Campylopus introflexus

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Habit Caption Campylopus introflexus in the National Park De Hoge, Veluwe, Netherlands, 2002. Copyright Thilo Hasse	Habit	Campylopus introflexus in the National Park De Hoge, Veluwe, Netherlands, 2002.	Thilo Hasse
Title Habit Caption Close-up of Campylopus introflexus in the National Park De Hoge, Veluwe, Netherlands, 2002. Copyright Thilo Hasse	Habit	Close-up of Campylopus introflexus in the National Park De Hoge, Veluwe, Netherlands, 2002.	Thilo Hasse
Title Habit Caption Campylopus introflexus covering decalcified, stabilized coastal dunes, Island Norderney, Germany, 2005. Copyright Thilo Hasse	Habit	Campylopus introflexus covering decalcified, stabilized coastal dunes, Island Norderney, Germany, 2005.	Thilo Hasse
Title Habit Caption Campylopus introflexus covering decalcified, stabilized coastal dunes. Island Norderney, Germany, 2005. Copyright Thilo Hasse	Habit	Campylopus introflexus covering decalcified, stabilized coastal dunes. Island Norderney, Germany, 2005.	Thilo Hasse
Title Habit Caption Campylopus introflexus covering decalcified, stabilized coastal dunes. Island Norderney, Germany, 2005. Copyright Thilo Hasse	Habit	Campylopus introflexus covering decalcified, stabilized coastal dunes. Island Norderney, Germany, 2005.	Thilo Hasse

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Campylopus introflexus (Hedwig) Bridel, 1819

Other Scientific Names

• Dicranum introflexum Hedwig 1801

International Common Names

• English: Campylopus moss; heath star moss; heath star-moss

Local Common Names

• Denmark: stjerne bredribbe; vestlig bredribbe
• Germany: einwärtsgebogenes krummstielmoos; haartragendes krummstielmoos; heidepest; kaktusmoos; langhaariges krummstielmoos
• Iceland: hæruburst
• Latvia: jautrioji raštuote
• Lithuania: parasta liklape
• Netherlands: cactusmos; duinpest; grijs kronkelsteeltje; tankmos
• Norway: ribbesåtemose
• Poland: krzywoszczec przywloka
• Sweden: hårkvastmossa

Summary of Invasiveness

The rapid spread of the moss, C. introflexus within its newly colonized continents (Europe in 1941, North America in 1975) is attributed to its high dispersal capacity, locally by fragmentation and over longer distances by small spores. It can quickly and effectively establish on acidic open sites with low competition from other plants and often benefits from disturbances (burning, trampling and digging by animals, wind erosion). C. introflexus can form extensive carpets that have impact on habitat conditions and on the native flora and fauna. Van der Meulen et al. (1987) first pointed out the negative impact of the moss invasion on the Netherlands coastal dunes. Today (2009), the species is listed as an environmental weed on the “Global Compendium of Weeds” (http://www.hear.org/gcw).

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Streptophyta
•             Class: Bryopsida
•                 Order: Dicranales
•                     Family: Dicranaceae
•                         Genus: Campylopus
•                             Species: Campylopus introflexus

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

The species was first described as Dicranum introflexum by Hedwig in 1801 (Spec. Musc. Frond.: 147). Previously the name Campylopus introflexus was also used for Campylopus pilifer Brid. (Campylopus polytrichoides De Not.) and therefore considered as an almost cosmopolitan species until Giacomini (1955) showed that two different species were present. References for C. introflexus in Europe older than 1941 have to be referred to C. pilifer. References for C. introflexus in North America older than 1975 have to be referred to C. pilifer, Campylopus surinamensis or Campylopus oerstedianus (Frahm, 2007). Old records of C. introflexus generally have to be treated carefully, as there have been numerous revisions, e.g. Frahm (1985b) revised “C. introflexus” in the Hawaiian Islands to Campylopus aureus, which was later changed to Campylopus schmidii by Staples et al. (2004). For a list of synonyms see Frahm (1975), Greene (1986), and Streimann and Klazenga (2002), for example.

Description

C. introflexus is an acrocarpous, perennial moss forming dense cushions or mats. Plants are 0.5 to 5 cm high with yellow to olive-green leaves, 2.5 to 6.5 mm long, excurrent in a hyaline hair tip, particularly in sunny stands. When plants are dry these hair tips are strongly reflexed and form a white star, when seen from above (see Pictures). The seta is 7 to 12 mm long, yellowish when young and brownish when older. Capsules are 1 to 1.5 mm long. They are rare in drier areas, and frequent to abundant in wetter regions. Spores are 10 to 15 µm in diameter (Smith, 2004).

