| Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Frequent escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Abrus precatorius (rosary pea) | Species is cultivated for ornamental, medicinal, and food additive purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003; Padua et al.,
1999; Weber,
2003 |
| Abutilon grandifolium (hairy Indian mallow) | | |
Yes
| Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Abutilon indicum (country mallow) | Possibly escaping from cultivation and becoming naturalized | |
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden,
2015; PIER,
2015 |
| Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | Used as an ornamental tree from where it can escape into nearby areas | |
Yes
| PIER,
2016 |
| Acacia crassicarpa (northern wattle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acacia glauca (wild dividivi) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | | |
Yes
| WorldWideWattle,
2015 |
| Achatina fulica (giant African land snail) | Accidental | |
Yes
| |
| Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acridotheres fuscus (jungle myna) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acridotheres tristis (common myna) | | |
Yes
| |
| Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid) | | |
Yes
| |
| Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree) | | |
Yes
| ISSG,
2012 |
| Adiantum hispidulum (rosy maidenhair fern) | Escaped from cultivation and/or naturalized in south eastern USA, Hawaii, Natal and Singapore | |
Yes
| Schelpe and Anthony,
1986 |
| Adiantum raddianum (delta maidenhair fern) | spores are carried by wind, accidental | |
Yes
| Palmer,
2003 |
| Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) | |
Yes
| | |
| Aeschynomene americana (shyleaf) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2015 |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Seeds, bulbils and stem fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE,
2016; Weeds of Australia,
2016 |
| Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2012 |
| Agdestis clematidea (rockroot) | Occasionally planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vickery,
2009 |
| Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | Cited as escaping from gardens and naturalizing in nearby areas. | |
Yes
| PFAF,
2016 |
| Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, accidental | |
Yes
| Constán-Nava,
2012; Kowarik and Säumel,
2007 |
| Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | Escaped from agroforestry systems and gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2009 |
| Allamanda cathartica (yellow allamanda) | Spread by seeds and cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis,
2000 |
| Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro) | Occasionally planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Manner,
2011 |
| Aloe vera (true aloe) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2017 |
| Alopochen aegyptiaca (Egyptian goose) | | |
Yes
| Lever,
2005 |
| Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger) | In Hawaii, occasional escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Alternanthera bettzickiana (calico plant) | | |
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed) | Stems and seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke,
1981; Hanelt et al.,
2001 |
| Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | Originally introduced as a medicinal herb for garden cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mosley,
2014 |
| Amaranthus dubius (spleen amaranth) | | |
Yes
| |
| Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Amaranthus tricolor (edible amaranth) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ameiurus melas (black bullhead) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ammotragus lervia (aoudad) | There many examples of free-ranging populations originated from escapes from game reserves, both in |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cassinello et al.,
2004; Gray,
1985 |
| Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo-bush) | | |
Yes
| Karmyzova,
2014 |
| Amphisbaena fuliginosa (speckled worm lizard) | Possible pathway | |
Yes
| Murphy et al.,
2010 |
| Amynthas agrestis (crazy worm) | Movement with soil or other organic material accompanying plants | |
Yes
| Gates,
1958 |
| Andropogon glomeratus (bushy bluestem) | This species invasively self-seeds and seeds are wind-dispersed | |
Yes
| PIER,
2008; PROSEA,
2016 |
| Annona reticulata (bullock's heart) | Known to have escaped from cultivation in India and into the wild |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton,
1987 |
| Anolis extremus (Barbados anole) | Port of Spain (Trinidad) introduction of specimens released by collector, in transit from Barbados |
Yes
| | Murphy,
1997 |
| Anolis sagrei (brown anole) | | |
Yes
| |
| Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Anser indicus (bar-headed goose) | | |
Yes
| Lever,
2005 |
| Antigonon leptopus (coral vine) | Planted as a garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Burke and DiTommaso,
2011 |
| Aphanomyces astaci | | |
Yes
| Oidtmann et al.,
2005 |
| Apis mellifera scutellata (africanized bee) | From South Africa & Tanzania to Brazil, then escaped into the Brazilian countryside | |
Yes
| Piereira and Chaud-Netto,
2005 |
| Ardisia crenata (coral berry) | This is the primary invasion pathway | |
Yes
| USDA-APHIS,
2012 |
| Ardisia humilis (low shoebutton) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2015 |
| Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | | |
Yes
| |
| Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | | |
Yes
| Csurhes,
2009 |
| Aristichthys nobilis (bighead carp) | | |
Yes
| |
| Aristolochia elegans (elegant Dutchman’s pipe) | Can propagate by seeds and vegetatively |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall,
2012; Starr et al.,
2003; Weeds of Australia,
2015 |
| Aristolochia ringens (Dutchman’s pipe) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez,
2005; Liogier and Martorell,
2000; Meerman,
2003; Randall,
2012 |
| Aronia x prunifolia | | |
Yes
| |
| Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Arundo donax (giant reed) | | |
Yes
| Dudley,
2000 |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | | |
Yes
| Stansbury,
1999 |
| Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern) | | |
