| Acacia angustissima (prairie acacia) | |
Yes
| | Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Acridotheres fuscus (jungle myna) | |
Yes
| | |
| Acridotheres tristis (common myna) | |
Yes
| | |
| Adiantum raddianum (delta maidenhair fern) | deliberate planting |
Yes
| | Jones,
1987 |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS,
2016 |
| Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) | | |
Yes
| Gentry,
1982 |
| Aloe vera (true aloe) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Amaranthus dubius (spleen amaranth) | | |
Yes
| Grubben,
2004 |
| Ameiurus melas (black bullhead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Amynthas agrestis (crazy worm) | Raised to feed platypuses | |
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Aronia x prunifolia | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) | |
Yes
| | Pessier et al.,
1999 |
| Bixa orellana (annatto) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton,
1960 |
| Bontia daphnoides (white alling) | Cultivated at various botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009; Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Bos bison (American bison) | Common, deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bubalus bubalis (Asian water buffalo) | E.g. introduced in 1904 for a zoo in Pretoria, S Africa. Probably in many zoos around the world |
Yes
| | Cockrill,
1977 |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Caladium bicolor (heart of Jesus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Deng,
2012 |
| Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas's squirrel) | |
Yes
| | Ono,
2001; Udagawa,
1954 |
| Callosciurus finlaysonii (Finlayson's squirrel) | |
Yes
| | |
| Carpobrotus edulis (hottentot fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | Potential movement as curiosity |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Castilla elastica (Mexican rubber tree) | Introductions mainly by transporting seedlings. Less than 200 seedlings were introduced to Tanzania |
Yes
| | Dawson et al.,
2008; Greenway,
1934; Pittier,
1910; Wright,
1912 |
| Cecropia peltata (trumpet tree) | |
Yes
| | Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species is a popular ornamental and has been introduced beyond its native range for this purpose |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Chamaedorea elegans (parlour palm) | Ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hodel,
1992 |
| Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | Species cultivated in gardens | |
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum speciosissimum (Java glory bower) | Species introduced beyond native range to Europe, Africa and Newtropics for use as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2014 |
| Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | |
Yes
| | Csurhes and Naive,
2009; Gardening Australia,
2009 |
| Cortaderia jubata (purple pampas grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Corynocarpus laevigatus (karaka) | Probably found in many botanical gardens throughout the world |
Yes
| | |
| Cosmos caudatus (wild cosmos) | Attractive garden plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Mexican seed is known to have been introduced to, and cultivated in, botanical gardens in Spain and the Philippines |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cavanilles,
1791; Merrill,
1904; Merrill,
1923; Burkill,
1930 |
| Costus spicatus (spiked spiralflag ginger) | Grown for its attractive foliage and bracts |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gonçalves et al.,
2005 |
| Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress) | |
Yes
| | Csurhes and Naive,
2009; Csurhes and Naive,
2009; Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Cyathea cooperi (australian tree fern) | Spores are carried by wind. The fern is cultivated |
Yes
|
Yes
| Palmer,
2003 |
| Cygnus olor (mute swan) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) | Widely introduced as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Datura metel (Hindu datura) | Species has a long history of pantropical cultivation, both locally and commercially |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2014 |
| Dendrocalamus strictus (male bamboo) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Guadua-Bamboo,
2015 |
| Dieffenbachia seguine (dumb cane) | Found in at least 33 botanical garden collections |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Dombeya wallichii (pink ball) | In various botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Billiet,
1999; Csurhes and Naive,
2009; Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Dreyfusia nordmannianae (silver fir adelges) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kollár et al.,
2009 |
| East Asian Passiflora virus | | |
Yes
| |
| Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bushana,
2010 |
| Erwinia amylovora (fireblight) | Fire blight has been found in Australia in a botanical garden. No plants outside the garden were fou |
Yes
| | Bonn and Zwet,
2000 |
| Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ibrahim and Setyowati,
1999 |
| Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Planted at Royal Botanical Garden, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and at Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square | |
Yes
| Longwood Gardens,
2012; Rothfels,
2004 |
| Euphorbia lactea (mottled spurge) | Often planted to exemplify xerophytic adaptation of plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Widely planted for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS,
2016 |
| Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | Original cause |
Yes
| | |
| Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) | Most introductions began in botanical gardens |
Yes
| | Bailey,
1989 |
| Ferrisia virgata (striped mealybug) | Accidental introduction on plants |
Yes
| | |
| Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig) | Species is known to have been intentionally cultivated in botanical gardens, parks, public areas, an |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua,
2014; Hutchinson and Rendle,
1916; Madulid,
1995; Starr et al.,
2003 |
| Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Britton,
1918; Floridata,
2014; Hooker,
1882 |
| Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier) | Planted in botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce and Priede,
2010 |
| Gaultheria shallon (salal) | |
Yes
| | Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Gypsophila paniculata (baby’s breath) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Darwent,
1975 |
| Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Schilling,
1982 |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hemidactylus frenatus (common house gecko) | Accidental introduction | |
Yes
| McAllister et al.,
1990; Saenz and Klawinski,
1996 |
| Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Cultivated in many Botanical gardens |
Yes
| | Kabuce,
2006 |
| Holcus lanatus (common velvet grass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Holmskioldia sanguinea (Chinese hat plant) | Intentionally spread as an ornamental and botanical curiosity |
Yes
| | |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | |
Yes
|
Yes
| CWS,
2003 |
| Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | | |
Yes
| Beerling and Perrins,
1993 |
| Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Isometrus maculatus (lesser brown scorpion) | Potential for accidental release to new areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Jasminum multiflorum (star jasmine) | cultivated in botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009; Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (flaming katy) | Popular ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kalanchoe Growers,
2016 |
| Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | | |
Yes
| Maki and Galatowitsch,
2004 |
| Leptocybe invasa (blue gum chalcid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Limax maximus (leopard slug) | Accidental transport with vegetation and soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | |
Yes
| | |
| Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm) | Planted in botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer et al.,
2008 |
| Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) | Introduction to Dominion Arboretum in Ottawa, Canada from Germany and to New York Botanical Garden i |
Yes
| | Luken and Thieret,
1997 |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | | |
Yes
| Dandelot et al.,
2005 |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | | |
Yes
| Dandelot et al.,
2005 |
| Lumbricus rubellus | |
Yes
| | |
| Lumbricus terrestris | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS,
2015 |
| Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | |
Yes
| | Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Macrothelypteris torresiana (swordfern) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Mainsia rubi | |
Yes
| | |
| Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) | |
Yes
| | |
| Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) | Can be found in zoos and escapes could occur, although they would likely be swiftly identified | | | Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Merremia cissoides (roadside woodrose) | cultivated in botanic gardens in India and Mauritus |
Yes
| | Catalogue des Herbiers de Genève,
2016 |
| Merremia umbellata (hogvine) | Cultivated in the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Miconia calvescens (miconia) | Botanical gardens in Tahiti, Hawaii and Australia |
Yes
| | Csurhes,
1998; Medeiros et al.,
1997; Meyer,
1996 |
| Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) | |
Yes
| | |
| Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | In the permanent collection of the Botanical Garden of Lisboa, Portugal and the medicinal plants collection of the National Botanic Garden of Cuba. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Accidental introduction, rare pathway | |
Yes
| |
| Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Adu-Dapaah et al.,
2017; Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Muntiacus reevesi (Reeves' muntjac) | Originally for wildlife collections in England and France |
Yes
| | Chapman,
2008 |
| Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton,
1987 |
| Myriophyllum pinnatum (cutleaf watermilfoil) | | |