Plant Type

Distribution

C. introflexus is considered native in the southern hemisphere where it is common in temperate and sub-Antarctic regions, between 22 and 57°S (Gradstein and Sipman, 1978; Ochyra et al., 2008). The most northwards locality is on the island of Réunion at approximately 21°S (Frahm, 1985a). Records are known from southern South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay), southern Africa (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and South Africa), Australia, New Zealand, and many islands throughout the southern oceans (e.g. South Sandwich Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Juan Fernández Islands, and Saint Helena). This species invaded the northern hemisphere, where it was first recorded in 1941 in Europe and 1975 in North America. At present, it ranges between approximately 35°N (California; Norris and Shevock, 2004) and 66°N (Iceland; Weidema, 2006). 

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

This species was first discovered outside its natural area in Europe in 1941 in Washington, Sussex, UK (Richards, 1963) where it arrived probably by human activities (van der Meulen et al., 1987). The source area of the European population in the southern hemisphere could not be localized (Stech and Wagner, 2005) because only low intraspecific variation was revealed by a phylogenetic survey (Stech and Dohrmann, 2004).

In 1942 this species was found in Ireland, in 1954 it was reported from France (the first confirmation in Europe at that time because prior ones were detected later by surveying herbarium specimens), in 1961 from the Netherlands, 1966 from Belgium, 1967 from Germany, and 1968 from Denmark. Today (2009), it has expanded its European distribution towards the north to Iceland, towards the south to Portugal and eastwards as far as Latvia, Russia (Kaliningrad) and eastern Poland, Hungary and even Turkey. It also invaded islands such as the Azores, Madeira, the Faeroes and the Balearics.

Introductions

Risk of Introduction

Presently (2009), there is no evidence that the spread of C. introflexus has stopped and more records will probably emerge. No measures are known to counteract this spread, which probably originates from the dispersal of tiny spores dispersed by the wind over long distances. The number of sites where the species is considered to be invasive is also still increasing.

Habitat

C. introflexus is most widespread in low elevations of up to a few hundred metres, but occurs up to 1000 m.a.s.l. (e.g. Equihua and Usher, 1993; Nieuwkoop and Arts, 1995; Bisang et al., 1998). In southern Africa it was found above 3000 m (Germishuizen and Meyer, 2003). It prefers temporarily dry to humid, non-calcareous, nutrient-poor, humus or mineral soil or peat in fairly open situations; it is also found on bases of trees, rotten wood, and gravel on roofs and rarely on rocks (Gradstein and Sipman, 1978; Stieperaere and Jacques, 1995; Smith, 2004). Roadside banks, open sites and trails in poor shrub and forest, sparse grassy ground, swamps and fire sites are typical habitats. In the subarctic and subantarctic region (Iceland, South Sandwich Islands) this species is confined to geothermal ground where the soil is warmed up. A common factor of all these habitats is that they are, to some degree, exposed to natural or man-made disturbance and that competition from higher plants is low.

In Europe, C. introflexus is recorded as most invasive in stands of the grass Corynephorus canescens on stabilized and decalcified sand dunes on the coast (van der Meulen et al., 1987; Biermann, 1999; Ketner-Oostra and Sýkora, 2004) and inland (Biermann and Daniëls, 1997). It also invades heathlands (Stiperaere and Jacques, 1995), light forests and pine plantations, and raised and blanket bogs where it prevails on bare peat (Equihua and Usher, 1993; Lambdon, 2009). Furthermore, it can cover large areas of recently exposed and abandoned sandy ground in post-mining land.

In North America, the moss occupies similar habitats and is very abundant in sand dunes along the coast, for example (Frahm, 2007).

In Europe, C. introflexus performs best in the oceanic and suboceanic regions where precipitation is above 700 mm/year. It tolerates precipitation as low as approximately 500 mm/year. Microclimatic conditions can sometimes outrank macroclimate as the occurrences on geothermal ground show. In dune areas, C. introflexus is reported as having difficulties in dominating south-facing slopes most exposed to the sun (Ketner-Oostra et al., 2006). However, C. introflexus is still rather drought-resistant. Robbins (1952) showed that moss carpets can recover after a period of drought of 25-28 weeks maximum. In periods of drought, the leaves of the moss twist around the stems to impede evaporation. The hyaline hair tips reflect irradiation and thus keep the temperature within the carpets relatively moderate (van der Meulen et al., 1987).