Yes
| |
| Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Atriplex semibaccata (Australian saltbush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (cane cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia subulata (Eve’s needle cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016; PROSEA,
2016; PROSEA,
2016; PROSEA,
2016 |
| Bambusa bambos (giant thorny bamboo) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ohrnberger,
1999 |
| Barleria cristata (Philippine violet) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2015 |
| Barleria lupulina (hophead Philippine violet) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aguilar,
2001 |
| Barleria prionitis (porcupine flower) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Edwards,
1998 |
| Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree) | Fruits can float and remain viable for many months |
Yes
|
Yes
| Yaplito,
2001 |
| Bauhinia monandra (Napoleon's plume) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Connor,
2002 |
| Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith,
2010 |
| Belonesox belizanus (pike killifish) | A population of B. belizanus discovered in Hillsborough County (Florida) in 1997 were thought to hav | |
Yes
| USGS,
2015 |
| Bixa orellana (annatto) | | |
Yes
| Morton,
1960 |
| Bontia daphnoides (white alling) | It has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized | |
Yes
| Little et al.,
1974 |
| Bos taurus (cattle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | |
Yes
| | Hitchcock,
1950 |
| Branta canadensis (Canada goose) | | |
Yes
| Lever,
2005 |
| Branta hutchinsii | | |
Yes
| Lever,
2005 |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Escaped from cultivation into fields and disturbed areas | |
Yes
| Young-Mathews,
2012; Vibrans,
2018 |
| Breynia disticha (snowbush) | Spreading by root suckers near areas where cultivated | |
Yes
| PIER,
2017; Wildlife of Hawaii,
2017 |
| Briza maxima (large quaking grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Brugmansia candida (angel's trumpet) | Often planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Brugmansia suaveolens (white angel's trumpet) | | |
Yes
| |
| Buddleja asiatica (dog tail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Buddleja madagascariensis (smokebush) | Seed and stem fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| GISD,
2016 |
| Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) | | |
Yes
| Les and Mehrhoff,
1999 |
| Caesalpinia pulcherrima (peacock flower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gillman and Watson,
2011; PIER,
2014 |
| Caladium bicolor (heart of Jesus) | Seed and rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2016 |
| Callisia fragrans (basketplant) | Individuals break off and root | |
Yes
| Graveson,
2012 |
| Callisia repens (creeping inch-plant) | Seeds and plant segments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong,
2005 |
| Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas's squirrel) | |
Yes
| | Jouanin,
1986; Jouanin,
1992 |
| Calopogonium caeruleum (jicama) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Graveson,
2012 |
| Canis lupus familiaris (dogs) | | |
Yes
| |
| Canna indica (canna lilly) | | |
Yes
| |
| Capra hircus (goats) | | |
Yes
| |
| Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | Known to have escaped garden and crop cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell,
2000; Randall,
2012 |
| Capsicum baccatum (pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Walter and Lebot,
2007 |
| Cardiospermum grandiflorum (balloon vine) | Seed and root fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2015 |
| Cardiospermum halicacabum (balloon vine) | Can escape from cultivated areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gildenhuys et al.,
2013 |
| Carpobrotus edulis (hottentot fig) | | |
Yes
| |
| Carpodacus mexicanus (house finch) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cassia grandis (pink shower) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental in urban and garden areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Toruan-Purba,
1999 |
| Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Castor canadensis (beaver) | | |
Yes
| |
| Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2015 |
| Cecropia peltata (trumpet tree) | | |
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Centaurea macrocephala (giant knapweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort) | | |
Yes
| |
| Centratherum punctatum (lark daisy) | Planted as ornamental | |
Yes
| Woodson and Schery,
1975 |
| Cervus elaphus (red deer) | Farmed deer are a risk | |
Yes
| |
| Cestrum diurnum (day jessamine) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species is a popular ornamental and is known to have escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Chamaedorea elegans (parlour palm) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Channa argus argus (northern snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams,
2004 |
| Channa marulius (bullseye snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams,
2004; Froese and Pauly,
2009 |
| Christella dentata (soft fern) | This is not an example of an escape but the planting of it as an ornamental |
Yes
| | Drummond,
1959 |
| Cichlasoma urophthalmum (Mayan cichlid) | Released and/or escaped from fish farms possibly responsible for populations in Florida | |
Yes
| Schofield et al.,
2016 |
| Cinnamomum burmanni (padang cassia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) | | |
Yes
| Kueffer et al.,
2009 |
| Cirsium mexicanum (Mexican thistle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Cleome rutidosperma (fringed spiderflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2014 |
| Cleome viscosa (Asian spiderflower) | | |
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2015 |
| Clerodendrum bungei (rose glorybower) | Grown as an ornamental and has been known to escape cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | | |
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum speciosissimum (Java glory bower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell,
2000; Randall,
2012 |
| Clerodendrum wallichii (Wallich's glorybower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Clitoria ternatea (butterfly-pea) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2016 |
