| Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Often naturalized in ruderal areas, roadsides, fallow lands |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Abutilon hirtum (Indian mallow) | Reported for disturbed habitats: as a weed of irrigated fields, roadsides and overgrazed grasslands. | |
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Abutilon indicum (country mallow) | Common weed in disturbed sites | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2015 |
| Acacia angustissima (prairie acacia) | Naturalized in open disturbed areas such as roadsides. | |
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | A fast grower in open areas | |
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life,
2016 |
| Acacia crassicarpa (northern wattle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Acacia glauca (wild dividivi) | | |
Yes
| |
| Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | | |
Yes
| Johnston and Pickering,
2005 |
| Acmella uliginosa (marsh para cress) | Weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chung et al.,
2007 |
| Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise) | | |
Yes
| |
| Adiantum hispidulum (rosy maidenhair fern) | In Singapore, A. hispidulum occurs on bare but shaded earth banks around the suburbs of towns. | |
Yes
| Holttum,
1954 |
| Aeschynomene americana (shyleaf) | Naturalized along roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2015 |
| Agdestis clematidea (rockroot) | Grows in waste ground |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nienaber and Thieret,
2003 |
| Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed) | Weed of disturbed sites | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | Reported to be a colonizer in disturbed sites | |
Yes
| Johnson,
1921 |
| Agropyron cristatum (crested wheatgrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zlatnik,
1999 |
| Agrostis capillaris (common bent) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, both accidental and deliberate | |
Yes
| Constán-Nava,
2012; Kowarik and Säumel,
2007 |
| Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) | Often in forest gaps, disturbed moist areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nauheimer et al.,
2012 |
| Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) | From Washington to Idaho, USA along road verges | |
Yes
| Lass and Prather,
2007 |
| Alternanthera halimifolia (hairy joyweed) | Weeds in ruderal areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Correa et al.,
2004 |
| Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed) | Weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | | |
Yes
| Evangelista et al.,
2011 |
| Amaranthus dubius (spleen amaranth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ambrosia peruviana (Peruvian ragweed) | Grows as a weed in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Ambrosia tenuifolia (lacy ragweed) | Common weed in disturbed areas associated with human activities |
Yes
|
Yes
| Montagnani et al.,
2017 |
| Ambrosia trifida (giant ragweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge) | | |
Yes
| |
| Annona glabra (pond apple) | | |
Yes
| Land Protection,
2005 |
| Anredera baselloides (Madeira vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Ardisia humilis (low shoebutton) | Weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2015 |
| Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Argyreia nervosa (elephant creeper) | Reported at roadsides and disturbed areas | |
Yes
| Padhi et al.,
2013 |
| Aristida ternipes (spidergrass) | Grows on disturbed soils |
Yes
|
Yes
| Allred,
2003 |
| Aristolochia ringens (Dutchman’s pipe) | Species is known to grow in disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2015; Wunderlin and Hansen,
2003 |
| Artemisia biennis (biennial wormwood) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kegode and Darbyshire,
2013 |
| Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) | Naturalized in disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little and Skolmen,
2003 |
| Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern) | Along roadsides, in disturbed sites, and in parks and gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2016 |
| Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (cane cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Austrocylindropuntia subulata (Eve’s needle cactus) | | |
Yes
| |
| Avena barbata (slender oat) | Seed can propagate on freshly disturbed ground | |
Yes
| |
| Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Barleria cristata (Philippine violet) | Cultivated and naturalized in secondary shrublands |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2015 |
