle cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015); PIER (2015); Randall (2012); Space et al. (2003) |
Bambusa bambos (giant thorny bamboo) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ohrnberger (1999) |
Bambusa longispiculata (mahal bamboo) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
Bambusa tuldoides (punting pole bamboo) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2019) |
Barleria cristata (Philippine violet) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
Barleria lupulina (hophead Philippine violet) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aguilar (2001) |
Barleria prionitis (porcupine flower) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Edwards (1998) |
Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree) | Fruits can float and remain viable for many months |
Yes
|
Yes
| Yaplito (2001) |
Basella alba (malabar spinach) | Possible as it is cultivated as an ornamental | |
Yes
| |
Bauhinia monandra (Napoleon's plume) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Connor (2002) |
Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith (2010) |
Begonia nelumbiifolia (lilypad begonia) | This species is grown as an ornamental, but due to its limited dispersal capabilities, only local distance can be possible | |
Yes
| |
Belonesox belizanus (pike killifish) | A population of B. belizanus discovered in Hillsborough County (Florida) in 1997 were thought to hav | |
Yes
| USGS (2015) |
Bidens pilosa (blackjack) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAFF (2011) |
Bixa orellana (annatto) | | |
Yes
| Morton (1960) |
Bontia daphnoides (white alling) | It has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized | |
Yes
| Little et al. (1974) |
Bos taurus (cattle) | | |
Yes
| |
Bothriochloa bladhii (Caucasian bluestem) | Escaped from pastures |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea) | Naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Davidse et al. (2018) |
Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | |
Yes
| | Hitchcock (1950) |
Branta canadensis (Canada goose) | | |
Yes
| Lever (2005) |
Branta hutchinsii | | |
Yes
| Lever (2005) |
Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Escaped from cultivation into fields and disturbed areas | |
Yes
| Young-Mathews (2012); Vibrans (2018) |
Breynia disticha (snowbush) | Spreading by root suckers near areas where cultivated | |
Yes
| PIER (2017); Wildlife of Hawaii (2017) |
Briza maxima (large quaking grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Brugmansia candida (angel's trumpet) | Often planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
Brugmansia suaveolens (white angel's trumpet) | | |
Yes
| |
Buddleja asiatica (dog tail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | | |
Yes
| |
Buddleja madagascariensis (smokebush) | Seed and stem fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD (2016) |
Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) | | |
Yes
| Les and Mehrhoff (1999) |
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (peacock flower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gillman and Watson (2011); PIER (2014) |
Caladium bicolor (heart of Jesus) | Seed and rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2016) |
Callisia fragrans (basketplant) | Individuals break off and root | |
Yes
| Graveson (2012) |
Callisia repens (creeping inch-plant) | Seeds and plant segments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas's squirrel) | |
Yes
| | Jouanin (1986); Jouanin (1992) |
Calopogonium caeruleum (jicama) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Graveson (2012) |
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) | Species is known to escape from cultivated areas | |
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
Canavalia gladiata (sword bean) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2019) |
Canis lupus familiaris (dogs) | | |
Yes
| |
Canna indica (canna lilly) | | |
Yes
| |
Capra hircus (goats) | | |
Yes
| |
Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | Known to have escaped garden and crop cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000); Randall (2012) |
Capsicum baccatum (pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Walter and Lebot (2007) |
Cardamine flexuosa (wavy bittercress) | Weed in gardens and lawns |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2019) |
Cardiospermum grandiflorum (balloon vine) | Seed and root fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
Cardiospermum halicacabum (balloon vine) | Can escape from cultivated areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gildenhuys et al. (2013) |
Carpobrotus chilensis (sea fig) | Escaped from cultivation via discarded stem pieces | |
Yes
| Jonkers (2001) |
Carpobrotus edulis (hottentot fig) | | |
Yes
| |
Carpodacus mexicanus (house finch) | | |
Yes
| |
Cascabela thevetia (yellow oleander) | Commonly spread in dumped garden waste | |
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2020) |
Cassia grandis (pink shower) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental in urban and garden areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Toruan-Purba (1999) |
Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | | |
Yes
| |
Castor canadensis (beaver) | | |
Yes
| |
Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
Cecropia peltata (trumpet tree) | | |
Yes
| Binggelli (1999) |
Centaurea macrocephala (giant knapweed) | | |
Yes
| |
Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort) | | |
Yes
| |
Centratherum punctatum (lark daisy) | Planted as ornamental | |
Yes
| Woodson and Schery (1975) |
Cervus elaphus (red deer) | Farmed deer are a risk | |
Yes
| |
Cestrum diurnum (day jessamine) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species is a popular ornamental and is known to have escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
Chamaedorea elegans (parlour palm) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oviedo Prieto et al. (2012) |
Channa argus argus (northern snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams (2004) |
Channa marulius (bullseye snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams (2004); Froese and Pauly (2009) |
Cheilocostus speciosus (crepe ginger ) | Seeds and rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Staples et al. (2000) |
Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) | Often escaped from cultivation: seeds, stem fragments, seeds as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2020) |
Christella dentata (soft fern) | This is not an example of an escape but the planting of it as an ornamental |
Yes
| | Drummond (1959) |
Cichlasoma urophthalmum (Mayan cichlid) | Released and/or escaped from fish farms possibly responsible for populations in Florida | |
Yes
| Schofield et al. (2016) |
Cinnamomum burmanni (padang cassia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) | | |
Yes
| Kueffer et al. (2009) |
Cirsium mexicanum (Mexican thistle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
Cissus quadrangularis (treebine) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nzengue et al. (2016) |
Cleome rutidosperma (fringed spiderflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