The pH value of the substrate ranges from 3.5 to 7.0 with a peak at about 4.5 (e.g. Biermann, 1999; Hasse, 2005; Isermann, 2005). Values above 6.5 are reported only from fen peat (Equihua and Usher, 1993). In addition to the Soil Tolerances list, special soil tolerances for C. introflexus include organic substrates such as peat, rotten wood, and tree bases.

With reference to the Habitat List, the harm caused by C. introflexus in managed forests, plantations and orchards; disturbed areas; natural forests; wetlands (raised and blanket bogs); and cold lands/tundra (referring to geothermal warmed ground only), is evaluated to be local and not as severe as in coastal dunes.

Habitat List

Hosts/Species Affected

In the northern hemisphere, C. introflexus is not a weed of agricultural land, but occurs on low-productive soils. In the southern hemisphere, the moss also occurs in pasture (Robbins, 1952), but is not mentioned to have major impact there.

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

Stech and Dohrmann (2004) resolved that C. introflexus is monophyletic. It is unknown to what extent hybridization plays a role. However, molecular relationships (Stech and Dohrmann, 2004) and morphological characteristics (Gradstein and Sipman, 1978) of C. introflexus and Campylopus pilifer might indicate hybridization between both species. Chromosome numbers (n = 12) of specimens from Australia (Ramsay, 1974) and Poland (Ochyra and Kuta, 1990) were checked.

Reproductive Biology

C. introflexus is dioecious. In favourable habitats, the moss produces numerous tiny spores (10-15 µm). These are distributed by the wind over long distances and are therefore presumably primarily responsible for the rapid range expansion of the species within Europe and North America (Hassel and Söderström, 2005; Frahm, 2008).

Vegetative propagation by shoot tips plays an important role in local dispersal and the forming of invasive stands (Hallingbäck et al., 1985; Söderström, 1992). The abundance of these deciduous leafy buds shed from the upper leaves is highest in the young moss carpets, only a few millimetres high (Biermann, 1999). They are dispersed by the wind or animals and enable a very efficient and rapid occupation of gaps, a strategy which is often superior to strategies of native pioneer mosses.

Another advantage for colonizing new habitats is the ability of fragments of the moss carpets to survive for years after being detached and displaced, and to give rise to new individuals if conditions are suitable (Robbins, 1952; van der Meulen et al., 1987; Hasse, 2007). Animals frequently disperse them and thus assist the local spread of the moss.

Succession

C. introflexus is perennial. Under adequate conditions the moss can form carpets of 2-10 cm thickness. These barely allow other plants to colonize once they are established and therefore often form monotonous stands of up to several hundred square metres. These carpets persist over several years before being succeeded by other plants (Daniëls et al., 2008) or being rejuvenated with new individuals of the moss, often due to disturbance. The dry moss carpets are often observed to fragment and break loose from the ground, due to birds in search for food or trampling and digging or scraping animals. Alternate wetting and drying of moss carpets leads to the forming of polygon-shaped cracks and thus facilitates fragmentation.

Climate

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainage

• free

Soil reaction

• acid
• neutral
• very acid

Soil texture

• light

Special soil tolerances

• infertile
• shallow

Notes on Natural Enemies

C. introflexus may be grazed to some extent by typical moss herbivores such as slugs or pill beetles (Bhyrridae) (Lambdon, 2009).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

The pathway taken by C. introflexus to invade Europe and North America is unknown and theories about it are based on speculation. It is possible that the species was introduced accidentally by human activities (van der Meulen et al., 1987). Possibilities include plants or spores imported as stowaway with trading goods, attached to imported exotic plants, and/or dispersed by military activities or travelling tourists. It is less likely that the species invaded the northern hemisphere without human interference, either by long-distance transport of spores by air currents (cf. Frahm, 2008) or by migrating birds. Previous molecular studies of C. introflexus did not reveal the origin of the European population and therefore could not explain the pathways involved (Stech and Wagner, 2005).

