| Alexandrium minutum | cysts in shellfish, possible but not documented |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Alitta succinea (pile worm) | On oysters |
Yes
| | Smith and Carlton,
1975 |
| Ambloplites rupestris (rock bass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ameiurus melas (black bullhead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ameiurus natalis | |
Yes
| | FAO,
1997 |
| Ameiurus nebulosus (brown bullhead) | |
Yes
| | |
| Amphibalanus improvisus (bay barnacle) | On commercial bivalve shells |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gruet et al.,
1976 |
| Anguillicoloides crassus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fries et al.,
1996; Kennedy and Fitch,
1990 |
| Aphanomyces astaci | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oidtmann et al.,
2005 |
| Arcuatula senhousia (Asian date mussel) | |
Yes
| | NIMPIS,
2002 |
| Aristichthys nobilis (bighead carp) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ascidiella aspersa (European sea squirt) | |
Yes
| | |
| Aspius aspius (asp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Austrominius modestus | After initial introduction, subsequently spread in UK, Ireland and France due to aquaculture | |
Yes
| |
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) | |
Yes
| | Mazzoni et al.,
2003; Schloegel et al.,
2010 |
| Botrylloides perspicuus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Brachidontes pharaonis | Recorded in the north Aegean Sea, in most cases connected with anthropogenic activites i.e. shipping |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zenetos et al.,
2005 |
| Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Les and Mehrhoff,
1999 |
| Caprella mutica | Stock movements of oysters and movements of service boats between aquaculture sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ashton et al.,
2007b; Carlton,
1987; Cook et al.,
2007a |
| Carassius gibelio (Prussian carp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Carcinus maenas (European shore crab) | |
Yes
| | Smith and Carlton,
1975 |
| Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides | Accidentally from the North West Pacific through aquaculture of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas |
Yes
| | Pérez et al.,
2006; Henkel and Janussen,
2011 |
| Channa argus argus (northern snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams,
2004 |
| Channa marulius (bullseye snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams,
2004; Froese and Pauly,
2009 |
| Channa micropeltes (giant snakehead) | Wild fishing and/or cultured in cages |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pantulu,
1976; Wee,
1982; Lee and Ng,
1991; Dudley,
2000; Courtenay and Williams,
2004 |
| Cherax destructor (yabby) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Horwitz,
1990; Lynas et al.,
2007 |
| Cherax quadricarinatus (redclaw crayfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lynas et al.,
2007 |
| Cichlasoma urophthalmum (Mayan cichlid) | Cultured as a food fish in Mexico since the 1980s |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith and Carlton,
1975 |
| Ciona intestinalis (sea vase) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ciona savignyi | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clarias batrachus (walking catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Welcomme,
1988 |
| Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides | East Asia to Europe, Europe to NW Atlantic Coast and Southern Hemisphere |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bouck and Morgan,
1957; Carlton and Scanlon,
1985; Dromgoole,
1975; Silva,
1955; Silva,
1957; Silva,
1979 |
| Coregonus albula (vendace) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Minchin and Gollasch,
2008; Nehring,
2011 |
| Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Crepidula fornicata (American slipper limpet) | Transported as a parasite of Ostrea edulis |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) | Kept in cages for growout locally, also exported for live fish markets |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith and Carlton,
1975; Sadovy et al.,
2007 |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cyprinella lutrensis (red shiner) | Establishment in the lower Colorado River basin (1953) attributed to Arizona FishFarm escapees | |
Yes
| Hubbs,
1954 |
| Cyprinus carpio (common carp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Costa et al.,
1993; Roberts and Ebner,
1997 |
| Diplosoma listerianum | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dijkstra et al.,
2007a |
| Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eriocheir sinensis (Chinese mitten crab) | Accidental through the translocation of mussel or oysters from one catchment to another |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Esox lucius (pike) | See distribution table and list |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eucheuma spp. | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Faxonius limosus (Spiny-cheek crayfish) | Main cause in Europe |