Cleome viscosa (Asian spiderflower) | | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015) |
Clerodendrum bungei (rose glorybower) | Grown as an ornamental and has been known to escape cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | | |
Yes
| |
Clerodendrum lindleyi (clerodendrum) | Escaped from gardens and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alain (1957) |
Clerodendrum paniculatum (pagoda flower) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental. Often escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2020) |
Clerodendrum speciosissimum (Java glory bower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000); Randall (2012) |
Clerodendrum wallichii (Wallich's glorybower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
Clitoria ternatea (butterfly-pea) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya) | Possible, if cuttings are able to root | |
Yes
| |
Coccinella septempunctata (seven-spot ladybird) | | |
Yes
| |
Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's-tears) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized in many countries. Often naturalized in areas near villages and farms |
Yes
|
Yes
| Jansen (2006); PROTA (2017) |
Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Occasionally planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
Colubrina asiatica (latherleaf) | Frequently found in coastal hammocks. Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Jones (1996) |
Columba livia (pigeons) | | |
Yes
| |
Combretum grandiflorum (showy combretum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005) |
Combretum indicum (Rangoon creeper) | Capable of spreading by both seed and root suckers |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015); Randall (2012); Staples et al. (2000) |
Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) | | |
Yes
| |
Cordyline fruticosa (ti plant) | Accidental, discard house/garden plant | |
Yes
| |
Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | | |
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
Cornu aspersum (common garden snail) | | |
Yes
| |
Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | Europe, Australia |
Yes
| | EPPO (2009); Gardening Australia (2009) |
Cortaderia jubata (purple pampas grass) | | |
Yes
| Edgar and Connor (2010) |
Cortaderia selloana (pampas grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2009) |
Cosmos caudatus (wild cosmos) | Attractive garden plant | |
Yes
| |
Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Known to have escaped cultivation in Panama, Paraguay, Florida and other parts of the Caribbean and South America |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000); Flora of Panama (2016); Paraguay Checklist (2016) |
Cotoneaster horizontalis (wall-spray) | | |
Yes
| Dickoré and Kasperek (2010) |
Crassula helmsii (Australian swamp stonecrop) | | |
Yes
| OEPP/EPPO (2007) |
Crassula ovata (jade plant) | | |
Yes
| Verloove (2013) |
Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) | | |
Yes
| Alverson and Sigg (2008) |
Crescentia cujete (calabash tree) | Possible, although most of the fruits remain under the tree | |
Yes
| |
Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) | Escaped from cultivation and becoming invasive | |
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
Crotalaria spectabilis (showy rattlepod) | Seeds as contaminant in crop seeds, forage, hay and agricultural equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maddox et al. (2011) |
Cucumis anguria (West Indian gherkin) | Escaped from cultivation. Often naturalized outside cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wilkins-Ellert (2004) |
Cuphea hyssopifolia (false heather) | | |
Yes
| Francis (2004) |
Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress) | | |
Yes
| Sanz Elorza (2004); Flora Argentina (2017); Flora Italiana (2017) |
Cupressus sempervirens (Mediterranean cypress) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2015) |
Cuscuta japonica (Japanese dodder) | | |
Yes
| |
Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Common weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
Cyathea cooperi (australian tree fern) | Spores are carried by wind | |
Yes
| Palmer (2003) |
Cygnus olor (mute swan) | | |
Yes
| |
Cylindropuntia fulgida (jumping cholla) | Plants and detached segments are often thrown over garden fences or taken to garbage dump sites | |
Yes
| Mathenge et al. (2009) |
Cylindropuntia rosea (hudson pear) | | |
Yes
| Deltoro et al. (2014) |
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) | Rhizomes, tillers and plant fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oyen (1999) |
Cymbopogon schoenanthus (camel grass) | Seeds, rhizomes and tillers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
Cynodon nlemfuensis (African Bermuda-grass) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
Cynodon plectostachyus (African stargrass) | Naturalized along roadsides and in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
Cynoglossum amabile (Chinese forget-me-not) | Accidental | |
Yes
| New York Botanical Garden (2017); Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (2017) |
Cyperus imbricatus (shingle flatsedge) | Seeds and stem segments are commonly dispersed in dumped garden waste. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) | | |
Yes
| |
Cyrtomium falcatum (Japanese holly fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) | Fruits and seeds escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2016) |
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass) | Contaminant in crops and crop seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Heuzé et al. (2015) |
Dalbergia sissoo | | |
Yes
| Morton (2007) |
Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | | |
Yes
| |
Datura metel (Hindu datura) | Can spread by both seed and vegetative fragmentation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014); Randall (2012) |
Daucus carota (carrot) | | |
Yes
| |
Delonix regia (flamboyant) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2009) |
Derris elliptica (tuba root) | Seed and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
Desmodium cajanifolium (tropical tick trefoil) | Escaping from cultivation | |
Yes
| Wester (1992) |
Dichanthium annulatum (Kleberg's bluestem) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
Dieffenbachia seguine (dumb cane) | Accidental | |
Yes
| Space and Flynn (2002) |
Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass) | Plants produce many seeds and may also spread by rooting at the nodes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1979) |
Dimorphotheca sinuata (Cape marigold) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized in the wild |
Yes
|
Yes
| Calflora (2020) |
Dioscorea alata (white yam) | Bulbils, plant fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato) | Escaped from cultivated areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
Dioscorea cayenensis (Guinea yam) | escaped from cultivation in Panama | |
Yes
| Standley (1928) |
Diplazium esculentum (vegetable fern) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| PIER (2020) |