Self-dispersal by spores might be the most prominent pathway of expansion within Europe and North America after the species has reached the new continents (Hassel and Söderström, 2005), but other factors might also have been involved. In the case of Madeira, Nieuwkoop and Arts (1995) supposed that tourists might have introduced the species accidentally, because the first record was from a popular tourist walk. Razgulyaeva et al. (2001) argue migrating birds as possible agents of introduction to Russia. Some people supposed that tanks during World War II spread the species throughout the Netherlands and they therefore gave the moss the name “tank moss”. However, the first report of the species in the Netherlands dates from 1961. Again, molecular studies could not elucidate the pathways for the European expansion (Stech et al., 2007). It is nearly impossible to differentiate clearly if a new occurrence derived from introduction (human activity) or not.

Locally, vegetative propagation presumably plays the more important role in the spread and the impressive dominance that the moss can gain (Hallingbäck et al., 1985). Shoot tips can be dispersed by wind or animals when stuck to their fur. Tufts of moss carpets can be dispersed by animals, trampling, scraping or tearing the carpet apart in search for food.

Natural Dispersal (Non-Biotic)

Spores are dispersed by the wind over long distances. Vegetative propagation by shoot tips may occur over short distances in strong winds.

Vector Transmission (Biotic)

Wild animals (e.g. game, boar, and rabbit) and humans may disperse fragments of moss carpets over short distances by trampling or scraping. Birds such as thrush or pheasant are observed to pick the moss carpets into pieces in search of food. These tufts can re-establish at new sites if conditions are suitable. Shoot tips may stick to animal fur and be transported locally.

Accidental Introduction

There are no recorded cases of introductions that could be clearly identified as accidental. However, most introductions are probably accidental because bryophytes are rarely deliberately introduced (Söderström, 1992).

There are no recorded cases of intentional introduction.

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Impact Summary

Environmental Impact

Extensive stands of C. introflexus alter the appearance of the invaded biotopes (see Pictures), habitat conditions and species composition. C. introflexus also invades rare habitats and locally threatens rare species.

Impact on Habitats

Like other pioneer species, C. introflexus covers open substrate rapidly. In open dune areas, when sand dynamics begin to cease, this process can be accelerated by the massive expansion of this moss. As well as being an effective colonizer of open substrate, the moss can also out-compete other species (Biermann and Daniëls, 1997).

Once fully established, these moss carpets without gaps impede the germination of herbs, grasses and dwarf-shrubs (van der Meulen et al., 1987; Equihua and Usher, 1993) and therefore impede vegetation succession. When emerging shrubs or trees increase shading and humidity or when the moss carpets become senescent, they may be succeeded by other species (e.g. Hasse, 2007; Daniëls et al., 2008). In a long-term study in the Netherlands, a succession from dominance by C. introflexus to native lichen-dominated vegetation on sun-exposed drift sand was observed on inland dunes during a period of 15 to 20 years (Daniëls et al., 2008). However, periodic disturbances may lead to periodic rejuvenation and thus continuous predominance of these moss carpets.

Impact on Biodiversity

The encroachment by C. introflexus reduces the dominance of other plants. Other pioneer mosses that are capable of forming carpets, such as Polytrichum piliferum, Polytrichum juniperinum, Dicranum scoparium, and Racomitrium canescens (cf. Weidema, 2006), as well as lichens (Biermann and Daniëls, 1997; Ketner-Oostra and Sýkora, 2004) and phanerogams (Equihua and Usher, 1993) are affected.

The encroachment can locally reduce plant species diversity (van der Meulen et al., 1987; Biermann, 1999), but often the overall species composition stays unaltered (Kowarik, 2003).

The risk of extinction for other species due to moss encroachment is difficult to assess and depends on the specific situation of the affected site. Hasse (2007) and Daniëls et al. (2008) argue that in an inland dune complex in the Netherlands, the encroachment is locally temporal and native species return after they persevered in adjacent habitats, whereas Weidema (2006) reports a negative impact on some rare moss species in a small-sized geothermal area in Iceland. The following conditions/factors might regulate the risk of extinction:

- The availability of adjacent habitats that are little or unaffected by the moss encroachment and suitable for persistence of the species.

- The time span of the moss dominance.

- The species’ capability to re-colonize the invaded site after the moss carpets cease in dominance.

- The species’ ability to persist or rejuvenate within the moss carpets.

Van Turnhout (2005) supposed that moss encroachment may have contributed to the extinction of the Tawny Pipit (Anthus campestris) (a breeding bird in the Netherlands) due to the decreased abundance of arthropods and thus food availability for the bird on the extensive carpets.