| Coccinella septempunctata (seven-spot ladybird) | | |
Yes
| |
| Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Occasionally planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Colubrina asiatica (latherleaf) | Frequently found in coastal hammocks. Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Jones,
1996 |
| Columba livia (pigeons) | | |
Yes
| |
| Combretum grandiflorum (showy combretum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez,
2005 |
| Combretum indicum (Rangoon creeper) | Capable of spreading by both seed and root suckers |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2015; Randall,
2012; Staples et al.,
2000 |
| Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cordyline fruticosa (ti plant) | Accidental, discard house/garden plant | |
Yes
| |
| Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | | |
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Cornu aspersum (common garden snail) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | Europe, Australia |
Yes
| | PROSEA,
2016; Gardening Australia,
2009 |
| Cortaderia jubata (purple pampas grass) | | |
Yes
| Edgar and Connor,
2010 |
| Cortaderia selloana (pampas grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE,
2009 |
| Cosmos caudatus (wild cosmos) | Attractive garden plant | |
Yes
| |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Known to have escaped cultivation in Panama, Paraguay, Florida and other parts of the Caribbean and South America |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell,
2000; Flora of Panama,
2016; PROSEA,
2016 |
| Cotoneaster horizontalis (wall-spray) | | |
Yes
| Dickoré and Kasperek,
2010 |
| Crassula helmsii (Australian swamp stonecrop) | | |
Yes
| OEPP/EPPO,
2007 |
| Crassula ovata (jade plant) | | |
Yes
| Verloove,
2013 |
| Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) | | |
Yes
| Alverson and Sigg,
2008 |
| Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) | Escaped from cultivation and becoming invasive | |
Yes
| Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Crotalaria spectabilis (showy rattlepod) | Seeds as contaminant in crop seeds, forage, hay and agricultural equipment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maddox et al.,
2011 |
| Cuphea hyssopifolia (false heather) | | |
Yes
| Francis,
2004 |
| Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress) | | |
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016; Flora Argentina,
2017; Flora Italiana,
2017 |
| Cupressus sempervirens (Mediterranean cypress) | Often planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2015 |
| Cuscuta japonica (Japanese dodder) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Common weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Cyathea cooperi (australian tree fern) | Spores are carried by wind | |
Yes
| Palmer,
2003 |
| Cygnus olor (mute swan) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cylindropuntia fulgida (jumping cholla) | Plants and detached segments are often thrown over garden fences or taken to garbage dump sites | |
Yes
| Mathenge et al.,
2009 |
| Cylindropuntia rosea (hudson pear) | | |
Yes
| Deltoro et al.,
2014 |
| Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) | Rhizomes, tillers and plant fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oyen,
1999 |
| Cynodon nlemfuensis (African Bermuda-grass) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Cynodon plectostachyus (African stargrass) | Naturalized along roadsides and in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2015 |
| Cynoglossum amabile (Chinese forget-me-not) | Accidental | |
Yes
| New York Botanical Garden,
2017 |
| Cyperus imbricatus (shingle flatsedge) | Seeds and stem segments are commonly dispersed in dumped garden waste. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cyrtomium falcatum (Japanese holly fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) | Fruits and seeds escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2016 |
| Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass) | Contaminant in crops and crop seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Heuzé et al.,
2015 |
| Dalbergia sissoo | | |
Yes
| Morton,
2007 |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | | |
Yes
| |
| Datura metel (Hindu datura) | Can spread by both seed and vegetative fragmentation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2014; Randall,
2012 |
| Daucus carota (carrot) | | |
Yes
| |
| Delonix regia (flamboyant) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2009 |
| Dichanthium annulatum (Kleberg's bluestem) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Dieffenbachia seguine (dumb cane) | Accidental | |
Yes
| Space and Flynn,
2002 |
| Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass) | Plants produce many seeds and may also spread by rooting at the nodes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1979 |
| Dioscorea alata (white yam) | Bulbils, plant fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato) | Escaped from cultivated areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2012 |
| Dioscorea cayenensis (Guinea yam) | escaped from cultivation in Panama | |
Yes
| Standley,
1928 |
| Discus rotundatus (rotund disc) | Not explicitly mentioned in literature, but likely based on the species’ biology | |
Yes
| |
| Dolichandra unguis-cati (cat's claw creeper) | Seeds, tuber and stem fragments escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | | |
Yes
| Tokarska-Guzik,
2005; Bagi and Böszörményi,
2008; Dajdok and Kącki,
2009 |
| Elaeagnus pungens (thorny olive) | | |
Yes
| Miller,
2003 |
| Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive) | | |
Yes
| Munger,
2003 |
| Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) | Evident, but no supporting refs | |
Yes
| |
| Elodea nuttallii (Nuttall's waterweed) | | |
Yes
| Bowmer et al.,
1995 |
| Epipremnum pinnatum (centipede tongavine) | Cultivated in gardens and yards |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman,
2011 |
| Equus caballus [ISC] (horse) | | |
Yes
| |
| Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass) | Seeds and stolons |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brosnan and Deputy,
2008 |
| Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane) | | |
