Abutilon hirtum (Indian mallow) | Reported as cultivated for medicinal purposes and fibres. | |
Yes
| Achigan-Dako (2010) |
Abutilon indicum (country mallow) | In vitro propagation, for reintroduction to areas in India where is over-harvested | |
Yes
| Rout et al. (2009) |
Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | Cultivated locally as an ornamental and for wood products | |
Yes
| EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2015) |
Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | Propagation as ornamental and medicinal purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sanecki et al. (2003) |
Aculops fuchsiae (Fuchsia gall mite) | To France, Germany, Channel Islands and England |
Yes
|
Yes
| Koehler et al. (1985); Ostojá-Starzewski et al. (2007); Streito et al. (2004) |
Aegilops cylindrica | |
Yes
| | |
African cassava mosaic virus (African cassava mosaic) | Cassava breeding programmes routinely screen their materials for virus presence. However, viruses present in very low concentrations undetectable using traditional diagnostic assays may escape detection |
Yes
| | |
Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | Sold as a flower bed plant. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Annona glabra (pond apple) | As a rootstock |
Yes
| | Anonymous (2003) |
Annona reticulata (bullock's heart) | Has been subject of much propagation breeding |
Yes
|
Yes
| Janick and Paull (2008) |
Apis mellifera scutellata (africanized bee) | From South Africa & Tanzania to Brazil |
Yes
|
Yes
| Piereira and Chaud-Netto (2005) |
Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Asparagus falcatus (sicklethorn) | Propagated to be used as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2020) |
Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush) | |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera zonata (peach fruit fly) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) | |
Yes
| | |
Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) | Captive breeding of salamanders with possible infection |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sabino-Pinto et al. (2015) |
Bipolaris victoriae (Victoria blight of oats) | |
Yes
| | |
Bixa orellana (annatto) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (1960) |
Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | |
Yes
| | Hull AC Jr (1974); Rosenthal et al. (2008) |
Brassica juncea (mustard) | Breeding programme for enhancement of crop traits for fodder and oil production | |
Yes
| Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (2008) |
Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Breeding for cultivation and research |
Yes
|
Yes
| Encyclopedia of Life (2018); PROTA (2018); Wisconsin Fast Plants (2018) |
Breynia disticha (snowbush) | Seeds, cuttings and suckers are used for its propagation at various nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mackey (1996) |
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium | Grafting activities (probably) |
Yes
|
Yes
| Abou-Jawdah et al. (2003) |
Candidatus Phytoplasma rubi (witches'-broom phytoplasma disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii (clover proliferation phytoplasma) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Carpobrotus chilensis (sea fig) | For use as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2020) |
Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) | Widely cultivated as an ornamental in urban and garden areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bosch (2007); Duke (1983); Hanelt et al. (2001); PIER (2014) |
Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | Often commercialized as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2015) |
Cenchrus biflorus (Indian sandbur) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel grass) | |
Yes
| | Marshall et al. (2012) |
Ceratopteris thalictroides (watersprite) | Propagated for use as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
Cervus canadensis (wapiti) | Embryo and semen import/export |
Yes
| | |
Cervus elaphus (red deer) | Embryo and semen import/export |
Yes
| | |
Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species is a popular ornamental and has been introduced beyond its native range for this purpose |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Channa argus argus (northern snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams (2004) |
Chilo suppressalis (striped rice stem borer) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Clavibacter insidiosus (bacterial lucerne wilt) | |
Yes
| | |
Clavibacter nebraskensis (Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Clavibacter sepedonicus (potato ring rot) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Franc (1999) |
Clavibacter tessellarius (bacterial mosaic of wheat) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Clerodendrum thomsoniae (bleeding glory bower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (cadang cadang disease) | Unrestricted movement of coconut germplasm from affected areas in the Philippines. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Codiaeum variegatum (garden croton) | |
Yes
| | Hettiarachchi et al. (2003) |
Coptotermes gestroi (Asian subterranean termite) | If wooden structures are used for storage and transportation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | |
Yes
| | |
Cosmos caudatus (wild cosmos) | Attractive garden plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Crepidula fornicata (American slipper limpet) | | |
