| Alexandrium minutum | cysts in shellfish, possible but not documented |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Alitta succinea (pile worm) | On oysters |
Yes
| | Smith and Carlton (1975) |
| Ambloplites rupestris (rock bass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ameiurus melas (black bullhead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ameiurus natalis | |
Yes
| | FAO (1997) |
| Ameiurus nebulosus (brown bullhead) | |
Yes
| | |
| Amphibalanus improvisus (bay barnacle) | On commercial bivalve shells |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gruet et al. (1976) |
| Anguillicoloides crassus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fries et al. (1996); Kennedy and Fitch (1990) |
| Aphanomyces astaci | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oidtmann et al. (2005) |
| Arcuatula senhousia (Asian date mussel) | |
Yes
| | NIMPIS (2002) |
| Aristichthys nobilis (bighead carp) | |
Yes
| | |
| Ascidiella aspersa (European sea squirt) | |
Yes
| | |
| Aspius aspius (asp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Austrominius modestus | After initial introduction, subsequently spread in UK, Ireland and France due to aquaculture | |
Yes
| |
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) | |
Yes
| | Mazzoni et al. (2003); Schloegel et al. (2010) |
| Botrylloides perspicuus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Brachidontes pharaonis | Recorded in the north Aegean Sea, in most cases connected with anthropogenic activites i.e. shipping |
Yes
|
Yes
| Zenetos et al. (2005) |
| Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cabomba caroliniana (Carolina fanwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Les and Mehrhoff (1999) |
| Caprella mutica | Stock movements of oysters and movements of service boats between aquaculture sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ashton et al. (2007b); Carlton (1987); Cook et al. (2007a) |
| Carassius gibelio (Prussian carp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Carcinus maenas (European shore crab) | |
Yes
| | ISSG (2008) |
| Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides | Accidentally from the North West Pacific through aquaculture of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas |
Yes
| | Pérez et al. (2006); Henkel and Janussen (2011) |
| Channa argus argus (northern snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams (2004) |
| Channa marulius (bullseye snakehead) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Courtenay and Williams (2004); Froese and Pauly (2009) |
| Channa micropeltes (giant snakehead) | Wild fishing and/or cultured in cages |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pantulu (1976); Wee (1982); Lee and Ng (1991); Dudley (2000); Courtenay and Williams (2004) |
| Cherax destructor (yabby) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Horwitz (1990); Lynas et al. (2007) |
| Cherax quadricarinatus (redclaw crayfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Lynas et al. (2007) |
| Cichlasoma urophthalmum (Mayan cichlid) | Cultured as a food fish in Mexico since the 1980s |
Yes
|
Yes
| Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) (2016) |
| Ciona intestinalis (sea vase) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Ciona savignyi | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Clarias batrachus (walking catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Welcomme (1988) |
| Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides | East Asia to Europe, Europe to NW Atlantic Coast and Southern Hemisphere |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bouck and Morgan (1957); Carlton and Scanlon (1985); Dromgoole (1975); Silva (1955); Silva (1957); Silva (1979) |
| Coregonus albula (vendace) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Crepidula fornicata (American slipper limpet) | Transported as a parasite of Ostrea edulis |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) | Kept in cages for growout locally, also exported for live fish markets |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sadovy (2000); Sadovy et al. (2007) |
| Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp) | |
Yes
| | |
| Cyprinella lutrensis (red shiner) | Establishment in the lower Colorado River basin (1953) attributed to Arizona FishFarm escapees | |
Yes
| Hubbs (1954) |
| Cyprinus carpio (common carp) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Costa et al. (1993); Roberts and Ebner (1997) |
| Diplosoma listerianum | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dijkstra et al. (2007a) |
| Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eriocheir sinensis (Chinese mitten crab) | Accidental through the translocation of mussel or oysters from one catchment to another |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Esox lucius (pike) | See distribution table and list |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Eucheuma spp. | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Faxonius limosus (Spiny-cheek crayfish) | Main cause in Europe |
Yes
| | Holdich et al. (2006) |
| Gammarus tigrinus | Escapes from aquaculture facilities | |
Yes
| Nijssen and Stock (1966) |