| Barleria lupulina (hophead Philippine violet) | Escaped and naturalized in secondary bushland and thickets |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aguilar,
2001 |
| Barleria prionitis (porcupine flower) | Grows in roadsides, thickets, and secondary shrublands |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2015 |
| Basella alba (malabar spinach) | | |
Yes
| PROTA,
2017 |
| Bassia hyssopifolia (fivehook bassia) | | |
Yes
| |
| Batis maritima (saltwort) | | |
Yes
| |
| Bauhinia monandra (Napoleon's plume) | Escaped from gardens and often naturalised in disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2014 |
| Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia) | Naturalized along roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| MacKee,
1994 |
| Bauhinia tomentosa (yellow bauhinia) | Naturalized in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | Escaped and naturalized in disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009; Smith,
2010 |
| Bidens pilosa (blackjack) | Often naturalizes along roadsides, ruderal areas and waste grounds |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2018 |
| Boerhavia diffusa (red spiderling) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Muzila,
2006 |
| Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea) | Naturalized in disturbed sites, along roadsides, forest margins |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fern,
2014 |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | | |
Yes
| Abeyakoon and Pigott,
1975; Ninot et al.,
2000; Palo et al.,
2008 |
| Breynia disticha (snowbush) | Disturbed areas near where cultivated | |
Yes
| PIER,
2017; Wildlife of Hawaii,
2017 |
| Bromus hordeaceus (soft brome) | Weed fields, disturbed areas & waste space | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Bromus japonicus (Japanese brome) | Found in open disturbed areas | |
Yes
| Romo and Eddleman,
1987 |
| Bromus secalinus (rye brome) | Often found in open disturbed areas. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Afonin et al.,
2016 |
| Brugmansia suaveolens (white angel's trumpet) | | |
Yes
| |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Buddleja madagascariensis (smokebush) | Aggressive invader of heavily disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Bunias orientalis (Turkish warty-cabbage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brandes,
1991; Jehlik and Slavik,
1968 |
| Caesalpinia violacea (brasiletto) | Rehabilitation of disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Barreto,
1998 |
| Calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus (calliandra) | | |
Yes
| |
| Callisia fragrans (basketplant) | Individuals break off and root | |
Yes
| Graveson,
2012 |
| Canis latrans (Coyote) | Range increase due to human modification of landscape, and possibly elimination of wolves |
Yes
|
Yes
| IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group,
2008 |
| Caprella mutica | Natural or artificial dispersal following disturbance |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ashton,
2006 |
| Cardiospermum grandiflorum (balloon vine) | Seed and root fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2015 |
| Cardiospermum halicacabum (balloon vine) | Often common along roadsides and disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez,
2005 |
| Carex kobomugi (Asiatic sand sedge) | Dispersed to New York from New Jersey after Hurricane Sandy in 2012. Louise Wootton, Georgian Court |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lamont and Young,
2014 |
| Cassia javanica (pink shower) | Naturalized in disturbed places near cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Castilla elastica (Mexican rubber tree) | Prefers disturbed areas. Therefore forest disturbances increase the possibility of invasion | |
Yes
| Cokeley et al.,
2000; Dawson et al.,
2008 |
| Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | Escaped and naturalized in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2015 |
| Cecropia peltata (trumpet tree) | | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Cedrela odorata (Spanish cedar) | | |
Yes
| Cintron,
1990 |
| Cenchrus biflorus (Indian sandbur) | | |
Yes
| |
| Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Centaurea iberica (Iberian starthistle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Centaurea melitensis (Maltese starthistle) | | |
Yes
| Hubbert,
2007 |
| Chloris virgata (feather finger grass) | Weed on disturbed open areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Barkworth,
2003 |
| Christella dentata (soft fern) | Colonizes disturbed gullies, trailsides and areas frequented by pigs.