Yes
| Kunkel,
1972; National Museums Northern Ireland,
2010; Orchard,
1994 |
| Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of New Zealand,
2016 |
| Erythrina berteroana (coralbean) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Barrance et al.,
2003 |
| Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum) | | |
Yes
| |
| Eucalyptus robusta (swamp mahogany) | Escaped from plantations |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) | | |
Yes
| |
| Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Often naturalized close to plantings | |
Yes
| Zouhar,
2009 |
| Euonymus japonicus (Japanese spindle tree) | | |
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia hypericifolia (graceful spurge) | | |
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia lactea (mottled spurge) | Escape from gardens and yards | |
Yes
| Little et al.,
1974 |
| Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little et al.,
1974 |
| Euphorbia tithymaloides (devil's backbone) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell,
2000 |
| Euphorbia umbellata (African milk bush) | | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2017; Weeds of Australia,
2017 |
| Falcataria moluccana (batai wood) | | |
Yes
| |
| Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | most common | |
Yes
| |
| Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) | very common indeed | |
Yes
| Bailey and Conolly,
2000 |
| Ficus benghalensis (banyan) | Seeds dispersed by birds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) | Naturalised in places where it has been introduced as a garden cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ficus carica (common fig) | Species cultivated for thousands of years and can escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hanelt et al.,
2001 |
| Ficus elastica (rubber plant) | Species can escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tawan,
2000 |
| Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua,
2014; Hutchinson and Rendle,
1916; Madulid,
1995; Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) | | |
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | Spreads by vegetative fragments, known to escape from cultivation and garden rubbish |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE,
2014; Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Flacourtia indica (governor's plum) | | |
Yes
| |
| Flemingia macrophylla (large leaf flemingia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Flemingia strobilifera (wild hops) | | |
Yes
| ISSG,
2014 |
| Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash) | | |
Yes
| |
| Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | Escaped from its cultivation at La Laguna Botanical Garden at El Salvador | |
Yes
| Dendroflora de El Salvador,
2018 |
| Gaillardia pulchella (Indian blanket) | Widely cultivated as ornamental and escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas,
2008 |
| Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce and Priede,
2010 |
| Galphimia glauca (goldshower ) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brown,
2012 |
| Garrulax canorus (Chinese hwamei) | Popular caged birds in China |
Yes
|
Yes
| Li et al.,
2006 |
| Gaultheria shallon (salal) | | |
Yes
| Pojar and Mackinnon,
2004 |
| Globodera pallida (white potato cyst nematode) | | |
Yes
| |
| Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Fruits –escaped from plantations and colonizing wild habitats |
Yes
|
Yes
| IUCN,
2013 |
| Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush) | Seeds dispersed by wind |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Grevillea robusta (silky oak) | Prolific seed producer. Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (Senegal tea plant) | From disposal of aquarium contents | |
Yes
| Weeds CRC,
2008 |
| Gypsophila paniculata (baby’s breath) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Darwent,
1975 |
| Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gurib-Fakim,
2005 |
| Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird) | Populations in Europe are thought to originate, at least partly, from specimens used for biocontrol | |
Yes
| Brown et al.,
2008a |
| Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Henderson,
2003 |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hemigraphis alternata (red ivy) | Garden waste dumping |
Yes
|
Yes
| University of Queensland,
2016 |
| Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | | |
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Occasionally cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant | |
Yes
| Kabuce,
2006 |
| Heterotis niloticus (African bonytongue) | Natural | |
Yes
| |
| Heterotis rotundifolia (pink lady) | Garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe) | Naturalized outside plantations |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weaver and Francis,
1989 |
| Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hiptage benghalensis (hiptage) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2007 |
| Holcus lanatus (common velvet grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Homarus americanus (American lobster) | Live export/import, Aquaculture |
Yes
| | Jørstad et al.,
2011; Stebbing et al.,
2012; PROSEA,
2016 |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | | |
Yes
| USGS-NAS,
2002 |
| Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (floating pennywort) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hygrophila polysperma (Indian swampweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ramey,
2001 |
| Hylocereus undatus (dragon fruit) | | |
Yes
| |
| Hymenachne amplexicaulis (hymenachne) | Downstream spread through natural and engineered waterways after escape from ponded pastures in Aust |
Yes
|
Yes
| Australian Weeds Committee,
2012 |
| Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) | a potential source of invasion, as seed is available to home gardeners online | |
Yes
| |
| Hyparrhenia rufa (Jaragua grass) | Escaped from planted areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Williams and Baruch,
2000 |
| Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) | | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson,
2001 |
| Hypostomus plecostomus (suckermouth catfish) | Escape/release from aquaculture ponds through drained water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hoover et al.,