Diplodia seriata (grapevine trunk disease) | | |
Yes
| |
Discus rotundatus (rotund disc) | Not explicitly mentioned in literature, but likely based on the species’ biology | |
Yes
| |
Dolichandra unguis-cati (cat's claw creeper) | Seeds, tuber and stem fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
Dracaena fragrans (corn plant) | Escaped and/or persistent after cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
Dypsis lutescens (yellow butterfly palm) | Escaped from gardens | |
Yes
| Dransfield and Beentje (1995) |
Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | | |
Yes
| Tokarska-Guzik (2005); Bagi and Böszörményi (2008); Dajdok and Kącki (2009) |
Elaeagnus pungens (thorny olive) | | |
Yes
| Miller (2003) |
Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive) | | |
Yes
| Munger (2003) |
Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) | Evident, but no supporting refs | |
Yes
| |
Elodea nuttallii (Nuttall's waterweed) | | |
Yes
| Bowmer et al. (1995) |
Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
Emilia praetermissa (yellow thistle) | Weed in gardens and lawns |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
Epiphyllum oxypetalum (dutchman's-pipe cactus) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2014) |
Epipremnum pinnatum (centipede tongavine) | Cultivated in gardens and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman (2011) |
Equus caballus [ISC] (horse) | | |
Yes
| |
Eragrostis amabilis (Japanese lovegrass) | Accidental escape | |
Yes
| Pink (2004) |
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass) | | |
Yes
| Alien plants of Belgium (2018) |
Eranthemum pulchellum (blue-sage) | Accidental | |
Yes
| PIER (2019) |
Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass) | Seeds and stolons |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brosnan and Deputy (2008) |
Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane) | | |
Yes
| Kunkel (1972); National Museums Northern Ireland (2010); Orchard (1994) |
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of New Zealand (2016) |
Erythrina berteroana (coralbean) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Barrance et al. (2003) |
Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum) | | |
Yes
| |
Eucalyptus robusta (swamp mahogany) | Escaped from plantations |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) | | |
Yes
| |
Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Often naturalized close to plantings | |
Yes
| Zouhar (2009) |
Euonymus japonicus (Japanese spindle tree) | | |
Yes
| |
Euphorbia hypericifolia (graceful spurge) | | |
Yes
| |
Euphorbia lactea (mottled spurge) | Escape from gardens and yards | |
Yes
| Little et al. (1974) |
Euphorbia leucocephala (white Christmas bush) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hyde et al. (2020) |
Euphorbia milii (crown-of-thorns) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2020) |
Euphorbia neriifolia (Indian spurge tree) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little et al. (1974) |
Euphorbia tithymaloides (devil's backbone) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
Euphorbia trigona (African milk weed) | Escaped from gardens/cultivation | |
Yes
| PROTA (2016) |
Euphorbia umbellata (African milk bush) | | |
Yes
| PROTA (2017); Weeds of Australia (2017) |
Falcataria moluccana (batai wood) | | |
Yes
| |
Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | most common | |
Yes
| |
Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) | very common indeed | |
Yes
| Bailey and Conolly (2000) |
Ficus benghalensis (banyan) | Seeds dispersed by birds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) | Naturalised in places where it has been introduced as a garden cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ficus carica (common fig) | Species cultivated for thousands of years and can escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al. (2001) |
Ficus elastica (rubber plant) | Species can escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tawan (2000) |
Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua (2014); Hutchinson and Rendle (1916); Madulid (1995); Starr et al. (2003) |
Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) | | |
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | Spreads by vegetative fragments, known to escape from cultivation and garden rubbish |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2014); Starr et al. (2003) |
Flacourtia indica (governor's plum) | | |
Yes
| |
Flemingia lineata (wild hops) | Naturalized in areas near cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oviedo Prieto et al. (2012) |
Flemingia macrophylla (large leaf flemingia) | | |
Yes
| |
Flemingia strobilifera (wild hops) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2014) |
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash) | | |
Yes
| |
Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | Escaped from its cultivation at La Laguna Botanical Garden at El Salvador | |
Yes
| Dendroflora de El Salvador (2018) |
Gaillardia pulchella (Indian blanket) | Widely cultivated as ornamental and escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014) |
Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas (2008) |
Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
Galphimia glauca (goldshower) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brown (2012) |
Galphimia gracilis (goldshower) | Escaped from cultivation and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wunderlin (1998) |
Garcia nutans (false tung oil tree) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Oviedo et al. (2012) |
Garrulax canorus (Chinese hwamei) | Popular caged birds in China |
Yes
|
Yes
| Li et al. (2006) |
Gaultheria shallon (salal) | | |
Yes
| Pojar and Mackinnon (2004) |
Globodera pallida (white potato cyst nematode) | | |
Yes
| |
Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Fruits –escaped from plantations and colonizing wild habitats |
Yes
|
Yes
| IUCN (2013) |
Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush) | Seeds dispersed by wind |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al. (2003) |
Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth) | |
Yes
| | Flora of Pakistan (2015) |
Gossypium barbadense (Gallini cotton) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
Grevillea robusta (silky oak) | Prolific seed producer. Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Senegal tea plant) | From disposal of aquarium contents | |
Yes
| Weeds CRC (2008) |
Gypsophila paniculata (baby’s breath) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Darwent (1975) |
Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gurib-Fakim (2005) |
Hakea sericea (silky hakea) | | |
Yes
| |
Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird) | Populations in Europe are thought to originate, at least partly, from specimens used for biocontrol | |
Yes
| Brown et al. (2008a) |
Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Henderson (2003) |
Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
| | |
Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Helianthus debilis (beach sunflower) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alien plants of Belgium (2020) |