Yes
| | Holdich et al.,
2006 |
| Gammarus tigrinus | Escapes from aquaculture facilities | |
Yes
| Nijssen and Stock,
1966 |
| Gracilaria salicornia | Hawaii to Oahu and Molokai | |
Yes
| Smith et al.,
2004 |
| Gracilaria tikvahiae (graceful red weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| University of Hawaii,
2008 |
| Grateloupia turuturu | China, Japan, Korea and the far-eastern seas of Russia |
Yes
| | Lee,
2008; Lee and Kang,
2001; Perestenko,
1996; Xia,
2004; Yoshida,
1998; Yoshida et al.,
1990 |
| Heterotis niloticus (African bonytongue) | Deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| Micha,
1973 |
| Homarus americanus (American lobster) | USA |
Yes
| | Smith and Carlton,
1975; Kittaka,
1990 |
| Hypnea musciformis | Florida to Hawaiian Islands |
Yes
| | Russell and Balazs,
1994 |
| Hypostomus plecostomus (suckermouth catfish) | Cultured in ponds in Florida |
Yes
|
Yes
| Grier,
1980 |
| Ictalurus furcatus (blue catfish) | Deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ma et al.,
2003 |
| Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Kappaphycus | Commercial aquaculture for both food and other human products containing carrageenan |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | |
Yes
| | Cronk and Fuller,
1995 |
| Lates niloticus (Nile perch) | |
Yes
| | Froese and Pauly,
2009; Welcomme,
1988 |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maki and Galatowitsch,
2004 |
| Lepomis cyanellus (green sunfish) | Introduced to the Congo, Zambia, Japan and the Philippines for aquaculture |
Yes
| | Welcomme,
1988 |
| Lepomis gulosus (warmouth) | See distribution table and list |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leucaspius delineatus (sunbleak) | |
Yes
| | |
| Leuciscus idus (ide) | |
Yes
| | |
| Leuciscus leuciscus (common dace) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Limnobium laevigatum (South American spongeplant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Akers,
2010; Encyclopedia of Life,
2016 |
| Limnoperna fortunei (golden mussel) | L. fortunei arrived in Japan before 1987 possibly with the Asian clam imported as food from China |
Yes
| | Magara et al.,
2001 |
| Litopenaeus vannamei (whiteleg shrimp) | Imported into non-native countries in the Americas. Asian importers sourced from stocks from Hawaii |
Yes
|
Yes
| Briggs et al.,
2004 |
| Littorina littorea (common periwinkle) | Accidently introduced with oysters |
Yes
| | Carlton,
2007 |
| Lucania parva (rainwater killifish) | Accidental with culturing of oysters (presumably) |
Yes
| | Hubbs and Miller,
1965 |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dandelot et al.,
2005; Okada et al.,
2009 |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dandelot et al.,
2005 |
| Maliarpha separatella (African white rice borer) | | |
Yes
| Heinrichs and Barrion,
2004 |
| Marisa cornuarietis (giant ramshorn) | Associated with aquatic plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Marsupenaeus japonicus (kuruma shrimp) | |
Yes
| | |
| Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) | |
Yes
| | |
| Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (oriental weatherloach) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Myicola ostreae | Through anthropogenic movements of infected hosts. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Batista et al.,
2009; Comps,
1972; Faasse,
2003; Gollasch et al.,
2009; His,
1979; Ho and Kim,
1991; Holmes and Minchin,
1995; Hoshina and Sugiura,
1953; Kim,
2004; Villalba et al.,
1993; Wolff,
2005; Smith and Carlton,
1975 |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum spicatum (spiked watermilfoil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mytilicola intestinalis (mussel red worm) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bol,
2002; Dare,
1982 |
| Mytilicola orientalis (oyster redworm) | |
Yes
| | Lauckner,
1983; Minchin et al.,
1993 |
| Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Myxobolus cerebralis (whirling disease agent) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bartholomew and Reno,
2002 |
| Nasturtium microphyllum (one-row watercress) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Howard and Lyon,
1952b |
| Nymphoides peltata (yellow floating-heart) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS,
2005 |
| Odontesthes bonariensis (pejerrey) | Important in fish culture | |
Yes
| Reartes,
1995 |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon) | Reared for production in USA, Canada, New Zeland and Chile |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith and Carlton,
1975; Smith and Carlton,
1975; Smith and Carlton,
1975 |
| Oreochromis aureus (blue tilapia) | Deliberate introduction |
Yes
|
Yes
| USGS NAS,
2007 |
| Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) | |
Yes
| | Nico and Schofield,
2011 |
| Palaemon elegans (rock shrimp) | |
Yes
| | |
