| Acacia angustissima (prairie acacia) | |
Yes
| | Csurhes and Naive (2009) |
| Acridotheres fuscus (jungle myna) | |
Yes
| | |
| Acridotheres tristis (common myna) | |
Yes
| | |
| Adiantum raddianum (delta maidenhair fern) | deliberate planting |
Yes
| | Jones (1987) |
| Adonidia merrillii (Christmas palm) | Popular ornamental palm |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lim (2012) |
| Aeginetia indica (forest ghost flower) | A collection at Botanical Garden in Belgium |
Yes
| | Meise Botanic Garden (2019) |
| Agave americana (century plant) | Botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2016) |
| Agave fourcroydes (henequen) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fern (2014) |
| Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) | | |
Yes
| Gentry (1982) |
| Allamanda blanchetii (purple allamanda) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Aloe vera (true aloe) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2019) |
| Amaranthus dubius (spleen amaranth) | | |
Yes
| Grubben (2004) |
| Ameiurus melas (black bullhead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Amynthas agrestis (crazy worm) | Raised to feed platypuses | |
Yes
| Gates (1954) |
| Angiopteris evecta (king fern) | Often cultivated in botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christenhusz and Toivonen (2008) |
| Anredera vesicaria (Texas madeira vine) | A record of the species in the Meise Botanic Garden |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meise Botanic Garden (2019) |
| Aronia x prunifolia | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Asparagus falcatus (sicklethorn) | At various botanical gardens worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| Susini (1952); Lasser et al. (1974); Forbes et al. (2010); Kew Royal Botanic Gardens (2020) |
| Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (cane cactus) | |
Yes
| | |
| Austrocylindropuntia subulata (Eve’s needle cactus) | |
Yes
| | |
| Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush) | |
Yes
| | |
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) | |
Yes
| | Pessier et al. (1999) |
| Begonia nelumbiifolia (lilypad begonia) | |
Yes
| | Dave's Garden (2016) |
| Bixa orellana (annatto) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (1960) |
| Blighia sapida (akee apple) | Cultivated in botanic gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rashford (2001) |
| Bontia daphnoides (white alling) | Cultivated at various botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Leiva (1980); NMNH (2017) |
| Bos bison (American bison) | Common, deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Bougainvillea spectabilis (great bougainvillea) | Popular ornamental often planted in botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Salam et al. (2017) |
| Brachyponera chinensis (Asian needle ant) | Accidentally brought in via soil/pots/plants etc. for landscaping | |
Yes
| Nelder et al. (2006) |
| Breynia disticha (snowbush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Forbes et al. (2010); NMNH (2017) |
| Bubalus bubalis (Asian water buffalo) | E.g. introduced in 1904 for a zoo in Pretoria, S Africa. Probably in many zoos around the world |
Yes
| | Cockrill (1977) |
| Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Caladium bicolor (heart of Jesus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Deng (2012) |
| Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas's squirrel) | |
Yes
| | Ono (2001); Udagawa (1954) |
| Callosciurus finlaysonii (Finlayson's squirrel) | |
Yes
| | |
| Carpobrotus edulis (hottentot fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | Potential movement as curiosity |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Castilla elastica (Mexican rubber tree) | Introductions mainly by transporting seedlings. Less than 200 seedlings were introduced to Tanzania |
Yes
| | Dawson et al. (2008); Greenway (1934); Pittier (1910); Wright (1912) |
| Cavanillesia platanifolia (cuipo) | In permanent collections of Botanic Gardens. |
Yes
|
Yes
| EcuRed (2019); Missouri Botanical Garden (2019) |
| Cecropia peltata (trumpet tree) | |
Yes
| | Binggelli (1999) |
| Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species is a popular ornamental and has been introduced beyond its native range for this purpose |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Chamaedorea elegans (parlour palm) | Ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hodel (1992) |
| Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) | Occasionally planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gnansounou et al. (2017) |
| Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | Species cultivated in gardens | |
Yes
| |
| Clerodendrum speciosissimum (Java glory bower) | Species introduced beyond native range to Europe, Africa and Newtropics for use as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
| Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya) | Present in Botanical Gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lasser et al. (1974); Riverón-Giró et al. (2015) |
| Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's-tears) | Cultivated in botanic gardens as a curiosity for its peculiar bead-like “fruits” |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lamarck (1792); Sweet (1827) |
| Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | |
Yes
| | EPPO (2009); Gardening Australia (2009) |
| Cortaderia jubata (purple pampas grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Corynocarpus laevigatus (karaka) | Probably found in many botanical gardens throughout the world |
Yes
| | |