Hemigraphis alternata (red ivy) | Garden waste dumping |
Yes
|
Yes
| University of Queensland (2016) |
Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | | |
Yes
| Pyšek et al. (2007d) |
Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed) | | |
Yes
| |
Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Occasionally cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant | |
Yes
| Kabuce (2006) |
Heterotis niloticus (African bonytongue) | Natural | |
Yes
| |
Heterotis rotundifolia (pink lady) | Garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe) | Naturalized outside plantations |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weaver and Francis (1989) |
Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood) | | |
Yes
| |
Hiptage benghalensis (hiptage) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2007) |
Holcus lanatus (common velvet grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Homarus americanus (American lobster) | Live export/import, Aquaculture |
Yes
| | Jørstad et al. (2011); Stebbing et al. (2012); van der Meeren et al. (2010) |
Humulus scandens (Japanese hop) | | |
Yes
| |
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | | |
Yes
| USGS-NAS (2002) |
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (floating pennywort) | | |
Yes
| |
Hygrophila polysperma (Indian swampweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ramey (2001) |
Hylocereus undatus (dragon fruit) | | |
Yes
| |
Hymenachne amplexicaulis (hymenachne) | Downstream spread through natural and engineered waterways after escape from ponded pastures in Aust |
Yes
|
Yes
| Australian Weeds Committee (2012) |
Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) | a potential source of invasion, as seed is available to home gardeners online | |
Yes
| |
Hyparrhenia rufa (Jaragua grass) | Escaped from planted areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Williams and Baruch (2000) |
Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) | | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) |
Hypostomus plecostomus (suckermouth catfish) | Escape/release from aquaculture ponds through drained water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hoover et al. (2014) |
Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora Mesoamericana (2018) |
Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | escape from gardens | |
Yes
| Beerling and Perrins (1993) |
Impatiens parviflora (small balsam) | | |
Yes
| Trepl (1984) |
Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christenhusz (2009) |
Indigofera hirsuta (hairy indigo) | Cultivation escape |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2013) |
Ipomoea alba (white moonflower ) | Has escaped after being planted as ornamental | |
Yes
| Queensland Government (2016) |
Ipomoea cairica (five-fingered morning glory) | Escaped from gardens, often naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weber (2003) |
Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory) | Escapes from cultivation (gardens and fences) |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2017) |
Ipomoea hederifolia (scarlet-creeper ) | Escaped from cultivation, gardens urban parks | |
Yes
| Queensland Government (2016) |
Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2017) |
Ipomoea nil (white edge morning-glory) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
Ipomoea ochracea (fence morning-glory) | Planted as ornamental | |
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005) |
Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | Seeds | |
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
Ipomoea quamoclit (cypress vine) | Escaped from gardens | |
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | | |
Yes
| Acevedo Rodríguez et al. (2005) |
Isatis tinctoria (dyer's woad) | | |
Yes
| |
Ixora casei (giant red ixora) | Cultivated and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2020) |
Jacaranda mimosifolia (jacaranda) | | |
Yes
| |
Jasminum fluminense (Brazilian jasmine) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005); Francis (2004) |
Jasminum multiflorum (star jasmine) | escaped from cultivation and naturalized in several countries | |
Yes
| Hammer (2000); Parker and Parsons (2012) |
Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2016) |
Jasminum simplicifolium (Australian wax jasmine) | Possible from its cultivation | |
Yes
| |
Jatropha curcas (jatropha) | | |
Yes
| Pitt (1999) |
Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
Jatropha integerrima (peregrina) | Considered as a garden escape in some countries where it has been introduced | |
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2020); HEAR (2017) |
Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | | |
Yes
| |
Justicia pectoralis (freshcut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (flaming katy) | Seeds and cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2016) |
Kalanchoe daigremontiana (devil's backbone) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Moran (2009) |
Kalanchoe delagoensis (chandelier plant) | Seeds and plantlets |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET (2011) |
Kalanchoe integra (Never die) | Sometimes grown as ornamental | |
Yes
| |
Kigelia africana (sausage tree) | Escape from cultivation in Cuba | |
Yes
| González Gutiérrez et al. (2009) |
Laelia rubescens (flor de la concepción) | | |
Yes
| García-González and Riverón-Giró (2015) |
Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | | |
Yes
| Australia Natural Heritage Trust (2003) |
Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) | Escaped and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Welman (2005) |
Lagerstroemia indica (Indian crape myrtle) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2014) |
Lagerstroemia speciosa (Pride of India) | Cultivated as ornamental and roadside tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Lampropeltis californiae (California kingsnake) | Possibly escape of animals bred in captivity | |
Yes
| Mateo et al. (2011); Cabrera-Pérez et al. (2012) |
Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2017) |
Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oyen (1991) |
Leiothrix lutea (red-billed leiothrix) | Frequent escapee from cages/aviaries | |
Yes
| Kawano et al. (2000) |
Lepomis gibbosus (pumpkinseed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Klaar et al. (2004) |
Leptochloa fusca (sprangletop) | Seeds escape from cultivation | |
Yes
| PIER (2018) |
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza) | Grown for fodder | |
Yes
| Hoveland and Donnelly (1985) |
Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | | |
Yes
| |
Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | | |
Yes
| |
Leuciscus idus (ide) | | |
Yes
| |
Leucophyllum frutescens (Texas barometer bush) | Cultivated as ornamental and spread by seeds and cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Martin (2020) |
Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese privet) | Ornamental escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Maddox et al. (2010) |
Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet) | Widely used as ornamental and hedge plants | |