For references, please see te |
Yes
| | |
| Cissus quadrangularis (treebine) | Naturalized along roadsides, open forests and wastelands |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Cleome viscosa (Asian spiderflower) | Common in grassy slopes, wasteland and along roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2015 |
| Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse) | Landslides etc. | |
Yes
| Peters,
2001 |
| Cocos nucifera (coconut) | Planted in disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chan and Elevitch,
2006 |
| Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam) | | |
Yes
| Panov et al.,
2007 |
| Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | North America |
Yes
| | Orwa et al.,
2009; USDA-FS,
2009 |
| Cortaderia selloana (pampas grass) | | |
Yes
| Pausas et al.,
2006 |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | |
Yes
| | |
| Crotalaria maypurensis (rattlebox weed) | Common along roadsides and disturbed sites | |
Yes
| Avendaño,
2011 |
| Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | Escaped from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Crotalaria spectabilis (showy rattlepod) | Weed on disturbed sites and along roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis,
2004 |
| Croton argenteus (silver July croton) | Weed in disturbed areas and sunny open fields |
Yes
|
Yes
| González,
2000 |
| Cupressus sempervirens (Mediterranean cypress) | Along roadsides and disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Belov,
2009 |
| Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Common weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Cynara cardunculus (cardoon) | Commonly colonises disturbed fields associated with overgrazing | |
Yes
| Thomsen et al.,
1986 |
| Cynodon nlemfuensis (African Bermuda-grass) | Plants escaped from cultivation often colonize disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Cynodon plectostachyus (African stargrass) | Naturalized along roadsides and in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2015 |
| Cyperus difformis (small-flowered nutsedge) | Grows as a weed in disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1979 |
| Cyperus imbricatus (shingle flatsedge) | Seeds and stem segments are commonly dispersed in dumped garden waste. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) | Often common along roadsides and in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2016 |
| Dalea scandens (low prairie clover) | Pioneer species on disturbed sites | |
Yes
| Groom,
2012 |
| Datura ferox (fierce thornapple) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson,
2001 |
| Datura innoxia (downy thorn apple) | | |
Yes
| |
| Datura metel (Hindu datura) | Species is often found growing sporadically in disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Delonix regia (flamboyant) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2009 |
| Deparia petersenii subsp. petersenii (Petersen’s lady fern) | Spread facilitated by feral pigs/goats | |
Yes
| US Fish and Wildlife Service,
1996 |
| Derris elliptica (tuba root) | Naturalized in disturbed sites, along roadsides, forest edges |
Yes
|
Yes
| De Padua et al.,
1999 |
| Dichanthium annulatum (Kleberg's bluestem) | Common grass in degraded areas | |
Yes
| Perkins,
2014 |
| Dichanthium caricosum (nadi blue grass) | Common on disturbed sites and along roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2015 |
| Digitaria bicornis (Asian crabgrass) | A weed in disturbed areas | |
Yes
| Quattrocchi,
2006 |
| Digitaria eriantha (pangola grass) | At disturbed sites in Australia. | |
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2016 |
| Digitaria fuscescens (yellow crab grass) | Weed in disturbed sites | |
Yes
| Quattrocchi,
2006 |
| Discus rotundatus (rotund disc) | Not explicitly mentioned in literature, but likely based on the species’ biology | |
Yes
| |
| Drymaria cordata (tropical chickweed) | Common weed in disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | This species grows as a weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2013 |
| Ehrharta calycina (perennial veldtgrass) | | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) | | |
Yes
| Katz and Shafroth,
2003 |
| Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive) | | |
Yes
| Munger,
2003 |
| Eleutherodactylus planirostris (greenhouse frog) | Tolerant of disturbed sites, may use disturbed sites as stepping stones to natural areas from urban | |
Yes
| Meshaka et al.,
2009 |
| Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Often naturalized in disturbed areas, open ground and roadsides | |
Yes
| Davidse et al.,
2018 |
| Emilia sonchifolia (red tasselflower) | Weed of disturbed sites | |
Yes
| Flora of China,
2018 |
| Epilobium ciliatum (northern willowherb) | | |
Yes
| |
| Eragrostis atrovirens (thalia lovegrass) | Grows along railways and roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| Barkworth et al.,
2004 |
| Eragrostis japonica (pond lovegrass) | Grows along roadsides and disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Barkworth et al.,
2004 |
| Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass) | Spreads by seed and stolons | |
Yes
| Uchytil,
1992 |
| Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass) | | |
Yes
| Alien plants of Belgium,
2018 |
| Eragrostis plana (South African lovegrass) | Especially along roads and trails, on compacted soils |
Yes
|
Yes
| Reis,
1993 |
| Erechtites hieraciifolius (American burnweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass) | Naturalized along roadsides and disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Coile,
1993 |
| Erigeron bellioides (bellorita) | Weed of disturbed areas, roadsides, lawns etc |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mears,
2009 |
| Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) | Naturalized along roadsides and in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2016 |
| Erodium cicutarium (common storksbill) | | |
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia lactea (mottled spurge) | Naturalized and spreading on disturbed and waste sties |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little et al.,
1974 |
| Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Protects bare soil in dry areas from wind and water |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Euphorbia trigona (African milk weed) | Often growing in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Falcataria moluccana (batai wood) | | |
Yes
| |
| Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) | | |
Yes
| |
| Ficus benghalensis (banyan) | Escaped from cultivation and often naturalized in disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Fimbristylis littoralis (lesser fimbristylis) | Common weed in roads, open slopes, muddy places near water, grasslands, and paddy fields |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2014 |
| Flemingia strobilifera (wild hops) | Weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2014 |
| Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash) | | |
Yes
| |
| Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | At disturbed sites, abandoned agricultural lands and borders of forests | |
Yes
| Netterling,
2008; Fleriag,
2010 |
| Galphimia glauca (goldshower ) | Naturalized along roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| Anderson,
2007 |
| Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Naturalized in disturbed sites and along roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al.,
2003 |
| Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth) | | |
Yes
| Flora of Pakistan,
2015 |
| Halogeton glomeratus (halogeton) | | |
Yes
| |
| Halyomorpha halys (brown marmorated stink bug) | Association with distrurbed habitat and population hot spots. | |
Yes
| |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Heliocarpus donnellsmithii (majagua) | Pioneer tree species |
Yes
|
Yes
| Macía,
1999 |
| Heliotropium curassavicum (salt heliotrope) | Common weed of ruderal areas, roadsides, open sites, etc. |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2018 |
| Hemigraphis alternata (red ivy) | Naturalized along roads and trails |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2016 |
| Heterotheca grandiflora (telegraph weed) | Common on roadsides and
other disturbed places | |
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy,
2007 |
| Heterotis rotundifolia (pink lady) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U,
2013 |
| Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood) | | |
Yes
| |
| Holcus lanatus (common velvet grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hymenachne amplexicaulis (hymenachne) | Ditching, dyking and diversion of natural stream and river systems affecting both substrate and flow |
Yes
|
Yes
| Australian Weeds Committee,
2012; Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) | anthropogenic disturbance is a major vector in North America | |
Yes
| LaFantasie,
2008 |
| Hyparrhenia rufa (Jaragua grass) | This species easily colonizes disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Williams and Baruch,
2000 |
| Hyptis alata (clustered bushmint) | Weed on disturbed sites | |
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2016 |
| Hyptis suaveolens (pignut) | | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora Mesoamericana,
2018 |
| Impatiens parviflora (small balsam) | | |
Yes
| Trepl,
1984 |
| Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Often naturalized along roadsides and disturbed forests |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christenhusz,
2009 |
| Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | Common weed in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Indigofera trita subsp. scabra (Asian Indigo) | Common weed in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2014 |
| Ipomoea alba (white moonflower ) | Common in parks, along roadsides, and along railway lines |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government,
2016 |
| Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory) | Common in disturbed, open sites, roadsides and forest edges |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government,
2017 |
| Ipomoea nil (white edge morning-glory) | Common in disturbed, open sites, roadsides and forest edges |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of China Editorial Committee,
2017 |
| Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | It grows as a weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Ischaemum rugosum (saramollagrass) | Naturalized on heavily grazed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2015 |
| Jatropha curcas (jatropha) | | |
Yes
| Pitt,
1999 |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Juncus effusus (common rush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | Dominant means of local accidental spread is by disturbance of wet soil, e.g. in ditch construction | |
Yes
| |
| Juncus planifolius (broadleaf rush) | | |
Yes
| US Fish and Wildlife Service,
1992 |
| Juncus tenuis (slender rush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hilty,
2011 |
| Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (flaming katy) | Naturalized in disturbed and waste places |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora de Nicaragua,
2016 |
| Kalanchoe integra (Never die) | Found on roadsides | |
Yes
| Sharma et al.,
2011 |
| Lactuca floridana (woodland lettuce) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) | Naturalized in disturbed sites, roadsides, etc |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) | Naturalized in ruderal areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans,
2009 |
| Launaea intybacea (bitter lettuce) | Common weed on disturbed and waste sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pruski and Robinson,
2018 |
| Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | Naturalized in disturbed sites and near villages |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2017 |
| Lepidium virginicum (Virginian peppercress) | Commonly found at disturbed and waste places. | |
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life,
2016 |
| Leptochloa fusca (sprangletop) | Often naturalized in open grounds and disturbed places |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2018 |
| Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | | |
Yes
| |
| Lindernia crustacea (Malaysian false pimpernel) | Weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1979 |
| Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm) | Naturalized along roadsides and disturbed forests |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2016 |
| Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leaf lupin) | Weed in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2017 |
| Lygodium microphyllum (old world climbing fern) | | |
Yes
| |
| Macroptilium atropurpureum (siratro) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Macrothelypteris torresiana (swordfern) | Common in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| NZPCN,
2017 |
| Mangifera indica (mango) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bally,
2006 |
| Maranta arundinacea (arrowroot) | Naturalized in disturbed sites, roadsides, waste grounds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2018 |
| Martynia annua (tiger's claw) | Weed of wastelands and roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson,
2001 |
| Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark tree) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2007 |
| Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) | Escape from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al.,
2005 |
| Mesosphaerum pectinatum (comb bushmint) | Accidental, frequent |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Microstegium vimineum (Nepalese browntop) | | |
Yes
| Warren et al.,
2010 |
| Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Mikania scandens | | |
Yes
| Moon et al.,
1993 |
| Mimosa arenosa (elegant mimosa) | Common in disturbed sites, roadsides, abandoned pastures, etc. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis,
2004 |
| Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | Escaped form cultivation into disturbed areas. | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Miscanthus sinensis (eulalia) | Along road verges in USA | |
Yes
| Meyer,
2003 |
| Moorochloa eruciformis (sweet signal grass) | | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Morella faya (firetree) | | |
Yes
| |
| Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | Naturalized in disturbed areas near villages |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nelson,
2006 |
| Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | | |
Yes
| Csurhes and Navie,
2016 |
| Mussaenda erythrophylla (red flag bush) | Naturalized in ruderal areas, secondary forests and along roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Mussaenda philippica (Queen of Philippines) | Often grown along roadsides, forest edges and ruderal sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alejandro et al.,
2016 |
| Nelsonia canescens (blue pussyleaf) | Common weed in open and disturbed places |
Yes
|
Yes
| Daniel,
2001 |
| Neomarica caerulea (walking iris) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Neyraudia reynaudiana (burma reed) | | |
Yes
| Rasha,
2005 |
| Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco) | Reported on waste land | |
Yes
| Flora of Pakistan,
2017 |
| Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) | Weed of open sites, disturbed areas, roadsides, etc |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA,
2018 |
| Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines) | Common weed in ruderal sites, roadsides, forest edges |
Yes
|
Yes
| Terrell and Robinson,
2006 |
| Oldenlandia lancifolia (calycose mille graines) | Often naturalized along roadsides, disturbed forests, etc |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Opuntia elatior (red-flower prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia engelmannii (cactus apple) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear) | | |
Yes
| |
| Opuntia stricta (erect prickly pear) | Cladode movement and establishment | |
Yes
| |
| Palaemon elegans (rock shrimp) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) | | |
Yes
| |
| Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper) | Naturalized along roadsides and open waste areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2017 |
| Paspalum conjugatum (buffalo grass) | Weed in disturbed sites, roadsides, ruderal areas, etc |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2018 |
| Paspalum densum (dense crowngrass) | Weed of open and moist disturbed sites | |
Yes
| Quattrocchi,
2006 |
| Paspalum dilatatum (dallisgrass) | | |
Yes
| PIER,
2017 |
| Paspalum millegrana (yerba brava) | Weed of wet disturbed sites and flooded areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Paspalum paniculatum (Russell River grass) | Weed in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Paspalum vaginatum (seashore paspalum) | | |
Yes
| |
| Paspalum virgatum (sword grass) | Weed of ruderal sites, roadsides, pastures |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) | Accidental dispersal through landscaping and soil movement activities |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cain et al.,
2010 |
| Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Roadsides, railways, mining | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Pentas lanceolata (Egyptian starcluster) | Naturalized in ruderal areas, roadsides, old farms |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2018 |
| Persicaria chinensis (Chinese knotweed) | Found in disturbed areas in Hawaii |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Petiveria alliacea (guinea hen weed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans,
2009 |
| Phleum pratense (timothy grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phyllostachys aurea (golden bamboo) | Accidental movement of rhizome contaminated soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-APHIS,
2012 |
| Phyllostachys aureosulcata (yellow groove bamboo) | Accidental movement of rhizome contaminated soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-APHIS,
2012 |
| Phytophthora cinnamomi (Phytophthora dieback) | Spread in soil during road building and mining | |
Yes
| Batini,
1977; Colquhoun and Petersen,
1994 |
| Pittosporum undulatum (Australian cheesewood) | | |
Yes
| Goodland and Healey,
1996 |
| Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush) | Common in disturbed areas | |
Yes
| Francis,
2004 |
| Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1997 |
| Portulaca pilosa (kiss-me-quick) | | |
Yes
| |
| Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) | Aids establishment | |
Yes
| Pasiecznik et al.,
2001 |
| Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) | Aids establishment, e.g. overgrazing | |
Yes
| Pasiecznik et al.,
2001 |
| Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Mexican flamevine) | Naturalized in disturbed sites, roadsides and open grounds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Davidse et al.,
2018 |
| Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) | In forest openings | |
Yes
| Horvitz et al.,
1998 |
| Rubus parviflorus (thimbleberry) | Rapidly invades disturbed areas | |
Yes
| Oleskevich et al.,
1996 |
| Rubus rosifolius (roseleaf raspberry) | Grows as a weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2010 |
| Ruellia simplex (Mexican petunia) | Weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hammer,
2002 |
| Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Established at disturbed sites | |
Yes
| Floridata,
2016 |
| Rytidostylis carthagenensis | Found at disturbed sites and margins of forests and rivers | |
Yes
| Sasaki et al.,
2008 |
| Saccharum ravennae (ravenna grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Salsola kali (common saltwort) | | |
Yes
| |
| Salsola paulsenii (barbwire Russian thistle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree) | | |
Yes
| |
| Schismus arabicus (Arabian schismus) | Soil disturbance promotes spread | |
Yes
| Brooks,
1999 |
| Securigera varia (crown vetch) | Reported in disturbed areas at native and introduced counties | |
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Senna hirsuta (hairy senna) | Humans and animals | |
Yes
| |
| Sesbania sericea (silky sesban) | Seeds germinate on disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis,
2000 |
| Setaria verticillata (bristly foxtail) | | |
Yes
| |
| Sida acuta (sida) | | |
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1977 |
| Sida linifolia (flaxleaf fanpetals) | At roadsides and ruderal areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2016 |
| Sida repens (Javanese fanpetals) | Weed of disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fryxell,