| Cosmos caudatus (wild cosmos) | Attractive garden plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cosmos sulphureus (sulphur cosmos) | Mexican seed is known to have been introduced to, and cultivated in, botanical gardens in Spain and the Philippines |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cavanilles (1791); Merrill (1904); Merrill (1923); Burkill (1930) |
| Costus spicatus (spiked spiralflag ginger) | Grown for its attractive foliage and bracts |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gonçalves et al. (2005) |
| Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress) | |
Yes
| | Laurent (1911); Anon (1921); BCGI (2017) |
| Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (bacterial wilt of dry beans) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cyathea cooperi (australian tree fern) | Spores are carried by wind. The fern is cultivated |
Yes
|
Yes
| Palmer (2003) |
| Cygnus olor (mute swan) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) | Widely introduced as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Datura metel (Hindu datura) | Species has a long history of pantropical cultivation, both locally and commercially |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
| Dendrocalamus strictus (male bamboo) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Guadua-Bamboo (2015) |
| Desmodium cajanifolium (tropical tick trefoil) | Introduced to a botanical garden in Martinique |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (2020) |
| Dichanthium aristatum (angelton bluestem) | At the Botanical Gardens in Georgetown, Guyana |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2020) |
| Dieffenbachia seguine (dumb cane) | Found in at least 33 botanical garden collections |
Yes
|
Yes
| BGCI (2017) |
| Dimorphotheca sinuata (Cape marigold) | Popular ornamental plant due to attractive flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2020) |
| Dombeya wallichii (pink ball) | In various botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Billiet (1999); Skema (2010); New York Botanical Garden (2017) |
| Dreyfusia nordmannianae (silver fir adelges) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kollár et al. (2009) |
| East Asian Passiflora virus | | |
Yes
| |
| Entada gigas (sea-bean) | | |
Yes
| Arthur (2012) |
| Epidendrum radicans (crucifix orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| POWO (2020) |
| Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bushana (2010) |
| Erwinia amylovora (fireblight) | Fire blight has been found in Australia in a botanical garden. No plants outside the garden were fou |
Yes
| | Bonn and Zwet (2000) |
| Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) | Widely cultivated as ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ibrahim and Setyowati (1999) |
| Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Planted at Royal Botanical Garden, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and at Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square | |
Yes
| Longwood Gardens (2012); Rothfels (2004) |
| Euphorbia lactea (mottled spurge) | Often planted to exemplify xerophytic adaptation of plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Widely planted for ornamental purposes |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
| Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | Original cause |
Yes
| | |
| Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) | Most introductions began in botanical gardens |
Yes
| | Bailey (1989) |
| Ferrisia virgata (striped mealybug) | Accidental introduction on plants |
Yes
| | |
| Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig) | Species is known to have been intentionally cultivated in botanical gardens, parks, public areas, an |
Yes
|
Yes
| Flora of Nicaragua (2014); Hutchinson and Rendle (1916); Madulid (1995); Starr et al. (2003) |
| Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Britton (1918); Floridata (2014); Hooker (1882) |
| Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | Distributed by the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew |
Yes
|
Yes
| Howard and Powell (1963) |
| Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier) | Planted in botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
| Gaultheria shallon (salal) | |
Yes
| | Discover Life (2015) |
| Gypsophila paniculata (baby’s breath) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Darwent (1975) |
| Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Schilling (1982) |
| Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
| | |
| Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Hemidactylus frenatus (common house gecko) | Accidental introduction | |
Yes
| McAllister et al. (1990); Saenz and Klawinski (1996) |
| Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowskyi's hogweed) | Cultivated in many Botanical gardens |
Yes
| | Kabuce (2006) |
| Holcus lanatus (common velvet grass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Holmskioldia sanguinea (Chinese hat plant) | Intentionally spread as an ornamental and botanical curiosity |
Yes
| | |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | |
Yes
|
Yes
| CWS (2003) |
| Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | | |
Yes
| Beerling and Perrins (1993) |
| Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lasser et al. (1974) |
| Isometrus maculatus (lesser brown scorpion) | Potential for accidental release to new areas |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Jasminum multiflorum (star jasmine) | cultivated in botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (2016); Missouri Botanical Garden (2016) |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | | |
Yes
| |
| Jatropha integerrima (peregrina) | Listed as occurring in various botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| New York Botanical Garden (2020) |
| Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (flaming katy) | Popular ornamental plant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kalanchoe Growers (2016) |
| Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | | |
Yes
| Maki and Galatowitsch (2004) |
| Leptocybe invasa (blue gum chalcid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Limax maximus (leopard slug) | Accidental transport with vegetation and soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | |
Yes
| | |
| Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm) | Planted in botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer et al. (2008) |
| Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) | Introduction to Dominion Arboretum in Ottawa, Canada from Germany and to New York Botanical Garden i |
Yes
| | Luken and Thieret (1997) |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | | |
Yes
| Dandelot et al. (2005) |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | | |
Yes
| Dandelot et al. (2005) |
| Lumbricus rubellus | |
Yes
| | |
| Lumbricus terrestris | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS (2015) |
| Lygodium flexuosum (maidenhair creeper) | At the permanent collection of a Botanic Garden in India |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sharma and Goel (1994) |
| Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | |
Yes
| | USDA-NRCS (2007) |
| Macrothelypteris torresiana (swordfern) | Ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Diggs and Lipscomb (2014) |
| Mainsia rubi | |
Yes
| | |
| Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) | |
Yes
| | |
| Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) | Infrequent |
Yes
| | |
| Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) | Can be found in zoos and escapes could occur, although they would likely be swiftly identified | | | Wilson (2011) |
| Merremia cissoides (roadside woodrose) | cultivated in botanic gardens in India and Mauritus |
Yes
| | Catalogue des Herbiers de Genève (2016) |
| Merremia umbellata (hogvine) | Cultivated in the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (2016) |
| Miconia calvescens (miconia) | Botanical gardens in Tahiti, Hawaii and Australia |
Yes
| | Csurhes (1998); Medeiros et al. (1997); Meyer (1996) |
| Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) | |
Yes
| | |
| Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | In the permanent collection of the Botanical Garden of Lisboa, Portugal and the medicinal plants collection of the National Botanic Garden of Cuba. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rankin Rodríguez (1992) |
| Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Accidental introduction, rare pathway | |
Yes
| |
| Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Adu-Dapaah et al. (2017); NMNH (2017) |
| Muntiacus reevesi (Reeves' muntjac) | Originally for wildlife collections in England and France |
Yes
| | Chapman (2008) |
| Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (1987) |
| Myriophyllum pinnatum (cutleaf watermilfoil) | | |
Yes
| Maldonado González (2009-2010) |
| Nandina domestica (Nandina) | Present at many botanical gardens |
Yes
| | GBIF (2013) |
| Nasua nasua (ring-tailed coati) | |
Yes
| | |
| Neolecanium cornuparvum (magnolia scale) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Nesticella mogera (cave-dwelling spider) | |
Yes
| | Kielhorn (2009) |
| Neyraudia reynaudiana (burma reed) | |
Yes
| | Gordon (1998); Guala (1990); Majtkowski and Majtkowsk (2000) |
| Noronhia emarginata (Madagascar olive) | Deliberate | |
Yes
| Useful Tropical Plants (2019) |
| Oeceoclades maculata (monk orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Stern (1988) |
| Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (wild olive) | |
Yes
| | |
| Orobanche ramosa (branched broomrape) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ovis aries musimon (European mouflon) | |
Yes
| | Apollonio et al. (2010a); Uloth (1972); Weller (2001) |
| Oxyura jamaicensis (ruddy duck) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pachira aquatica (pachira nut) | Cultivated in Botanical Gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2017) |
| Pachira insignis (wild chestnut) | Cultivated in Botanic Gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dominica Botanic Gardens (2018) |
| Parmentiera aculeata (cucumber tree) | Cultivated in botanical gardens |
Yes
| | Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (2015) |
| Passion fruit woodiness virus (passionfruit woodiness disease) | Accidental with exchange of live Passiflora plant material. International movement is now restricted and requires permits |
Yes
|
Yes
| Baker et al. (2014) |
| Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Species exported from South Africa in 1700s for ornamental cultivation. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller (1996); Walt JJAvan der (1977) |
| Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | Species introduced for use as an ornamental and grown in botanical gardens in Europe |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller (1996); Walt JJAvan der (1977) |
| Pennisetum polystachion (mission grass) | | |
Yes
| |
| Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | In cultivation at various botanical gardens worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bigazzi (1989); PROTA (2019); Missouri Botanical Garden (2019) |
| Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Phyllostachys flexuosa (drooping timber bamboo) | Planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Piper aduncum (spiked pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hartemink (2010) |
| Pittosporum undulatum (Australian cheesewood) | |
Yes
| | Goodland and Healey (1996) |
| Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug) | Accidental introduction on imported plants |
Yes
| | |
| Plumbago auriculata (cape leadwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2017) |
| Polyalthia suberosa (corky debbar tree) | J. Ackerman, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, personal communication, 2017 |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Procyon lotor (raccoon) | |
Yes
| | Lutz (1995) |
| Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | On imported plants |
Yes
| | |
| Pseudomonas cichorii (bacterial blight of endive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet) | | |
Yes
| Strubbe and Matthysen (2009a) |
| Pteris tripartita (giant brake) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Santa Cruz Cabrera et al. (2016) |
| Pteris vittata (Chinese ladder brake fern) | Present in collections of various botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ballesteros et al. (2012); New York Botanical Garden (2019) |
| Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2017) |
| Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) | Some of its early introductions can be associated with botanical gardens. At present it is found at palm collections in various botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dammer (1896); Meyer et al. (2008); Palmpedia (2017) |
| Pyrrhalta luteola (elm leaf beetle) | ELB spreads where elm trees were planted in urban areas, incl. gardens, car parks, streets, etc. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Python bivittatus (Burmese python) | Origins in multiple native-range countries, present in many zoos worldwide |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bellosa et al. (2007) |
| Quelea quelea (weaver bird) | Some quelea birds have been transported to zoos in the past but the advent of restrictions related t |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rhus typhina (staghorn sumac) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant) | Reported in permanent collections at botanical gardens in Australia and Egypt. | |
Yes
| Forbes et al. (2010); Mourad et al. (2015) |
| Salvia splendens (scarlet sage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DAISIE (2014) |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| McFarland et al. (2004) |
| Sanchezia speciosa (shrubby whitevein) | Cultivated as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Meyer and Lavergne (2004) |
| Senecio glastifolius (holly-leaved senecio) | Probably found in many botanic gardens in warm regions |
Yes
| | |
| Senna alata (candle bush) | | |
Yes
| Rankin Rodríguez (1992) |
| Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant) | Pot plants or planting material - accidental |
Yes
| | |
| Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Spartina densiflora | Its introduction could have been the result of the mislabelling of a species for a botanical garden |
Yes
| | Bortolus (2006) |
| Spodoptera litura (taro caterpillar) | |
Yes
| | |
| Stachytarpheta urticifolia (rattail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kuo (2003) |
| Sterculia apetala (Panama tree) | Ethnobotanical collections and the National Botanic Garden of Cuba | |
Yes
| Martínez Betancourt (2011) |
| Stictocardia tiliifolia (spottedheart) | At a Botanic Garden in India | |
Yes
| Aswani and Sabu (2012) |
| Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (New York aster) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk) | One population escaped from a zoo in The Netherands | |
Yes
| Dijkstra and Dekker (2008) |
| Tecoma capensis (Cape honeysuckle) | Grown in botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Ornamental and shade tree |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
| Terminalia muelleri (Australian almond) | Most of the specimens in herbariums are from botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2020) |
| Threskiornis aethiopicus (sacred ibis) | Origin: East Africa. Introduction: many countries |
Yes
| | Clergeau and Yésou (2006); Clergeau et al. (2005); Ottens (2006) |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| O'Neill (2006) |
| Turbina corymbosa (Christmas vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Botanic Garden Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (2016); Dave's Garden (2016) |
| Varanus niloticus (Nile monitor) | This species has been imported for zoos, but some locally captured animals have also given to zoos. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Verbena rigida (stiff verbena) | Ornamental plant in at least 53 botanical gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| BGCI (2014) |
| Vitex rotundifolia (beach vitex) | Possibly still available for sale by some botanical gardens, but the extent is unknown |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-APHIS (2013) |
| Xylophilus ampelinus (canker of grapevine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Yucca aloifolia (Spanish bayonet) | Planted as an ornamental |
Yes
|
Yes
| BGCI (2016) |
| Zeuxine strateumatica (soldier’s orchid) | In the catalogue of the National Botanical Garden in Cuba |
Yes
|
Yes
| Anonymous (1994) |
| Zinnia peruviana (Peruvian zinnia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