Risk and Impact Factors

• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Has a broad native range
• Abundant in its native range
• Is a habitat generalist
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Tolerant of shade
• Fast growing
• Has high reproductive potential
• Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
• Reproduces asexually

• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Modification of successional patterns
• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of endangered species
• Threat to/ loss of native species

• Competition - monopolizing resources

• Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
• Difficult to identify/detect in the field
• Difficult/costly to control

Uses

Economic value

C. introflexus may be used in moss gardens.

Uses List

Ornamental

• Potted plant

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

If well-developed, C. introflexus is easily recognized by its typical strongly reflexed hair tips. These hair tips are sometimes poorly developed, especially in semi-shady habitats, and confusion with other Campylopus species in the field is possible. It is most difficult to separate C. introflexus from Campylopus pilifer. Characteristics for the separation of both species were discussed by Richards (1963), Frahm (1974) and Gradstein and Sipman (1978), but they are still subject to discussion. Frahm and Stech (2006) put the hitherto known characteristics into perspective by describing intermediate forms between both species from France. In the southern hemisphere both species are even less clearly separated by morphological characteristics than in Europe (Gradstein and Sipman, 1978).

C. introflexus can best be distinguished from its near relative C. pilifer with a transverse section of the leaf nerve. C. introflexus’ dorsal lamellae are composed of 1 (to 2) cell rows whereas C. pilifer has (1 to) 2 to 4 (to 6) cell rows (Frahm and Stech, 2006). Furthermore, the seta is longer (ca. 4 mm for C. pilifer) and spores are smaller (12 to 19 mm for C. pilifer; Gradstein and Sipman, 1978).

Prevention and Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Invasive Species Management

Disturbance is a key factor in many ecosystems invaded by C. introflexus. It is essential to maintain different successional phases that contribute to overall species richness, as many native species in these ecosystems rely on the creation of open habitats. There are several natural sources of disturbance (e.g. wind and water erosion, animals, fire) and management practices often target for the same factor. These open habitats are prone to invasion by C. introflexus.

Management measures such as the removal of pine plantations to restore heathland (Wilton-Jones and Ausden, 2005), and natural disturbances such as wild fire (Ketner-Oostra et al., 2006) were reported to result in an increased emergence of the alien moss.

Prevention

No prevention methods have been described for C. introflexus. It seems impossible to prevent its dispersal because it is very fertile and the tiny spores are distributed by the wind over long distances.

Control

Management options to control moss encroachment can be categorized into direct interference with the moss plants or the control of habitat conditions to the disadvantage of the moss as an indirect measure. However, all management options have been of limited success.

The use of the herbicide asulam (Asulox), tested in experiments with different mosses, showed little impact on C. introflexus (Rowntree et al., 2003). Sod-cutting of a 200 m² plot did not successfully remove C. introflexus long-term, and the moss reclaimed dominance 3 years later (Ketner-Oostra and Sýkora, 2000).

This moss does not tolerate burial in calcareous sand (van der Meulen et al., 1987; van Boxel et al., 1997; Ketner-Oostra and Sýkora, 2000; 2004), thus stimulating sand drift from the first foredunes and the beach could be a protective measure against moss invasion on the coast. Burial under a thin layer of decalcified sand was tolerated by C. introflexus (Hasse and Daniëls, 2006).

It is uncertain whether airborne eutrophication and acid rain facilitate the spread of C. introflexus (van der Meulen et al., 1987; Nentwig, 2006).

References

Abolina A; Reriha I, 2004. Additions to the moss flora of Slitere National Park. (Papildinajumi Sliteres nacionala parka sunaugu florai) Latvijas Universitates 62. Zinatniska konference. Geografija. Geologija. Vides zinatne. Referatu tezes. Riga, Latvia: Latvijas Universitates, 14-16.

Aleffi M; Tacchi R; Pedrotti CC, 2008. Check-list of the hornworts, liverworts and mosses of Italy. Bocconea, 22:5-254.

Beever J; Child J; Allison KW, 2006. The mosses of New Zealand. New Zealand: Otago University Press, 214 pp.

Benkert D, 1971. [English title not available]. (Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. auch in Mitteleuropa) Feddes Repertorium, 81 (8-9):651-654.

Biermann R, 1999. [English title not available]. (Vegetationsökologische Untersuchungen der Corynephorus canescens - Vegetation der südlichen und östlichen Nordseekuste sowie der Kattegattinsel Læsø unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Campylopus introflexus) Mitteilungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Geobotanik in Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg, 59:1-148.

Biermann R; Daniëls FJA, 1997. Changes in a lichen-rich dry sand grassland vegetation with special reference to lichen synusiae and Campylopus introflexus. Phytocoenologia, 27:257-273.