Yes
| Swarbrick et al. (1999) |
Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) | Very common | |
Yes
| |
Ligustrum vulgare (common privet) | Frequent accidental escape | |
Yes
| Henderson (2001); I3N-Brasil (2015); Zhao (2012) |
Limnobium laevigatum (South American spongeplant) | In West Java, Indonesia | |
Yes
| Akers (2010) |
Linaria dalmatica (dalmatian toadflax) | | |
Yes
| |
Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm) | Seeds escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer et al. (2008) |
Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) | Seeds spread by birds and mammals | |
Yes
| Swearingen et al. (2010) |
Lonicera morrowii (Morrow’s honeysuckle) | | |
Yes
| Skibo (2006); Nyboer (2007); Invasive.org (2018); MA-DACF (2018) |
Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | | |
Yes
| Dandelot et al. (2005); Okada et al. (2009) |
Ludwigia palustris (marsh seedbox) | Escaped from cultivation. Stem fragments and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2018) |
Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | | |
Yes
| Dandelot et al. (2005) |
Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leaf lupin) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2017) |
Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS (2015) |
Lygodium flexuosum (maidenhair creeper) | No information available but it is a possibility as it is used as an ornamental. | |
Yes
| Yadav et al. (2012) |
Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) | Primary method of introduction |
Yes
| | Ferriter (2001) |
Lygodium microphyllum (old world climbing fern) | | |
Yes
| |
Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque) | | |
Yes
| |
Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree) | | |
Yes
| |
Mahonia aquifolium (Oregongrape) | | |
Yes
| Sukopp (2004) |
Malvaviscus arboreus (wax mallow) | Often planted as ornamental and escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Webb et al. (1988) |
Malvaviscus penduliflorus (Turk's cap mallow) | Stem fragments dispersed in dumped garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weed Watch (2012) |
Mangifera indica (mango) | | |
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | | |
Yes
| |
Maranta arundinacea (arrowroot) | Escaped from cultivation --widely naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
Marisa cornuarietis (giant ramshorn) | Potential for escape from garden ponds, for example in cases of flood transporting snails into water | |
Yes
| |
Melicoccus bijugatus (Spanish lime) | | |
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2003) |
Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2017) |
Melinis repens (natal redtop) | Garden escape | |
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal) | Cultivation escape |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2013) |
Merremia tuberosa (woodrose) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
Miconia calvescens (miconia) | | |
Yes
| Csurhes (1998); Medeiros et al. (1997); Meyer (1996) |
Mimosa casta (graceful mimosa) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
Mimosa ceratonia (climbing mimosa) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012); Velez and Overbeek (1950) |
Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) | | |
Yes
| |
Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | | |
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2016) |
Miscanthus sinensis (eulalia) | Various States in USA; NSW Australia | |
Yes
| Harley (2007); Meyer (2003) |
Molineria capitulata (palm-grass) | Accidental | |
Yes
| Siqueira (2006) |
Molothrus bonariensis (shiny cowbird) | | |
Yes
| |
Momordica balsamina (common balsam apple) | Deliberate | |
Yes
| Bosch (2004) |
Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | | |
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
Moorochloa eruciformis (sweet signal grass) | | |
Yes
| Blanca et al. (2009) |
Morella faya (firetree) | | |
Yes
| |
Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | Disturbed areas near cultivated land | |
Yes
| Csurhes and Navie (2016) |
Morus nigra (black mulberry) | Species is known to escape from cultivation and naturalize | |
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1981) |
Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | Naturalized in many countries; bats and birds disperse the seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| NAS (1980) |
Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine) | Dispersed in dumped garden waste. Animals are seed dispersers | |
Yes
| Pikart et al. (2011); Brisbane City Council (2020) |
Mus musculus (house mouse) | | |
Yes
| |
Mussaenda erythrophylla (red flag bush) | Seeds, stem fragments. It can be found naturalized in areas near cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Mussaenda philippica (Queen of Philippines) | Seeds and stem fragments from gardens, yards and parks |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ogbu (2011) |
Mustela furo (ferret) | | |
Yes
| |
Myiopsitta monachus (monk parakeet) | | |
Yes
| |
Mylopharyngodon piceus (black amur) | Escaped from an aquaculture facility in Missouri | |
Yes
| Nico (2011) |
Myocastor coypus (coypu) | | |
Yes
| |
Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | | |
Yes
| Gregory (2003); Kay and Hoyle (2001) |
Myriophyllum spicatum (spiked watermilfoil) | |
Yes
| | |
Myroxylon balsamum (Peru balsam) | | |
Yes
| |
Nandina domestica (Nandina) | Bird and animal dispersed seeds | |
Yes
| Stone (2009) |
Nasua narica (white-nosed coati) | |
Yes
| | |
Nasua nasua (ring-tailed coati) | | |
Yes
| |
Neomarica caerulea (walking iris) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman (1999) |
Neovison vison (American mink) | | |
Yes
| |
Nerium oleander (oleander) | As an escape from cultivation | |
Yes
| HEAR (2017); PIER (2018) |
Neyraudia reynaudiana (burma reed) | | |
Yes
| Gordon (1998); Guala (1990); Majtkowski and Majtkowsk (2000) |
Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) | N. glauca has been transported globally as an ornamental plant used in gardens from where it has sub |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ollerton et al. (2012) |
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco) | | |
Yes
| Sudhakar Reddy et al. (2008) |
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | | |
Yes
| Funk et al. (2007); PIER (2014); Randall (2012) |
Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | Planted as an ornamental; propagates easily vegetatively |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2017) |
Noronhia emarginata (Madagascar olive) | Deliberate | |
Yes
| Daehler and Baker (2006) |
Nymphoides peltata (yellow floating-heart) | | |
Yes
| Stuckey (1973) |
Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) | Seed, stem fragment in garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Odontonema callistachyum (purple firespike) | Commonly cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel (1995) |
Odontonema cuspidatum (Cardinal’s guard) | Commonly cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel (1995) |
Oeceoclades maculata (monk orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Stern (1988) |
Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines) | Seeds, roots, stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (wild olive) | | |
Yes
| |
Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive) | | |
Yes
| |
Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | | |
Yes
| |
Ondatra zibethicus (muskrat) | | |
Yes
| |
Opuntia aurantiaca (jointed cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
Opuntia elatior (red-flower prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
Opuntia engelmannii (cactus apple) | | |
Yes
| |
Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
Opuntia monacantha (common prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
Opuntia stricta (erect prickly pear) | e.g. Kruger National Park | |
Yes
| |
Orbea variegata (carrion-flower) | Escaped from gardens | |
Yes
| NSW Department of Primary Industries (2020); Government of South Australia (2021) |
Oreochromis aureus (blue tilapia) | Accidental introduction | |
Yes
| Muoneke (1988) |
Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) | Releases or escapes from fish farms, hatcheries and zoos | |
Yes
| Nico (2011) |
Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) | Accidental | |
Yes
| Canonico et al. (2005); Nico and Schofield (2011) |
Ovis aries musimon (European mouflon) | This is the origin of the Swedish mouflon population | |
Yes
| Liberg et al. (2010) |
Pachystachys coccinea (Cardinal's guard) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kenny (2000) |
Paederia foetida (skunkvine) | | |
Yes
| |
Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) | | |
Yes
| |
Parmentiera aculeata (cucumber tree) | Escaped from cultivation in northern Queensland, Australia | |
Yes
| Queensland Government (2018) |
Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | Possible from its use as an ornamental | |
Yes
| |
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper) | Escaped from cultivation/gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2017) |
Paspalum conjugatum (buffalo grass) | Escaped from cultivation/pastures/lawns |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2018) |
Paspalum notatum (Bahia grass) | Seeds, stolons, and rhizomes in garden waste | |
Yes
| Violi (2000) |
Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | Possible from its use as a pasture grass | | | |
Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Passiflora edulis (passionfruit) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla) | Seeds dispersed by birds and mammals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Staples et al. (2000) |
Passiflora tarminiana (banana passionfruit) | | |
Yes
| Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge et al. (2001) |
Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) | Accidental escape from agricultural fields and vegetable gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cain et al. (2010) |
Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato) | | |
Yes
| |
Pelargonium odoratissimum (apple geranium) | Known to be a garden escape in Puerto Rico |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species known to have escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | Species known to have escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell (2000); Randall (2012) |
Pelophylax cf. bedriagae | Especially in Belgium | |
Yes
| Holsbeek et al. (2008) |
Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Seed dispersal from ornamental plantings | |
Yes
| Florabase (2012) |
Pentas lanceolata (Egyptian starcluster) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Persicaria chinensis (Chinese knotweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-APHIS (2012) |
Persicaria wallichii (Himalayan knotweed) | | |
Yes
| |
Petiveria alliacea (guinea hen weed) | Widely planted for traditional medicine purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alegre and Clavo (2007) |
Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Possible. No details but reported as naturalized in Madeira | |
Yes
| DAISIE (2019) |
Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid) | | |
Yes
| Ackerman (2012) |
Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005) |
Phleum pratense (timothy grass) | | |
Yes
| |
Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm) | | |
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy (2006) |
Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) | Often used as a decorative garden plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Phyllostachys aurea (golden bamboo) | Rhizomes disposed in dumped garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2017) |
Phyllostachys flexuosa (drooping timber bamboo) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2017) |
Phyllostachys reticulata (giant timber bamboo) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee (2017) |
Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry) | | |
Yes
| |
Phytophthora kernoviae | | |
Yes
| |
Pimenta dioica (allspice) | Seeds are vector-dispersed eg. birds causing local escape from gardens | |
Yes
| |
Pimenta racemosa (bay rum tree) | | |
Yes
| |
Pinus caribaea (Caribbean pine) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (1992) |
Pinus elliottii (slash pine) | | |
Yes
| |
Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) | | |
Yes
| Gherardi (2007); Rivers (2002) |
Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug) | | |
Yes
| |
Plantago coronopus (Buck's-horn plantain) | | |
Yes
| |
Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua (2014); PIER (2014); Randall (2012) |
Plumbago auriculata (cape leadwort) | | |
Yes
| |
Plumeria rubra (red frangipani) | Escaped and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2020) |
Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) | Weed in gardens, yards and parks |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
Podarcis sicula (Italian wall lizard) | Missouri population escaped from a terrarium overturned by a feral cat. 80 individuals were observed | |
Yes
| Briggler et al. (2015) |
Poecilia reticulata (guppy) | |
Yes
| | |
Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass) | Occasional garden escape | |
Yes
| Hubbard (1984) |
Polyscias balfouriana (Balfour aralia) | Escaped and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oviedo and Gonzalez-Oliva (2015) |
Polyscias guilfoylei (geranium aralia) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wunderlin (1998) |
Pomacea maculata | After snail farms were abandoned in SE Asia, snails dispersed | |
Yes
| |
Pongamia pinnata (Indian beech) | | |
Yes
| Wunderlin et al. (2020) |
Populus alba (silver-leaf poplar) | | |
Yes
| Jobling (1990) |
Portulaca pilosa (kiss-me-quick) | | |
Yes
| |
Procyon lotor (raccoon) | | |
Yes
| Lutz (1995) |
Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) | Escape from plantations | |
Yes
| Pasiecznik et al. (2001) |
Pseuderanthemum carruthersii (false eranthemum) | Accidental | |
Yes
| Starr et al. (2004) |
Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | On ornamental plants | |
Yes
| |
Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Mexican flamevine) | Persistent after escaping from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2018) |