2014 |
| Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora Mesoamericana,
2018 |
| Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | escape from gardens | |
Yes
| Beerling and Perrins,
1993 |
| Impatiens parviflora (small balsam) | | |
Yes
| Trepl,
1984 |
| Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christenhusz,
2009 |
| Indigofera hirsuta (hairy indigo) | Cultivation escape |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2013 |
| Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory) | Escapes from cultivation (gardens and fences) |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2017 |
| Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government,
2017 |
| Ipomoea ochracea (fence morning-glory) | Planted as ornamental | |
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez,
2005 |
| Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | Seeds | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | | |
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Isatis tinctoria (dyer's woad) | | |
Yes
| |
| Jacaranda mimosifolia (jacaranda) | | |
Yes
| |
| Jasminum fluminense (Brazilian jasmine) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez,
2005; Francis,
2004 |
| Jasminum multiflorum (star jasmine) | escaped from cultivation and naturalized in several countries | |
Yes
| Hammer,
2000; Parker and Parsons,
2012 |
| Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2016 |
| Jatropha curcas (jatropha) | | |
Yes
| Pitt,
1999 |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Justicia pectoralis (freshcut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (flaming katy) | Seeds and cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee,
2016 |
| Kalanchoe daigremontiana (devil's backbone) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Moran,
2009 |
| Kalanchoe delagoensis (chandelier plant) | Seeds and plantlets |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET,
2011 |
| Kalanchoe integra (Never die) | Sometimes grown as ornamental | |
Yes
| |
| Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | | |
Yes
| Australia Natural Heritage Trust,
2003 |
| Lagerstroemia indica (Indian crape myrtle) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2014 |
| Lagerstroemia speciosa (Pride of India) | Cultivated as ornamental and roadside tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF,
2017 |
| Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oyen,
1991 |
| Leiothrix lutea (red-billed leiothrix) | Frequent escapee from cages/aviaries | |
Yes
| Kawano et al.,
2000 |
| Lepomis gibbosus (pumpkinseed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Klaar et al.,
2004 |
| Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | | |
Yes
| |
| Leuciscus idus (ide) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet) | Widely used as ornamental and hedge plants | |
Yes
| Swarbrick et al.,
1999 |
| Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) | Very common | |
Yes
| |
| Ligustrum vulgare (common privet) | Frequent accidental escape | |
Yes
| Henderson,
2001; PROSEA,
2016; Zhao,
2012 |
| Limnobium laevigatum (South American spongeplant) | In West Java, Indonesia | |
Yes
| Akers,
2010 |
| Linaria dalmatica (dalmatian toadflax) | | |
Yes
| |
| Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm) | Seeds escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer et al.,
2008 |
| Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) | Seeds spread by birds and mammals | |
Yes
| Swearingen et al.,
2010 |
| Lonicera morrowii (Morrow’s honeysuckle) | | |
Yes
| Skibo,
2006; Nyboer,
2007; Invasive.org,
2018; MA-DACF,
2018 |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | | |
Yes
| Dandelot et al.,
2005; Okada et al.,
2009 |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | | |
Yes
| Dandelot et al.,
2005 |
| Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leaf lupin) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2017 |
| Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS,
2015 |
| Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) | Primary method of introduction |
Yes
| | Ferriter,
2001 |
| Lygodium microphyllum (old world climbing fern) | | |
Yes
| |
| Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque) | | |
Yes
| |
| Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mahonia aquifolium (Oregongrape) | | |
Yes
| Sukopp,
2004 |
| Malvaviscus arboreus (wax mallow) | Often planted as ornamental and escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Webb et al.,
1988 |
| Mangifera indica (mango) | | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | | |
Yes
| |
| Marisa cornuarietis (giant ramshorn) | Potential for escape from garden ponds, for example in cases of flood transporting snails into water | |
Yes
| |
| Melicoccus bijugatus (Spanish lime) | | |
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez,
2003 |
| Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2017 |
| Melinis repens (natal redtop) | Garden escape | |
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal) | Cultivation escape |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF,
2013 |
| Merremia tuberosa (woodrose) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Miconia calvescens (miconia) | | |
Yes
| Csurhes,
1998; Medeiros et al.,
1997; Meyer,
1996 |
| Mimosa casta (graceful mimosa) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Mimosa ceratonia (climbing mimosa) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012; Velez and Overbeek,
1950 |
| Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | | |
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Miscanthus sinensis (eulalia) | Various States in USA; NSW Australia | |
Yes
| Harley,
2007; Meyer,
2003 |
| Molothrus bonariensis (shiny cowbird) | | |
Yes
| |
| Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2014 |
| Moorochloa eruciformis (sweet signal grass) | | |
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Morella faya (firetree) | | |
Yes
| |
| Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | Disturbed areas near cultivated land | |
Yes
| Csurhes and Navie,
2016 |
| Morus nigra (black mulberry) | Species is known to escape from cultivation and naturalize | |
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke,
1981 |
| Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | Naturalized in many countries; bats and birds disperse the seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| NAS,
1980 |
| Mus musculus (house mouse) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mustela furo (ferret) | | |
Yes
| |
| Myiopsitta monachus (monk parakeet) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mylopharyngodon piceus (black amur) | Escaped from an aquaculture facility in Missouri | |
Yes
| Nico,
2011 |
| Myocastor coypus (coypu) | | |
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | | |
Yes
| Gregory,
2003; Kay and Hoyle,
2001 |
| Myriophyllum spicatum (spiked watermilfoil) | |
Yes
| | |
| Myroxylon balsamum (Peru balsam) | | |
Yes
| |
| Nandina domestica (Nandina) | Bird and animal dispersed seeds | |
Yes
| Stone,
2009 |
| Nasua narica (white-nosed coati) | |
Yes
| | |
| Nasua nasua (ring-tailed coati) | | |
Yes
| |
| Neomarica caerulea (walking iris) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman,
1999 |
| Neovison vison (American mink) | | |
Yes
| |
| Neyraudia reynaudiana (burma reed) | | |
Yes
| Gordon,
1998; Guala,
1990; Majtkowski and Majtkowsk,
2000 |
| Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) | N. glauca has been transported globally as an ornamental plant used in gardens from where it has sub |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ollerton et al.,
2012 |
| Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco) | | |
Yes
| Sudhakar Reddy et al.,
2008 |
| Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | | |
Yes
| Funk et al.,
2007; PIER,
2014; Randall,
2012 |
| Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | Planted as an ornamental; propagates easily vegetatively |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2017 |
| Nymphoides peltata (yellow floating-heart) | | |
Yes
| Stuckey,
1973 |
| Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) | Seed, stem fragment in garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2018 |
| Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Odontonema callistachyum (purple firespike) | Commonly cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel,
1995 |
| Odontonema cuspidatum (Cardinal’s guard) | Commonly cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel,
1995 |
| Oeceoclades maculata (monk orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Stern,
1988 |
| Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (wild olive) | | |
Yes
| |
| Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive) | | |
Yes
| |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ondatra zibethicus (muskrat) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia aurantiaca (jointed cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia elatior (red-flower prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia engelmannii (cactus apple) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia monacantha (common prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia stricta (erect prickly pear) | e.g. Kruger National Park | |
Yes
| |
| Oreochromis aureus (blue tilapia) | Accidental introduction | |
Yes
| Muoneke,
1988 |
| Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) | Releases or escapes from fish farms, hatcheries and zoos | |
Yes
| Nico,
2011 |
| Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) | Accidental | |
Yes
| Canonico et al.,
2005; Nico and Schofield,
2011 |
| Ovis aries musimon (European mouflon) | This is the origin of the Swedish mouflon population | |
Yes
| Liberg et al.,
2010 |
| Paederia foetida (skunkvine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | Possible from its use as an ornamental | |
Yes
| |
| Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper) | Escaped from cultivation/gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2017 |
| Paspalum conjugatum (buffalo grass) | Escaped from cultivation/pastures/lawns |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government,
2018 |
| Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Passiflora edulis (passionfruit) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla) | Seeds dispersed by birds and mammals |
Yes
|
Yes
| Staples et al.,
2000 |
| Passiflora tarminiana (banana passionfruit) | | |
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) | Accidental escape from agricultural fields and vegetable gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cain et al.,
2010 |
| Pelargonium odoratissimum (apple geranium) | Known to be a garden escape in Puerto Rico |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell,
2000 |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species known to have escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell,
2000 |
| Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | Species known to have escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Liogier and Martorell,
2000; Randall,
2012 |
| Pelophylax cf. bedriagae | Especially in Belgium | |
Yes
| Holsbeek et al.,
2008 |
| Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Seed dispersal from ornamental plantings | |
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Persicaria chinensis (Chinese knotweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-APHIS,
2012 |
| Persicaria wallichii (Himalayan knotweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Petiveria alliacea (guinea hen weed) | Widely planted for traditional medicine purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alegre and Clavo,
2007 |
| Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid) | | |
Yes
| Ackerman,
2012 |
| Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez,
2005 |
| Phleum pratense (timothy grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm) | | |
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy,
2006 |
| Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) | Often used as a decorative garden plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pimenta dioica (allspice) | Seeds are vector-dispersed eg. birds causing local escape from gardens | |
Yes
| |
| Pimenta racemosa (bay rum tree) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pinus caribaea (Caribbean pine) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis,
1992 |
| Pinus elliottii (slash pine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) | | |
Yes
| Gherardi,
