| Abutilon hirtum (Indian mallow) | Reported as cultivated for medicinal purposes and fibres. | |
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Abutilon indicum (country mallow) | In vitro propagation, for reintroduction to areas in India where is over-harvested | |
Yes
| Rout et al.,
2009 |
| Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | Cultivated locally as an ornamental and for wood products | |
Yes
| EFSA Panel on Plant Health,
2015 |
| Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | Propagation as ornamental and medicinal purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sanecki et al.,
2003 |
| Aculops fuchsiae (Fuchsia gall mite) | To France, Germany, Channel Islands and England |
Yes
|
Yes
| Koehler et al.,
1985; Ostojá-Starzewski et al.,
2007; Streito et al.,
2004 |
| Aegilops cylindrica | |
Yes
| | |
| African cassava mosaic virus (African cassava mosaic) | Cassava breeding programmes routinely screen their materials for virus presence. However, viruses present in very low concentrations undetectable using traditional diagnostic assays may escape detection |
Yes
| | |
| Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | Sold as a flower bed plant. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Annona glabra (pond apple) | As a rootstock |
Yes
| | Anonymous,
2003 |
| Annona reticulata (bullock's heart) | Has been subject of much propagation breeding |
Yes
|
Yes
| Janick and Paull,
2008 |
| Apis mellifera scutellata (africanized bee) | From South Africa & Tanzania to Brazil |
Yes
|
Yes
| Piereira and Chaud-Netto,
2005 |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) | |
Yes
| | |
| Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) | Captive breeding of salamanders with possible infection |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sabino-Pinto et al.,
2015 |
| Bipolaris victoriae (Victoria blight of oats) | |
Yes
| | |
| Bixa orellana (annatto) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton,
1960 |
| Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | |
Yes
| | Hull AC Jr,
1974; Rosenthal et al.,
2008 |
| Brassica juncea (mustard) | Breeding programme for enhancement of crop traits for fodder and oil production | |
Yes
| Office of the Gene Technology Regulator,
2008 |
| Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Breeding for cultivation and research |
Yes
|
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life,
2018; PROTA,
2018; Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Breynia disticha (snowbush) | Seeds, cuttings and suckers are used for its propagation at various nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mackey,
1996 |
| Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium | Grafting activities (probably) |
Yes
|
Yes
| Abou-Jawdah et al.,
2003 |
| Candidatus Phytoplasma rubi (witches'-broom phytoplasma disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii (clover proliferation phytoplasma) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental in urban and garden areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bosch,
2007; Duke,
1983; Hanelt et al.,
2001; PIER,
2014 |
| Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | Often commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2015 |
| Cenchrus biflorus (Indian sandbur) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel grass) | |
Yes
| | Marshall et al.,
2012 |
| Cervus canadensis (wapiti) | Embryo and semen import/export |
Yes
| | |
| Cervus elaphus (red deer) | Embryo and semen import/export |
Yes
| | |
| Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species is a popular ornamental and has been introduced beyond its native range for this purpose |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Channa argus argus (northern snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams,
2004 |
| Chilo suppressalis (striped rice stem borer) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Potato ring rot) | | |
Yes
| Franc,
1999 |
| Clerodendrum thomsoniae (bleeding glory bower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (cadang cadang disease) | Unrestricted movement of coconut germplasm from affected areas in the Philippines. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Codiaeum variegatum (garden croton) | |
Yes
| | Hettiarachchi et al.,
2003 |
| Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cosmos caudatus (wild cosmos) | Attractive garden plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Crepidula fornicata (American slipper limpet) | | |
Yes
| |
| Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) | Hybrid of horticultural origin |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al.,
1999 |
| Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) | Imported long-distance for breeding projects |
Yes
|
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010; Rimmer et al.,
2004; Sadovy et al.,
2007 |
| Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cuphea hyssopifolia (false heather) | | |
Yes
| Scheper,
2003 |
| Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress) | Grown as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dirr,
2009 |
| Cynoglossum amabile (Chinese forget-me-not) | Sharing and sale of seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Dieffenbachia seguine (dumb cane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Croat,
2004 |
| Digitaria fuscescens (yellow crab grass) | Cultivated in Argentina and Sierra Leone | |
Yes
| Vega and Rugólo de Agrasar,
2007 |
| Dioscorea cayenensis (Guinea yam) | sexual and in vitro propagation for crop production and to create new cultivars |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA,