Pseudorasbora parva (topmouth gudgeon) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Copp et al. (2005a) |
Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Strubbe and Matthysen (2009a) |
Pteris multifida (spider brake) | As a garden escapee | |
Yes
| Keener et al. (2020) |
Pteris tripartita (giant brake) | Through wind spore dispersal | |
Yes
| Morton (1957) |
Pteris vittata (Chinese ladder brake fern) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2019) |
Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) | Possible as found near where planted | |
Yes
| Morton (1976) |
Ptychosperma macarthurii (Macarthur palm) | Fruits dispersed by birds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daehler and Baker (2006) |
Pycnonotus cafer (red-vented bulbul) | | |
Yes
| |
Pycnonotus jocosus (Red-whiskered bulbul) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| National Audubon Society (2017) |
Pyracantha coccinea (scarlet firethorn) | As a garden escape aided by bird dispersal. | |
Yes
| Vergara-Tabares et al. (2016) |
Rana catesbeiana (American bullfrog) | | |
Yes
| |
Rauvolfia caffra (quinine tree ) | Escaped from cultivation in Cuba |
Yes
|
Yes
| Granda and Fuentes (1987) |
Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) | | |
Yes
| |
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Downy rose-myrtle) | Accidental, frequent | |
Yes
| Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants (2012); Wagner et al. (1999) |
Rivina humilis (bloodberry) | Assumed | |
Yes
| |
Rosa multiflora (multiflora rose) | Root-stock, and planted as a hedge and for conservation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Munger (2002) |
Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | | |
Yes
| Bruun (2005) |
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | Known cultivation escape |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
Roystonea oleracea (Caribbean royal palm) | Extensively escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Meyer et al. (2008); Svenning (2002); Zucaratto and dos Santos Pires (2014) |
Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry) | Common garden escape | |
Yes
| Ceska (1999) |
Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry) | | |
Yes
| Gardner (1999) |
Rubus niveus (Mysore raspberry) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2014) |
Rubus racemosus (black raspberry) | Often planted as an ornamental and for its edible fruits |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2012) |
Rubus rosifolius (roseleaf raspberry) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2010) |
Ruellia macrophylla (large leaved ruellia) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2017) |
Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Floridata (2016) |
Saccharum ravennae (ravenna grass) | | |
Yes
| |
Sagittaria latifolia (broadleaf arrowhead) | | |
Yes
| DAISIE (2009); NOBANIS (2009) |
Salvia splendens (scarlet sage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2014); Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2009) |
Salvinia biloba (giant salvinia) | Possible, as it is used locally as an ornamental | |
Yes
| San Pedro Naturaleza (2020) |
Salvinia minima | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2006) |
Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | | |
Yes
| McFarland et al. (2004) |
Sambucus canadensis (American black elderberry) | Escaped from cultivation, naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alien plants of Belgium (2020) |
Sanchezia parvibracteata (sanchezia) | Invasions are usually associated with nearby gardens | |
Yes
| Queensland Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (2014) |
Sanchezia speciosa (shrubby whitevein) | Naturalized outside cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer and Lavergne (2004) |
Sansevieria hyacinthoides (African bowstring hemp) | Commonly escapes from gardens and yards | |
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
Schefflera actinophylla (umbrella tree) | Seeds are dispersed by birds and bats |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman and Watson (1994); PIER (2012) |
Sechium edule (chayote) | Escaped and spontaneous in abandoned lands |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lira (1996) |
Securigera varia (crown vetch) | Occurs in gardens but could spread nearby via its rhizomes | |
Yes
| Gucker (2009) |
Senecio glastifolius (holly-leaved senecio) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Senna aculeata (senna) | Naturalized in Cuba |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oviedo and Gonzalez-Oliva (2015) |
Senna alata (candle bush) | | |
Yes
| Dutton and Dale Thomas (1991) |
Senna italica (Senegal senna) | Naturalized on islands across Caribbean region and South America |
Yes
|
Yes
| van der Burg et al. (2012); POWO (2020) |
Senna multijuga (November shower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Senna septemtrionalis (smooth senna) | Known to have escaped cultivation as a garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2014) |
Senna spectabilis (whitebark senna) | Species is known to have escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2007) |
Senna surattensis (golden senna) | Escaped from cultivation in places including India, Burma, Indochina, and the Philippines |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little and Skolmen (1989); Randall (2012); Wagner et al. (2014) |
Sesbania grandiflora (sesbania) | | |
Yes
| |
Setaria palmifolia (palm grass) | | |
Yes
| |
Silene gallica (common catchfly) | Has escaped from gardens in China | |
Yes
| |
Solanum capsicoides (cockroach berry) | Used as an ornamental and promoted as rootstock for eggplant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Staples and Herbst (2005) |
Solanum erianthum (potato tree) | Known to have escaped cultivation | |
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Grown as an ornamental or curiosity plant worldwide, and has the potential to escape cultivation | |
Yes
| PBI Solanum Project (2014) |
Solanum quitoense (naranjilla) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Charles Darwin Foundation (2008) |
Solanum rostratum (prickly nightshade) | Known to escape cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Planted as ornamental. Seeds dispersed by birds. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gallagher et al. (2010) |
Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| ISSG (2020) |
Solanum tuberosum (potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) | | |
Yes
| |
Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) | | |
Yes
| Weber and Jakobs (2005) |
Solidago sempervirens (seaside goldenrod) | Seeds, rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
Spartium junceum (Spanish broom) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Spathoglottis plicata (Philippine ground orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Spermacoce verticillata (shrubby false buttonwood) | | |
Yes
| |
Sphagneticola trilobata (wedelia) | | |
Yes
| |
Spiraea chamaedryfolia (germander meadowsweet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Spirodela polyrrhiza (giant duckweed) | Possible through high waters or attached to aquatic animal | |