2007 |
| Solanum capsicoides (cockroach berry) | Weed of waste areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zhang et al.,
1994 |
| Solanum erianthum (potato tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solanum quitoense (naranjilla) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Heiser,
1972 |
| Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Grown as a weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Randall,
2012 |
| Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant) | Worker ant could move queen ant/s to another location with brood - accidental | |
Yes
| Morrison et al.,
2004 |
| Solidago sempervirens (seaside goldenrod) | Blowouts caused by disturbance |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lonard et al.,
2015 |
| Sonchus asper (spiny sow-thistle) | Very common in disturbed sites, described as a pioneer species |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hutchinson et al.,
1984 |
| Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) | Environmental weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al.,
1977 |
| Spiraea chamaedryfolia (germander meadowsweet) | Often naturalized in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus tenuissimus (tropical dropseed) | Reported as growing in open areas, waste places, clearings | |
Yes
| Quattrocchi,
2006 |
| Stachytarpheta urticifolia (rattail) | | |
Yes
| Kuo,
2003 |
| Sterculia apetala (Panama tree) | | |
Yes
| CONABIO,
2017 |
| Syzygium malaccense (Malay apple) | Species occurs in disturbed areas | |
Yes
| Morton,
1987; Orwa et al.,
2009; Whistler and Elevitch,
2006 |
| Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold) | Naturalized in ruderal sites, roadsides, open ground etc. | |
Yes
| Davidse et al.,
2018 |
| Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) | | |
Yes
| |
| Tapinoma melanocephalum (ghost ant) | Colonies will relocate if disturbed, and they are associated with disturbed environments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Deyrup et al.,
2000; Passera,
1994 |
| Tecoma capensis (Cape honeysuckle) | Occur in secondary forests and along drainage lines |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Often naturalized along roadsides, disturbed littoral habitats |
Yes
|
Yes
| Thomson and Evans,
2006 |
| Thelypteris opulenta (jewelled maiden fern) | Weed in disturbed sites and secondary forests |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith,
1995 |
| Thunbergia grandiflora (Bengal trumpet) | This species frequently invades disturbed areas in wet climates |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) | Weed, often naturalized in disturbed sites and roadsides |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government,
2018 |
| Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) | Pioneer species |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSA,
2018 |
| Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) | Naturalized in disturbed areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| NZPCN,
2016 |
| Trachelospermum jasminoides (star-jasmine) | Naturalized in disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Triumfetta bogotensis (parquet bur) | A weedy species of disturbed sites | |
Yes
| Lay,
1950 |
| Triumfetta rhomboidea (diamond burbark) | A weed of disturbed sites | |
Yes
| Lay,
1950 |
| Triumfetta semitriloba (burweed) | | |
Yes
| |
| Turnera ulmifolia (West Indian holly) | Naturalized in open, waste places |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith,
1981 |
| Typha domingensis (southern cattail) | Seedlings establish in disturbed vegetation. | |
Yes
| Finlayson et al.,
1983 |
| Typha x glauca (hybrid cattail) | Seedlings establish in disturbed vegetation | |
Yes
| Grace and Harrison,
1986 |
| Urena lobata (caesar weed) | Seeds are able to germinate in disturbed areas | |
Yes
| Francis,
2000 |
| Urena sinuata (bur mallow) | Seeds can germinate in disturbed areas | |
Yes
| Liogier,
1988 |
| Urochloa decumbens (signal grass) | Weed along roadsides and disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia,
2015 |
| Urochloa distachya (signal grass) | Along roads, railways or streams |
Yes
|
Yes
| CSIRO,
2010 |
| Urochloa reptans (sprawling signalgrass) | Naturalized in disturbed sites, roadsides, open grounds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hammel et al.,
2003 |
| Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) | | |
Yes
| |
| Vachellia macracantha (porknut) | often naturalized along roadside and disturbed sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden,
2017 |
| Ventenata dubia (North Africa grass) | Transportation corridors, when seeds are present |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Viguiera dentata (sunflower goldeneye) | Ruderal weed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans,
2009 |
| Vulpia bromoides (squirreltail fescue) | | |
Yes
| |
| Youngia japonica (oriental false hawksbeard) | Environmental weed. Often naturalized along roadsides, waste sites, open grounds, etc. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Zeuxine strateumatica (soldier’s orchid) | | |
Yes
| Ames,
1938 |
| Zinnia peruviana (Peruvian zinnia) | | |
Yes
| |