| Paraergasilus longidigitus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn) | To non-native countries in North, South and Central America, West Africa, Europe and Oceania |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dall,
1957; Dore and Frimodt,
1987; FAO,
2007; Holthuis,
1980; Shrimp News,
2007 |
| Petricolaria pholadiformis (false angel wing) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Naylor,
1957 |
| Pinctada imbricata radiata (rayed pearl oyster) | Greece, Italy | |
Yes
| Serbetis,
1963 |
| Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rivers,
2002 |
| Polyandrocarpa zorritensis | |
Yes
| | Mastrototaro et al.,
2008 |
| Pomacea canaliculata (golden apple snail) | Introduced as human food. Most impotant long distance pathway |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pomacea maculata | Possible food source |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pomoxis annularis (white crappie) | Intentionally introduced |
Yes
| | Welcomme,
1988 |
| Pomoxis nigromaculatus (black crappie) | |
Yes
| | Welcomme,
1988 |
| Pontogammarus robustoides | Introduced in the middle of XX century as fish-food resource in Baltic region |
Yes
|
Yes
| Arbaciauskas et al.,
2010; Grabowski,
2011; Panov et al.,
2009 |
| Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maki and Galatowitsch,
2004 |
| Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mudsnail) | Transport of aquaculture products (trout eggs, live fish); in the guts of introduced fish farm fish | |
Yes
| Zaranko et al.,
1997 |
| Procambarus acutus acutus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Taylor et al.,
2007 |
| Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish) | |
Yes
| | |
| Pseudodiaptomus marinus | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fleminger and Kramer,
1988 |
| Rana catesbeiana (American bullfrog) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rapana venosa (veined rapana whelk) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ICES,
2004 |
| Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Harris mud crab) | From Chesapeake Bay (Atlantic USA) to San Francisco Bay (Pacific USA) |
Yes
| | Cohen and Carlton,
1995; Ruiz et al.,
1997; Wasson et al.,
2001 |
| Ruditapes philippinarum (Japanese carpet shell) | The clam is a high value seafood crop |
Yes
| | FAO,
2009 |
| Rugosa rugosa (wrinkled frog) | Accidental introduction on Hokkaido, Japan via carp production |
Yes
| | Sarashina and Yoshida,
2015 |
| Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| FAO,
2019 |
| Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2009 |
| Salvinia minima | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG,
2006 |
| Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | Native to Brazil |
Yes
|
Yes
| McFarland et al.,
2004 |
| Sander lucioperca (pike-perch) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sander vitreus (walleye) | See distribution table and list |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sargassum muticum (wire weed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Scardinius erythrophthalmus (rudd) | |
Yes
| | |
| Schilbe mystus (African butter catfish) | Intentionallt introduced for acquaculture in China from Sudan in 1976 |
Yes
| | FAO,
1997 |
| Schizoporella errata (branching bryozoan) | |
Yes
| | |
| Sciaenops ocellatus (red drum) | USA |
Yes
| | |
| Silurus glanis (wels catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant) | Associated trade industries - accidental |
Yes
| | ISSG,
2014 |
| Styela clava (Asian tunicate) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Thorichthys meeki (firemouth cichlid) | Some populations in Florida may have resulted from escapes from fish farms | |
Yes
| Nico et al.,
2014 |
| Tilapia mariae (spotted tilapia) | From West Africa to former USSR (for warm water aquaculture) & USA (as aquarium species) |
Yes
|
Yes
| ACTFR,
2007; FAO,
2009 |
| Tilapia zillii (redbelly tilapia) | Deliberate introduction |
Yes
|
Yes
| Grabowski et al.,
1984 |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| O'Neill,
2006 |
| Tricellaria inopinata | |
Yes
| | Occhipinti-Ambrogi,
2000a |
| Trichopodus trichopterus (three spot gourami) | Has escaped from aquaculture facilities | |
Yes
| Welcomme,
1988 |
| Tridentiger trigonocephalus (chameleon goby) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| NIMPIS,
2014 |
| Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail) | | |
Yes
| Champion et al.,
2007 |
| Ulva pertusa | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Baamonde et al.,
2007; Verlaque,
2001; Verlaque et al.,
2002 |
| Ulva reticulata (ribbon sea lettuce) | Can be transferred with introductions of Kappaphycus alvarezii |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ask et al.,
2003 |
| Umbra pygmaea (eastern mudminnow) | Imported as food for aquaculture of North American salmonids |
Yes
| | Wolter,
2009; Wolter and Röhr,
2010 |
| Undaria pinnatifida (Asian kelp) | | | | |
| Urosalpinx cinerea (American oyster drill) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Xanthium spinosum (bathurst burr) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER,
2013 |