Yes
| |
Crescentia cujete (calabash tree) | Used as an ornamental, in crafts and for medicinal purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (1968); Gilman and Watson (1993) |
Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) | Hybrid of horticultural origin |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wagner et al. (1999) |
Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) | Imported long-distance for breeding projects |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ou et al. (1999); Rimmer et al. (2004); Sadovy et al. (2007) |
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cuphea hyssopifolia (false heather) | | |
Yes
| Scheper (2003) |
Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress) | Grown as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dirr (2009) |
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (bacterial wilt of dry beans) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cynoglossum amabile (Chinese forget-me-not) | Sharing and sale of seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2017) |
Desmodium cajanifolium (tropical tick trefoil) | As cultivated and propagated from seeds and cuttings. | |
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2020) |
Diaporthe gulyae (Phomopsis stem canker of sunflower) | Seed infection |
Yes
|
Yes
| Thompson et al.. 2011; Brumpton (2020); Thompson et al. (in press) |
Dichanthium aristatum (angelton bluestem) | Varieties have been developed and propagated to be used for pasture and as fodder |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005); Encyclopedia of Life (2020) |
Dieffenbachia seguine (dumb cane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Croat (2004) |
Digitaria fuscescens (yellow crab grass) | Cultivated in Argentina and Sierra Leone | |
Yes
| Vega and Rugólo de Agrasar (2007); Missouri Botanical Garden (2016) |
Dioscorea cayenensis (Guinea yam) | sexual and in vitro propagation for crop production and to create new cultivars |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
Diplazium esculentum (vegetable fern) | Available for sale at nurseries and over the internet as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Huttleston (1962); PIER (2020) |
Diplodia seriata (grapevine trunk disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Discus rotundatus (rotund disc) | Sylviculture nurseries |
Yes
| | Herbert (2010) |
Echinochloa pyramidalis | | |
Yes
| |
Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) | |
Yes
| | Duke (1983) |
Epidendrum radicans (crucifix orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2020) |
Erwinia amylovora (fireblight) | Import of plant or plant material such as budwood for the purpose of breeding or propagation can lea |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bonn and Zwet (2000) |
Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Numerous cultivars have been bred and propagated for commercial sale |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dirr (1998) |
Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | cultivars still sold |
Yes
| | |
Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mabberly (2008); Starr et al. (2003); USDA-ARS (2014); Whistler (2000) |
Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | Trials for its breeding and propagation made in various countries |
Yes
|
Yes
| Howard and Powell (1963) |
Fusicladium effusum (pecan scab) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode) | Potato breeding material from South America to Ireland |
Yes
|
Yes
| Turner and Evans (1998) |
Gossypium barbadense (Gallini cotton) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
Grapevine red blotch virus (grapevine red blotch virus) | The careless selection of infected grape propagation material results in long-distance or local spread of GRBV |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sudarshana et al. (2015); Bahder et al. (2016a); Cieniewicz et al. (2017a; b; 2018a; 2019a); |
Haplaxius crudus (American palm cixiid) | |
Yes
| | |
Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
| | |
Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
| | |
Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Main aim of breeding to produce a varienty with high biomass yield and low furanocoumarin content |
Yes
|
Yes
| Boodiak et al. (1981); Demidov and Satsyperova (1989) |
Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Hop stunt viroid (hop stunt viroid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sano (2003c) |
Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | | |
Yes
| |
Jasminum simplicifolium (Australian wax jasmine) | Some vendors in the USA have the species |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2018) |
Jatropha integerrima (peregrina) | Propagated for its use as an ornamental in various nurseries, mainly from cuttings | |
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2020) |
Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | Deliberately for wetland restoration or ornamental use |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Lemna aequinoctialis (lesser duckweed) | Cultivated for research and for use in sewage treatment |
Yes
|
Yes
| Yu et al. (2014) |
Leptocybe invasa (blue gum chalcid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | |
Yes
| | |
Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese privet) | Propagated for its cultivation and to produce various cultivars |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman and Watson (1993); Fetouh et al. (2016) |
Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet) | Widely used as ornamental and hedge plants |
Yes
| | Swarbrick et al. (1999) |
Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) | Horticultural plants |
Yes
| | |
Litopenaeus vannamei (whiteleg shrimp) | Stocks from native countries used to establish domesticated strains |
Yes
| | Briggs et al. (2004); Oceanic Institute (2007) |
Melinis repens (natal redtop) | Used as an ornamental plant | |
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) | Possible on vegetatively propagated material. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | Commercially cultivated for ornamental purposes. |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2016) |
Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Accidental introduction, rare pathway |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Palada et al. (2017) |
Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine) | For its use as an ornamental and landscape plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilman (1999) |
Myriophyllum pinnatum (cutleaf watermilfoil) | species farm-raised for aquarium trade |
Yes
|
Yes
| Live Aquaria (2017) |
Nandina domestica (Nandina) | Many cultivars being developed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Knox and Wilson (2012) |
Nerium oleander (oleander) | For use as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2020) |
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hartana and Vermeulen (2000) |
Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | As an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2017) |
Opogona sacchari (banana moth) | |
Yes
| | |
Oracella acuta (loblolly pine mealybug) | |
Yes
| | Sun et al. (1996) |
Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) | Wide spread intentional introduction |
Yes
|
Yes
| Canonico et al. (2005) |
Palaemon elegans (rock shrimp) | | |
Yes
| |
Pandanus tectorius (screw pine) | |
Yes
| | |
Pantherophis guttatus (corn snake) | This species is imported for the pet trade, but some snakes escape locally within their native range |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kraus (2009) |
Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | For pasture grass |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hitchcock (1936); FAO (2012b); Hanelt (2018) |
Pear blister canker viroid | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Pelargonium odoratissimum (apple geranium) | Introduced from native range to Europe in 19th century for experimentation and breeding of hybrids |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dasuki (2002) |
Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species exported from South Africa in 1700s for ornamental cultivation. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller (1996); Walt JJAvan der (1977) |
Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | Species is a parent of many ornamental hybrids today |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller (1996); SANBI (2014) |
Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn) | Hawaii and main culture countries worldwide brought broodstock from native countries |
Yes
|
Yes
| FAO (2007); Shrimp News (2007) |
Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) | Ornamental plant sales |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Propagated at botanical gardens, nurseries and at USDA-ARS |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bigazzi (1989); Dave's Garden (2019); PROTA (2019); USDA-ARS (2019) |
Petricolaria pholadiformis (false angel wing) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rosenthal (1980) |
Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid) | Propagated as an ornamental in Taiwan |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cheng et al. (2012) |
Pinctada imbricata radiata (rayed pearl oyster) | |
Yes
| | |
Plum pox virus (sharka) | Budwood exchange. |
Yes
| | |
Plumbago auriculata (cape leadwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Long and Lakela (1976) |
Poa nemoralis (wood bluegrass) | Used for lawns |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Procyon lotor (raccoon) | |
Yes
| | Aliev and Sanderson (1966); Lutz (1995) |
Prunus campanulata (Taiwan cherry) | Explants are produced and tissue culture propagated for the horticulture industry | |
Yes
| Zhang et al. (2015b); Chen et al. (2016) |
Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | On nursery stock |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Pseudomonas cichorii (bacterial blight of endive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet) | | |
Yes
| Low (2003) |
Pteris multifida (spider brake) | Used as an ornamental; available for sale |
Yes
|
Yes
| Keener et al. (2020) |
Pteris vittata (Chinese ladder brake fern) | Possibly for use as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) | In nurseries for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Palmpedia (2017) |
Pyracantha coccinea (scarlet firethorn) | For ornamental purposes. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2017) |
Python bivittatus (Burmese python) | Bred for pet trade in many countries, primarily USA/Europe; sold domestically and internationally. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bellosa et al. (2007); Reed and Rodda (2009) |
Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Rana catesbeiana (American bullfrog) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Rapana venosa (veined rapana whelk) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ICES (2004) |
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Downy rose-myrtle) | Deliberate, presumed infrequent |
Yes
|
Yes
| Campbell (1977) |
Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bruun (2005) |
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) | Bred for commercial use as a herb |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass) | E.g. in contaminated rice for research purposes at IRRI |
Yes
|
Yes
| Huelma et al. (1996) |
Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry) | |
Yes
| | Gardner (1999) |
Rubus niveus (Mysore raspberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2014) |
Saccharum ravennae (ravenna grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Salvinia biloba (giant salvinia) | The species is used locally as an ornamental | |
Yes
| San Pedro Naturaleza (2020) |
Salvinia minima | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2006) |
Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| McFarland et al. (2004) |
Schizolobium parahyba (Brazilian fern tree) | Propagated to be used for plantations, regeneration and ornamental uses. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Reforestation Southern Bahia (2016); Trianoski et al. (2011) |
Senna alata (candle bush) | In vitro propagation protocols developed in India |
Yes
|
Yes
| Anis et al. (2012) |
Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Has a long history of cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Spirodela polyrrhiza (giant duckweed) | Crawford and Landolt (1993) |
Yes
|
Yes
| Les (2020) |
Spodoptera litura (taro caterpillar) | |
Yes
| | |
Sporisorium pulverulentum (Sporisorium smut of wild Saccharum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Sporobolus junceus (pineywoods dropseed) | In a few local native plant nurseries in Florida, USA | |
Yes
| Institute for Regional Conservation (2020) |
Sporobolus pyramidalis (giant rat’s tail grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Sterculia apetala (Panama tree) | Propagated in some nurseries for ornamental purposes | |
Yes
| |
Stictocardia tiliifolia (spottedheart) | Possible as it is regarded as an ornamental, although not advertised online or nurseries |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2019) |
Strawberry necrotic shock virus (Strawberry necrotic shock virus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Sugarcane grassy shoot phytoplasma (grassy shoot of sugarcane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma (white leaf of sugarcane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Syzygium grande (sea apple) | Species has been actively utilized in plantation and reforestation programmes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Islam (2003); Shono et al. (2007) |
Tabebuia rosea (pink poui) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk) | One population escaped from breeding farm in France | |
Yes
| Jaouen and Léger (2005) |
Thymophylla tenuiloba (Dahlberg daisy) | Seeds are sold at internet sites worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) | Widely cultivated as garden ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2018) |
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (Tomato brown rugose fruit virus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (tomato spotted wilt) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Tuberose mild mottle virus (tuberose mild mottle virus) | Accidental, through infected bulbs |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lin et al. (2004); Kulshrestha et al. (2005); Dey et al. (2018) |
Urochloa distachya (signal grass) | Intentional introductions for forage; spread from cultivation |
Yes
|
Yes
| New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries (2015) |
Varroa destructor (Varroa mite) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fera (2010) |
Verbena officinalis (vervain) | Mainly for its use as a herbal medicine |
Yes
|
Yes
| PFAF (2020); PROTA (2020) |
Verbena rigida (stiff verbena) | Widely cultivated and available for sale as seeds and plants from numerous sources |
Yes
|
Yes
| BGCI (2014); Daves Garden (2015); Royal Horticultural Society (2015) |
Vitex parviflora (molave) | Propagated for its reintroduction into natural habitats | |
Yes
| Rainforestation Portal (2020) |
Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria) | Hybrids may be more invasive |
Yes
|
Yes
| Trusty et al. (2008) |
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans (bacterial spot of tomato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis (bacterial leaf streak of grasses) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens (bacterial leaf streak of barley) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas vesicatoria (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xylophilus ampelinus (bacterial blight of grapevine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Yucca aloifolia (Spanish bayonet) | Seed and cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2016) |
Zingiber montanum (cassumunar ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodriguez and Strong (2005); Chirangini and Sharma (2005); Ravindran and Babu (2005); Wolff et al. (1999) |