2017 |
| Diplodia seriata (grapevine trunk disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Discus rotundatus (rotund disc) | Sylviculture nurseries |
Yes
| | Herbert,
2010 |
| Echinochloa pyramidalis | | |
Yes
| |
| Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) | |
Yes
| | Duke,
1983 |
| Erwinia amylovora (fireblight) | Import of plant or plant material such as budwood for the purpose of breeding or propagation can lea |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bonn and Zwet,
2000 |
| Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Numerous cultivars have been bred and propagated for commercial sale |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dirr,
1998 |
| Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | cultivars still sold |
Yes
| | |
| Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mabberly,
2008; Starr et al.,
2003; USDA-ARS,
2014; Whistler,
2000 |
| Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | Trials for its breeding and propagation made in various countries |
Yes
|
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Fusicladium effusum (pecan scab) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode) | Potato breeding material from South America to Ireland |
Yes
|
Yes
| Turner and Evans,
1998 |
| Grapevine red blotch virus (grapevine red blotch virus) | The careless selection of infected grape propagation material results in long-distance or local spread of GRBV |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sudarshana et al.,
2015; Bahder et al.,
2016a; Achigan-Dako,
2010; Achigan-Dako,
2010; Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Haplaxius crudus (American palm cixiid) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Main aim of breeding to produce a varienty with high biomass yield and low furanocoumarin content |
Yes
|
Yes
| Boodiak et al.,
1981; Demidov and Satsyperova,
1989 |
| Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hop stunt viroid (hop stunt viroid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sano,
2003c |
| Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | | |
Yes
| |
| Jasminum simplicifolium (Australian wax jasmine) | Some vendors in the USA have the species |
Yes
|
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | Deliberately for wetland restoration or ornamental use |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lemna aequinoctialis (lesser duckweed) | Cultivated for research and for use in sewage treatment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Yu et al.,
2014 |
| Leptocybe invasa (blue gum chalcid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet) | Widely used as ornamental and hedge plants |
Yes
| | Swarbrick et al.,
1999 |
| Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) | Horticultural plants |
Yes
| | |
| Litopenaeus vannamei (whiteleg shrimp) | Stocks from native countries used to establish domesticated strains |
Yes
| | Briggs et al.,
2004; Oceanic Institute,
2007 |
| Melinis repens (natal redtop) | Used as an ornamental plant | |
Yes
| Langeland et al.,
2008 |
| Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) | Possible on vegetatively propagated material. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | Commercially cultivated for ornamental purposes. |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE,
2016 |
| Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Accidental introduction, rare pathway |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Palada et al.,
2017 |
| Myriophyllum pinnatum (cutleaf watermilfoil) | species farm-raised for aquarium trade |
Yes
|
Yes
| Live Aquaria,
2017 |
| Nandina domestica (Nandina) | Many cultivars being developed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Knox and Wilson,
2012 |
| Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hartana and Vermeulen,
2000 |
| Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | As an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Opogona sacchari (banana moth) | |
Yes
| | |
| Oracella acuta (loblolly pine mealybug) | |
Yes
| | Sun et al.,
1996 |
| Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) | Wide spread intentional introduction |
Yes
|
Yes
| Canonico et al.,
2005 |
| Palaemon elegans (rock shrimp) | | |
Yes
| |
| Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) | |
Yes
| | |
| Pantherophis guttatus (corn snake) | This species is imported for the pet trade, but some snakes escape locally within their native range |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kraus,
2009 |
| Pear blister canker viroid | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pelargonium odoratissimum (apple geranium) | Introduced from native range to Europe in 19th century for experimentation and breeding of hybrids |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dasuki,
2002 |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species exported from South Africa in 1700s for ornamental cultivation. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller,
1996; Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | Species is a parent of many ornamental hybrids today |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller,
1996; SANBI,
2014 |
| Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn) | Hawaii and main culture countries worldwide brought broodstock from native countries |
Yes
|
Yes
| FAO,
2007; Shrimp News,
2007 |
| Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Ornamental plant sales |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Propagated at botanical gardens, nurseries and at USDA-ARS |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bigazzi,