2007; Rivers,
2002 |
| Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug) | | |
Yes
| |
| Plantago coronopus (Buck's-horn plantain) | | |
Yes
| |
| Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua,
2014; PIER,
2014; Randall,
2012 |
| Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) | Weed in gardens, yards and parks |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Podarcis sicula (Italian wall lizard) | Missouri population escaped from a terrarium overturned by a feral cat. 80 individuals were observed | |
Yes
| Briggler et al.,
2015 |
| Poecilia reticulata (guppy) | |
Yes
| | |
| Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass) | Occasional garden escape | |
Yes
| Hubbard,
1984 |
| Pomacea maculata | After snail farms were abandoned in SE Asia, snails dispersed | |
Yes
| |
| Populus alba (silver-leaf poplar) | | |
Yes
| Jobling,
1990 |
| Portulaca pilosa (kiss-me-quick) | | |
Yes
| |
| Procyon lotor (raccoon) | | |
Yes
| Lutz,
1995 |
| Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) | Escape from plantations | |
Yes
| Pasiecznik et al.,
2001 |
| Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | On ornamental plants | |
Yes
| |
| Pseudorasbora parva (topmouth gudgeon) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Copp et al.,
2005a |
| Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Strubbe and Matthysen,
2009a |
| Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ptychosperma macarthurii (Macarthur palm) | Fruits dispersed by birds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daehler and Baker,
2006 |
| Pycnonotus cafer (red-vented bulbul) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pycnonotus jocosus (Red-whiskered bulbul) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| National Audubon Society,
2017 |
| Rana catesbeiana (American bullfrog) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rauvolfia caffra (quinine tree ) | Escaped from cultivation in Cuba |
Yes
|
Yes
| Granda and Fuentes,
1987 |
| Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) | | |
Yes
| |
| Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Downy rose-myrtle) | Accidental, frequent | |
Yes
| Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants,
2012; Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Rivina humilis (bloodberry) | Assumed | |
Yes
| |
| Rosa multiflora (multiflora rose) | Root-stock, and planted as a hedge and for conservation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Munger,
2002 |
| Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | | |
Yes
| Bruun,
2005 |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | Known cultivation escape |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Roystonea oleracea (Caribbean royal palm) | Extensively escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Meyer et al.,
2008; Svenning,
2002; PROSEA,
2016 |
| Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry) | Common garden escape | |
Yes
| Ceska,
1999 |
| Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry) | | |
Yes
| Gardner,
1999 |
| Rubus niveus (Mysore raspberry) | | |
Yes
| ISSG,
2014 |
| Rubus racemosus (black raspberry) | Often planted as an ornamental and for its edible fruits |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim,
2012 |
| Rubus rosifolius (roseleaf raspberry) | Planted as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2010 |
| Ruellia macrophylla (large leaved ruellia) | Escaped from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden,
2017 |
| Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Floridata,
2016 |
| Saccharum ravennae (ravenna grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sagittaria latifolia (broadleaf arrowhead) | | |
Yes
| DAISIE,
2009; NOBANIS,
2009 |
| Salvia splendens (scarlet sage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE,
2014; Liogier and Martorell,
2000 |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | | |
Yes
| ISSG,
2009 |
| Salvinia minima | | |
Yes
| ISSG,
2006 |
| Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | | |
Yes
| McFarland et al.,
2004 |
| Sanchezia parvibracteata (sanchezia) | Invasions are usually associated with nearby gardens | |
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Sanchezia speciosa (shrubby whitevein) | Naturalized outside cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer and Lavergne,
2004 |
| Sansevieria hyacinthoides (African bowstring hemp) | Commonly escapes from gardens and yards | |
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Schefflera actinophylla (umbrella tree) | Seeds are dispersed by birds and bats |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman and Watson,
1994; PIER,
2012 |
| Securigera varia (crown vetch) | Occurs in gardens but could spread nearby via its rhizomes | |
Yes
| Gucker,
2009 |
| Senecio glastifolius (holly-leaved senecio) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Senna alata (candle bush) | | |
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Senna multijuga (November shower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Senna septemtrionalis (smooth senna) | Known to have escaped cultivation as a garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2014 |
| Senna spectabilis (whitebark senna) | Species is known to have escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall,
2007 |
| Senna surattensis (golden senna) | Escaped from cultivation in places including India, Burma, Indochina, and the Philippines |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little and Skolmen,
1989; Randall,
2012; Wagner et al.,
2014 |
| Sesbania grandiflora (sesbania) | | |
Yes
| |
| Setaria palmifolia (palm grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Silene gallica (common catchfly) | Has escaped from gardens in China | |
Yes
| |
| Solanum capsicoides (cockroach berry) | Used as an ornamental and promoted as rootstock for eggplant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Staples and Herbst,
2005 |
| Solanum erianthum (potato tree) | Known to have escaped cultivation | |
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Grown as an ornamental or curiosity plant worldwide, and has the potential to escape cultivation | |
Yes
| PBI Solanum Project,
2014 |
| Solanum quitoense (naranjilla) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Charles Darwin Foundation,