Yes
| Les (2020) |
Sporobolus tenuissimus (tropical dropseed) | Used as an ornamental in Africa and Colombia from where it is possible to spread | |
Yes
| Veldekamp (2003); |
Stachytarpheta urticifolia (rattail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kuo (2003) |
Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalo grass) | | |
Yes
| Herbiguide (2013) |
Sterculia apetala (Panama tree) | Will spread slowly if no seed predators are available | |
Yes
| Janzen (1972); PIER (2017) |
Stictocardia tiliifolia (spottedheart) | Possible as it is regarded as an ornamental, although not advertised online or nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2019) |
Sus scrofa [ISC] (feral pig) | | |
Yes
| |
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (New York aster) | | |
Yes
| |
Syngonium podophyllum (arrowhead vine) | Commonly planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
Syzygium malaccense (Malay apple) | Species known to escape cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Funk et al. (2007); Randall (2012) |
Tabebuia heterophylla (pink trumpet tree) | Likely, no cited evidence | |
Yes
| |
Tabebuia rosea (pink poui) | Seeds could be carried by wind into adjacent areas | |
Yes
| |
Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold) | Seeds | |
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Tamarindus indica (tamarind) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2018) |
Tecoma capensis (Cape honeysuckle) | Escaped from cultivation/gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) | | |
Yes
| |
Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Thomson and Evans (2006) |
Thelypteris opulenta (jewelled maiden fern) | Often naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith (1995) |
Thespesia populnea (portia tree) | | |
Yes
| |
Threskiornis aethiopicus (sacred ibis) | In Taiwan, USA, Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Canary Islands, Netherlands | |
Yes
| Clergeau and Yésou (2006); Clergeau et al. (2005); Herring and Gawlik (2008); Ottens (2006) |
Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | Stem fragments and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
Thunbergia erecta (bush clockvine) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel (1995); Flora of Panama (2020) |
Thunbergia fragrans (whitelady) | Stem fragments, roots, dumped garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
Thunbergia grandiflora (Bengal trumpet) | Seeds, cuttings, stem fragments and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2012); Starr et al. (2003) |
Thymophylla tenuiloba (Dahlberg daisy) | Escaped from cultivation in Hawaii | |
Yes
| PIER (2018) |
Tibouchina herbacea (cane tibouchina) | Likely introduced as an ornamental to Hawaii; could contaminate other plants grown with it |
Yes
|
Yes
| Almasi (2000) |
Tibouchina urvilleana (princessflower) | Reported as escaped in Genting Highlands, Peninsular Malaysia. | |
Yes
| Faravani and Bakar (2007) |
Tilapia zillii (redbelly tilapia) | Accidental introduction | |
Yes
| Hogg (1976) |
Tinca tinca (tench) | | |
Yes
| Nico and Fuller (2011) |
Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) | Seeds in dumped garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2018) |
Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) | Seeds in dumped garden waste and contaminated agricultural produce |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET (2018) |
Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) | Escaped from gardens and naturalized in areas near cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
Trachelospermum jasminoides (star-jasmine) | Stem fragments dumped in garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman (1999) |
Tradescantia pallida (purple queen) | Cuttings, and discarded plants | |
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
Tradescantia spathacea (boat lily) | Seeds, cuttings, and discarded plants | |
Yes
| Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (2011); PIER (2012) |
Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | | |
Yes
| O'Neill (2006) |
Trifolium hybridum (alsike clover) | Escapes cultivation |
Yes
| | Minnesota Wildflowers (2015) |
Trimezia steyermarkii (yellow walking iris) | Stem fragments/plantlets and rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Trioceros jacksonii (Jackson’s chameleon) | Accidentally released in Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, California | |
Yes
| McKeown (1997) |
Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) | Used as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2012) |
Turbina corymbosa (Christmas vine) | |
Yes
| | Bosser and Heine (2000) |
Turnera ulmifolia (West Indian holly) | Escaped and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
Umbra pygmaea (eastern mudminnow) | Releases and escapes from aquaria | |
Yes
| Verreycken et al. (2010) |
Urena lobata (caesar weed) | Escaped from plantations | |
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
Urochloa decumbens (signal grass) | Weed of gardens and parks |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2015) |
Urochloa mutica (para grass) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
Varanus niloticus (Nile monitor) | introduced to certain areas after escaping enclosures | |
Yes
| Cardoza et al. (1993); Enge et al. (2004); Pleguezuelos (2004) |
Verbascum thapsus (common mullein) | | |
Yes
| Gross and Werner (1978) |
Verbena officinalis (vervain) | As a weed following its cultivation | |
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
Verbena rigida (stiff verbena) | | |
Yes
| ISSG (2015); Manual of the Alien Plants of Belgium (2016) |
Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree) | Escaped from gardens and invaded areas near cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Swearingen and Bargeron (2016) |
Vitex parviflora (molave) | Escaped from cultivation in Guam | |
Yes
| University of Guam CNAS (2020) |
Vulpia bromoides (squirreltail fescue) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria) | | |
Yes
| Swearingen and Remaley (2010) |
Xanthosoma sagittifolium (elephant ear) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
Youngia japonica (oriental false hawksbeard) | Seeds | |
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
Yucca aloifolia (Spanish bayonet) | | |
Yes
| Sydney Weeds Committee (2016) |
Yucca gigantea (spineless yucca) | Stem and root fragments in garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| NZPCN (2020) |
Zeuxine strateumatica (soldier’s orchid) | Can spread unintentionally from lawns and gardens. It is also present in pots at nurseries | |
Yes
| Ames (1938); Dave’s Garden (2018.) |
Zingiber zerumbet (shampoo ginger) | Cultivation escape |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
Zinnia peruviana (Peruvian zinnia) | | |
Yes
| |
Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ's thorn jujube) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Van der Burg et al. (2012) |
Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) | Spreads by rhizomes | |
Yes
| Duble (2016) |