| Gracilaria salicornia | Hawaii to Oahu and Molokai | |
Yes
| Smith et al. (2004) |
| Gracilaria tikvahiae (graceful red weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| University of Hawaii (2008) |
| Grateloupia turuturu | China, Japan, Korea and the far-eastern seas of Russia |
Yes
| | Lee (2008); Lee and Kang (2001); Perestenko (1996); Xia (2004); Yoshida (1998); Yoshida et al. (1990) |
| Heterotis niloticus (African bonytongue) | Deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| Micha (1973) |
| Homarus americanus (American lobster) | USA |
Yes
| | Kittaka (1984); Kittaka (1990) |
| Hypnea musciformis | Florida to Hawaiian Islands |
Yes
| | Russell and Balazs (1994) |
| Hypostomus plecostomus (suckermouth catfish) | Cultured in ponds in Florida |
Yes
|
Yes
| Grier (1980) |
| Ictalurus furcatus (blue catfish) | Deliberate |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ma et al. (2003) |
| Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Kappaphycus | Commercial aquaculture for both food and other human products containing carrageenan |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lagarosiphon major (African elodea) | |
Yes
| | Cronk and Fuller (1995) |
| Lates niloticus (Nile perch) | |
Yes
| | Froese and Pauly (2009); Welcomme (1988) |
| Lemna perpusilla (duckweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maki and Galatowitsch (2004) |
| Lepomis cyanellus (green sunfish) | Introduced to the Congo, Zambia, Japan and the Philippines for aquaculture |
Yes
| | Welcomme (1988) |
| Lepomis gulosus (warmouth) | See distribution table and list |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Leucaspius delineatus (sunbleak) | |
Yes
| | |
| Leuciscus idus (ide) | |
Yes
| | |
| Leuciscus leuciscus (common dace) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Limnobium laevigatum (South American spongeplant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Akers (2010); Encyclopedia of Life (2016) |
| Limnoperna fortunei (golden mussel) | L. fortunei arrived in Japan before 1987 possibly with the Asian clam imported as food from China |
Yes
| | Magara et al. (2001) |
| Litopenaeus vannamei (whiteleg shrimp) | Imported into non-native countries in the Americas. Asian importers sourced from stocks from Hawaii |
Yes
|
Yes
| Briggs et al. (2004) |
| Littorina littorea (common periwinkle) | Accidently introduced with oysters |
Yes
| | Carlton (2007) |
| Lucania parva (rainwater killifish) | Accidental with culturing of oysters (presumably) |
Yes
| | Hubbs and Miller (1965) |
| Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dandelot et al. (2005); Okada et al. (2009) |
| Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dandelot et al. (2005) |
| Magallana gigas (Pacific oyster) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Minchin and Gollasch (2008); Nehring (2011) |
| Maliarpha separatella (African white rice borer) | | |
Yes
| Heinrichs and Barrion (2004) |
| Marisa cornuarietis (giant ramshorn) | Associated with aquatic plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Marsupenaeus japonicus (kuruma shrimp) | |
Yes
| | |
| Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) | |
Yes
| | |
| Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) | |
Yes
| | |
| Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (oriental weatherloach) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Myicola ostreae | Through anthropogenic movements of infected hosts. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Batista et al. (2009); Comps (1972); Faasse (2003); Gollasch et al. (2009); His (1979); Ho and Kim (1991); Holmes and Minchin (1995); Hoshina and Sugiura (1953); Kim (2004); Villalba et al. (1993); Wolff (2005); Zenetos (2005) |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Myriophyllum spicatum (spiked watermilfoil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Mytilicola intestinalis (mussel red worm) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bol (2002); Dare (1982) |
| Mytilicola orientalis (oyster redworm) | |
Yes
| | Lauckner (1983); Minchin et al. (1993) |
| Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Myxobolus cerebralis (whirling disease agent) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bartholomew and Reno (2002) |
| Nasturtium microphyllum (one-row watercress) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Howard and Lyon (1952b) |
| Nymphoides peltata (yellow floating-heart) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS (2005) |
| Odontesthes bonariensis (pejerrey) | Important in fish culture | |
Yes
| Reartes (1995) |
| Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon) | Reared for production in USA, Canada, New Zeland and Chile |
Yes
|
Yes
| Heen et al. (1993); Leitritz and Lewis (1976); Thorpe (1989) |
| Oreochromis aureus (blue tilapia) | Deliberate introduction |
Yes
|
Yes
| USGS NAS (2007) |
| Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) | |
Yes
| | Nico and Schofield (2011) |
| Palaemon elegans (rock shrimp) | |
Yes
| | |
| Paraergasilus longidigitus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn) | To non-native countries in North, South and Central America, West Africa, Europe and Oceania |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dall (1957); Dore and Frimodt (1987); FAO (2007); Holthuis (1980); Shrimp News (2007) |