2008 |
| Solanum rostratum (prickly nightshade) | Known to escape cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Planted as ornamental. Seeds dispersed by birds. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gallagher et al.,
2010 |
| Solanum tuberosum (potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) | | |
Yes
| |
| Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) | | |
Yes
| Weber and Jakobs,
2005 |
| Spartium junceum (Spanish broom) | Often escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spathoglottis plicata (Philippine ground orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spermacoce verticillata (shrubby false buttonwood) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sphagneticola trilobata (wedelia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Spiraea chamaedryfolia (germander meadowsweet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus tenuissimus (tropical dropseed) | Used as an ornamental in Africa and Colombia from where it is possible to spread | |
Yes
| Veldekamp,
2003 |
| Stachytarpheta urticifolia (rattail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kuo,
2003 |
| Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalo grass) | | |
Yes
| Herbiguide,
2013 |
| Sus scrofa [ISC] (feral pig) | | |
Yes
| |
| Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (New York aster) | | |
Yes
| |
| Syngonium podophyllum (arrowhead vine) | Commonly planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2012 |
| Syzygium malaccense (Malay apple) | Species known to escape cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Funk et al.,
2007; Randall,
2012 |
| Tabebuia heterophylla (pink trumpet tree) | Likely, no cited evidence | |
Yes
| |
| Tabebuia rosea (pink poui) | Seeds could be carried by wind into adjacent areas | |
Yes
| |
| Tecoma capensis (Cape honeysuckle) | Escaped from cultivation/gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2016 |
| Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Thomson and Evans,
2006 |
| Thelypteris opulenta (jewelled maiden fern) | Often naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith,
1995 |
| Thespesia populnea (portia tree) | | |
Yes
| |
| Threskiornis aethiopicus (sacred ibis) | In Taiwan, USA, Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Canary Islands, Netherlands | |
Yes
| Clergeau and Yésou,
2006; Clergeau et al.,
2005; Herring and Gawlik,
2008; Ottens,
2006 |
| Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | Stem fragments and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Thunbergia fragrans (whitelady) | Stem fragments, roots, dumped garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Thunbergia grandiflora (Bengal trumpet) | Seeds, cuttings, stem fragments and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2012; Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Tibouchina herbacea (cane tibouchina) | Likely introduced as an ornamental to Hawaii; could contaminate other plants grown with it |
Yes
|
Yes
| Almasi,
2000 |
| Tibouchina urvilleana (princessflower) | Reported as escaped in Genting Highlands, Peninsular Malaysia. | |
Yes
| Faravani and Bakar,
2007 |
| Tilapia zillii (redbelly tilapia) | Accidental introduction | |
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Tinca tinca (tench) | | |
Yes
| Nico and Fuller,
2011 |
| Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) | Seeds in dumped garden waste and contaminated agricultural produce |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET,
2018 |
| Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) | Escaped from gardens and naturalized in areas near cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2016 |
| Trachelospermum jasminoides (star-jasmine) | Stem fragments dumped in garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman,
1999 |
| Tradescantia pallida (purple queen) | Cuttings, and discarded plants | |
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong,
2005 |
| Tradescantia spathacea (boat lily) | Seeds, cuttings, and discarded plants | |
Yes
| Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council,
2011; PIER,
2012 |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | | |
Yes
| O'Neill,
2006 |
| Trifolium hybridum (alsike clover) | Escapes cultivation |
Yes
| | Minnesota Wildflowers,
2015 |
| Trimezia steyermarkii (yellow walking iris) | Stem fragments/plantlets and rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Trioceros jacksonii (Jackson’s chameleon) | Accidentally released in Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, California | |
Yes
| McKeown,
1997 |
| Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) | Used as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2012 |
| Turbina corymbosa (Christmas vine) | |
Yes
| | Bosser and Heine,
2000 |
| Turnera ulmifolia (West Indian holly) | Escaped and naturalized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Umbra pygmaea (eastern mudminnow) | Releases and escapes from aquaria | |
Yes
| Verreycken et al.,
2010 |
| Urena lobata (caesar weed) | Escaped from plantations | |
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Urochloa decumbens (signal grass) | Weed of gardens and parks |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2015 |
| Urochloa mutica (para grass) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Varanus niloticus (Nile monitor) | introduced to certain areas after escaping enclosures | |
Yes
| Cardoza et al.,
1993; Enge et al.,
2004; Pleguezuelos,
2004 |
| Verbascum thapsus (common mullein) | | |
Yes
| Gross and Werner,
1978 |
| Verbena rigida (stiff verbena) | | |
Yes
| ISSG,
2015; PROSEA,
2016 |
| Vulpia bromoides (squirreltail fescue) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria) | | |
Yes
| Swearingen and Remaley,
2010 |
| Xanthosoma sagittifolium (elephant ear) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Yucca aloifolia (Spanish bayonet) | | |
Yes
| Sydney Weeds Committee,
2016 |
| Zingiber zerumbet (shampoo ginger) | Cultivation escape |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Zinnia peruviana (Peruvian zinnia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ's thorn jujube) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2016 |
| Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) | Spreads by rhizomes | |
Yes
| Duble,
2016 |