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Nandina domestica (Nandina) | Present at many botanical gardens |
Yes
| | GBIF,
2013 |
| Nasua nasua (ring-tailed coati) | |
Yes
| | |
| Neolecanium cornuparvum (magnolia scale) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Nesticella mogera (cave-dwelling spider) | |
Yes
| | Kielhorn,
2009 |
| Neyraudia reynaudiana (burma reed) | |
Yes
| | Gordon,
1998; Guala,
1990; Majtkowski and Majtkowsk,
2000 |
| Oeceoclades maculata (monk orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Stern,
1988 |
| Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (wild olive) | |
Yes
| | |
| Orobanche ramosa (branched broomrape) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ovis aries musimon (European mouflon) | |
Yes
| | Apollonio et al.,
2010a; Uloth,
1972; Weller,
2001 |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species exported from South Africa in 1700s for ornamental cultivation. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller,
1996; Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | Species introduced for use as an ornamental and grown in botanical gardens in Europe |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller,
1996; Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Pennisetum polystachion (mission grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Piper aduncum (spiked pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hartemink,
2010 |
| Pittosporum undulatum (Australian cheesewood) | |
Yes
| | Goodland and Healey,
1996 |
| Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug) | Accidental introduction on imported plants |
Yes
| | |
| Procyon lotor (raccoon) | |
Yes
| | Lutz,
1995 |
| Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | On imported plants |
Yes
| | |
| Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet) | | |
Yes
| Strubbe and Matthysen,
2009a |
| Pyrrhalta luteola (elm leaf beetle) | ELB spreads where elm trees were planted in urban areas, incl. gardens, car parks, streets, etc. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Python bivittatus (Burmese python) | Origins in multiple native-range countries, present in many zoos worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bellosa et al.,
2007 |
| Quelea quelea (weaver bird) | Some quelea birds have been transported to zoos in the past but the advent of restrictions related t |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rhus typhina (staghorn sumac) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Reported in permanent collections at botanical gardens in Australia and Egypt. | |
Yes
| Forbes et al.,
2010; Mourad et al.,
2015 |
| Salvia splendens (scarlet sage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE,
2014 |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| McFarland et al.,
2004 |
| Sanchezia speciosa (shrubby whitevein) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer and Lavergne,
2004 |
| Senecio glastifolius (holly leaved senecio) | Probably found in many botanic gardens in warm regions |
Yes
| | |
| Senna alata (candle bush) | | |
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant) | Pot plants or planting material - accidental |
Yes
| | |
| Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Spartina densiflora | Its introduction could have been the result of the mislabelling of a species for a botanical garden |
Yes
| | Bortolus,
2006 |
| Spodoptera litura (taro caterpillar) | |
Yes
| | |
| Stachytarpheta urticifolia (rattail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kuo,
2003 |
| Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (New York aster) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk) | One population escaped from a zoo in The Netherands | |
Yes
| Dijkstra and Dekker,
2008 |
| Tecoma capensis (Cape honeysuckle) | Grown in botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al.,
2009 |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Csurhes and Naive,
2009 |
| Threskiornis aethiopicus (sacred ibis) | Origin: East Africa. Introduction: many countries |
Yes
| | Clergeau and Yésou,
2006; Clergeau et al.,
2005; Ottens,
2006 |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| O'Neill,
2006 |
| Turbina corymbosa (Christmas vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Botanic Garden Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz,
2016; Dave's Garden,
2016 |
| Varanus niloticus (Nile monitor) | This species has been imported for zoos, but some locally captured animals have also given to zoos. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Verbena rigida (stiff verbena) | Ornamental plant in at least 53 botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| BGCI,
2014 |
| Vitex rotundifolia (beach vitex) | Possibly still available for sale by some botanical gardens, but the extent is unknown |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-APHIS,
2013 |
| Xylophilus ampelinus (canker of grapevine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Yucca aloifolia (Spanish bayonet) | Planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| BGCI,
2016 |
| Zinnia peruviana (Peruvian zinnia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