| Petricolaria pholadiformis (false angel wing) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Naylor (1957) |
| Pinctada imbricata radiata (rayed pearl oyster) | Greece, Italy | |
Yes
| Serbetis (1963) |
| Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rivers (2002) |
| Polyandrocarpa zorritensis | |
Yes
| | Mastrototaro et al. (2008) |
| Pomacea canaliculata (golden apple snail) | Introduced as human food. Most impotant long distance pathway |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pomacea maculata | Possible food source |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Pomoxis annularis (white crappie) | Intentionally introduced |
Yes
| | Welcomme (1988) |
| Pomoxis nigromaculatus (black crappie) | |
Yes
| | Welcomme (1988) |
| Pontogammarus robustoides | Introduced in the middle of XX century as fish-food resource in Baltic region |
Yes
|
Yes
| Arbaciauskas et al. (2010); Grabowski (2011); Panov et al. (2009) |
| Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maki and Galatowitsch (2004) |
| Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mudsnail) | Transport of aquaculture products (trout eggs, live fish); in the guts of introduced fish farm fish | |
Yes
| Zaranko et al. (1997) |
| Procambarus acutus acutus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Taylor et al. (2007) |
| Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish) | |
Yes
| | |
| Pseudodiaptomus marinus | Accidental |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fleminger and Kramer (1988) |
| Rana catesbeiana (American bullfrog) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Rapana venosa (veined rapana whelk) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ICES (2004) |
| Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Harris mud crab) | From Chesapeake Bay (Atlantic USA) to San Francisco Bay (Pacific USA) |
Yes
| | Cohen and Carlton (1995); Ruiz et al. (1997); Wasson et al. (2001) |
| Ruditapes philippinarum (Japanese carpet shell) | The clam is a high value seafood crop |
Yes
| | FAO (2009) |
| Rugosa rugosa (wrinkled frog) | Accidental introduction on Hokkaido, Japan via carp production |
Yes
| | Sarashina and Yoshida (2015) |
| Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| FAO (2019) |
| Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Salvinia auriculata (giant salvinia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2009) |
| Salvinia minima | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2006) |
| Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | Native to Brazil |
Yes
|
Yes
| McFarland et al. (2004) |
| Sander lucioperca (pike-perch) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sander vitreus (walleye) | See distribution table and list |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Sargassum muticum (wire weed) | |
Yes
| | |
| Scardinius erythrophthalmus (rudd) | |
Yes
| | |
| Schilbe mystus (African butter catfish) | Intentionallt introduced for acquaculture in China from Sudan in 1976 |
Yes
| | FAO (1997) |
| Schizoporella errata (branching bryozoan) | |
Yes
| | |
| Sciaenops ocellatus (red drum) | USA |
Yes
| | |
| Silurus glanis (wels catfish) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant) | Associated trade industries - accidental |
Yes
| | ISSG (2014) |
| Spirodela polyrrhiza (giant duckweed) | Used as an ornamental aquatic plant and as food for fish |
Yes
|
Yes
| Aquagreen (2020); Les (2020) |
| Styela clava (Asian tunicate) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Thorichthys meeki (firemouth cichlid) | Some populations in Florida may have resulted from escapes from fish farms | |
Yes
| Nico et al. (2014) |
| Tilapia mariae (spotted tilapia) | From West Africa to former USSR (for warm water aquaculture) & USA (as aquarium species) |
Yes
|
Yes
| ACTFR (2007); FAO (2009) |
| Tilapia zillii (redbelly tilapia) | Deliberate introduction |
Yes
|
Yes
| Grabowski et al. (1984) |
| Trapa natans (waterchestnut) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| O'Neill (2006) |
| Tricellaria inopinata | |
Yes
| | Occhipinti-Ambrogi (2000a) |
| Trichopodus trichopterus (three spot gourami) | Has escaped from aquaculture facilities | |
Yes
| Welcomme (1988) |
| Tridentiger trigonocephalus (chameleon goby) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| NIMPIS (2014) |
| Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail) | | |
Yes
| Champion et al. (2007) |
| Ulva pertusa | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Baamonde et al. (2007); Verlaque (2001); Verlaque et al. (2002) |
| Ulva reticulata (ribbon sea lettuce) | Can be transferred with introductions of Kappaphycus alvarezii |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ask et al. (2003) |
| Umbra pygmaea (eastern mudminnow) | Imported as food for aquaculture of North American salmonids |
Yes
| | Wolter (2009); Wolter and Röhr (2010) |
| Undaria pinnatifida (Asian kelp) | | | | |
| Urosalpinx cinerea (American oyster drill) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
| Xanthium spinosum (bathurst burr) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2013) |