1989; Achigan-Dako,
2010; PROTA,
2019; USDA-ARS,
2019 |
| Petricolaria pholadiformis (false angel wing) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rosenthal,
1980 |
| Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid) | Propagated as an ornamental in Taiwan |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cheng et al.,
2012 |
| Pinctada imbricata radiata (rayed pearl oyster) | |
Yes
| | |
| Plum pox virus (sharka) | Budwood exchange. |
Yes
| | |
| Poa nemoralis (wood bluegrass) | Used for lawns |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Procyon lotor (raccoon) | |
Yes
| | Aliev and Sanderson,
1966; Lutz,
1995 |
| Prunus campanulata (Taiwan cherry) | Explants are produced and tissue culture propagated for the horticulture industry | |
Yes
| Zhang et al.,
2015b; Chen et al.,
2016 |
| Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | On nursery stock |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pseudomonas cichorii (bacterial blight of endive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet) | | |
Yes
| Low,
2003 |
| Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) | In nurseries for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Palmpedia,
2017 |
| Pyracantha coccinea (scarlet firethorn) | For ornamental purposes. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Python bivittatus (Burmese python) | Bred for pet trade in many countries, primarily USA/Europe; sold domestically and internationally. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bellosa et al.,
2007; Reed and Rodda,
2009 |
| Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rana catesbeiana (American bullfrog) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rapana venosa (veined rapana whelk) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ICES,
2004 |
| Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Downy rose-myrtle) | Deliberate, presumed infrequent |
Yes
|
Yes
| Campbell,
1977 |
| Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bruun,
2005 |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | Bred for commercial use as a herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass) | E.g. in contaminated rice for research purposes at IRRI |
Yes
|
Yes
| Huelma et al.,
1996 |
| Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry) | |
Yes
| | Gardner,
1999 |
| Rubus niveus (Mysore raspberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2014 |
| Saccharum ravennae (ravenna grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Salvinia minima | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2006 |
| Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| McFarland et al.,
2004 |
| Schizolobium parahyba (Brazilian fern tree) | Propagated to be used for plantations, regeneration and ornamental uses. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Reforestation Southern Bahia,
2016; Trianoski et al.,
2011 |
| Senna alata (candle bush) | In vitro propagation protocols developed in India |
Yes
|
Yes
| Anis et al.,
2012 |
| Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Has a long history of cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Spodoptera litura (taro caterpillar) | |
Yes
| | |
| Sporisorium pulverulentum (Sporisorium smut of wild Saccharum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sporobolus pyramidalis (giant rat’s tail grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sterculia apetala (Panama tree) | Propagated in some nurseries for ornamental purposes | |
Yes
| |
| Strawberry necrotic shock virus (Strawberry necrotic shock virus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sugarcane grassy shoot phytoplasma (grassy shoot of sugarcane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma (white leaf of sugarcane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Syzygium grande (sea apple) | Species has been actively utilized in plantation and reforestation programmes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Islam,
2003; Shono et al.,
2007 |
| Tabebuia rosea (pink poui) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk) | One population escaped from breeding farm in France | |
Yes
| Jaouen and Léger,
2005 |
| Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) | Widely cultivated as garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2018 |
| Tuberose mild mottle virus (tuberose mild mottle virus) | Accidental, through infected bulbs |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lin et al.,
2004; Kulshrestha et al.,
2005; Dey et al.,
2018 |
| Urochloa distachya (signal grass) | Intentional introductions for forage; spread from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries,
2015 |
| Varroa destructor (Varroa mite) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fera,
2010 |
| Verbena rigida (stiff verbena) | Widely cultivated and available for sale as seeds and plants from numerous sources |
Yes
|
Yes
| BGCI,
2014; Achigan-Dako,
2010; Royal Horticultural Society,
2015 |
| Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria) | Hybrids may be more invasive |
Yes
|
Yes
| Trusty et al.,
2008 |
| Xylophilus ampelinus (canker of grapevine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Yucca aloifolia (Spanish bayonet) | Seed and cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010 |
| Zingiber montanum (cassumunar ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Achigan-Dako,
2010; Chirangini and Sharma,
2005; Ravindran and Babu,
2005; Wolff et al.,
1999 |