Bisang I; Geissler P; Mueller N; Schnyder N; Schubiger-Bossard C; Urmi E, 1998. Distribution of bryophytes in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Botanica Helvetica, 108:197-216.

Boesen DF; Lewinsky J; Rasmussen R, 1975. A check-list of the bryophytes of the Faroes. Lindbergia, 3:69-78.

Boxel JH van; Jungerius PD; Kieffer N; Hampele N, 1997. Ecological effects of reactivation of artificially stabilized blowouts in coastal dunes. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 3:57-62.

Casas C; Heras P; Reinoso J; Rodríguez-Oubiña J, 1988. [English title not available]. (Consideraciones sobre la presencia en España de Campylopus introflexus (Hedw. ) Brid. y C. pilifer Brid.) Orsis, 3:21-26.

Daniëls FJA; Minarski A; Lepping O, 2008. Dominance pattern changes of a lichen-rich Corynephorus grassland in the inland of The Netherlands. Annals of Botany (N.S.), VIII:9-19.

Dixon HN, 1960. Mosses of Tristan da Cunha. In: Results of the Norwegian scientific expedition to Tristan da Cunha 1937-1938 [ed. by Christophersen E] Oslo, Norway: Kommissjon hos H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), 49 pp.

Equihua M; Usher MB, 1993. Impact of carpets of the invasive moss Campylopus introflexus on Calluna vulgaris regeneration. Journal of Ecology, 81:359-365.

Frahm FP; O'Shea BJ; Ho BC, 2009. The Moss Flora of Mauritius. Archive for Bryology, 51:1-26. http://www.archive-for-bryology.com/

Frahm JP, 1971. [English title not available]. (Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. neu für Dänemark) Lindbergia, 1:117-118.

Frahm JP, 1972. [English title not available]. (Die Ausbreitung von Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. in Mitteleuropa) Herzogia, 2:317-330.

Frahm JP, 1974. [English title not available]. (Zur Unterscheidung und Verbreitung von Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. und C. polytrichoides De Not.) Revue Bryologique et Lichénologique, 40(1):33-44.

Frahm JP, 1975. [English title not available]. (Conspectus der Mittel- und südamerikanischen Campylopus-Arten (Dicranaceae)) Bryophytorum Bibliotheka, 5:1-144.

Frahm JP, 1980. Synopsis of the genus Campylopus in North America north of Mexico. Bryologist, 83:570-588.

Frahm JP, 1981. Campylodes Exsiccatae Fasc. 1. Nova Hedwigia, 34:397-415.

Frahm JP, 1985. [English title not available]. (Afrikanische Campylopus-Arten (Dicranaceae, Musci)) Bryophytorum Bibliotheka, 31:1-216.

Frahm JP, 1985. Campylopus aureus in the Hawaiian Island USA. Bryologist, 88:359-360.

Frahm JP, 1991. Dicranaceae: Campylopodioideae, Paraleucobryoideae. Flora Neotropica Monograph, 54:1-238.

Frahm JP, 2005. An evaluation of the bryophyte flora of the Azores. Tropical Bryology, 26:57-79. http://www.bryologie.uni-bonn.de/deutsch/content/Frahm/2005/Frahm%203.pdf

Frahm JP, 2007. Campylopus. In: Flora of North America: North of Mexico. Volume 27: Bryophytes: Mosses, Part 1 [ed. by Flora of North America Editorial Committee] New York, USA: Oxford University Press, 734 pp.

Frahm JP, 2008. Diversity, dispersal and biogeography of bryophytes (mosses). Biodiversity and Conservation, 17(2):277-284. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g35117405lgj016t/?p=a21a4fcbbaff47abad7ba8163d4b76a4&pi=3

Frahm JP; Stech M, 2006. The taxonomic status of intermediate forms of Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. and C. pilifer Brid. (Dicranaceae, Bryopsida) newly discovered in Europe. Cryptogamie Bryologie, 27:213-223.

Fudali E; Szczepanski M; Rusinska A; Rosadzinski S; Wolski G, 2009. The current distribution in Poland of some European neophytic bryophytes with supposed invasive tendencies. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 78:73-80. http://www.ib-pan.krakow.pl/pubs-pdf/Acta%20Societatis%20Botanicorum/2009/W73_80.pdf

Germishuizen G; Meyer NL, 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Pretoria, South Africa: National Botanical Institute. http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/NISL/Biodiversity/Attachments/Plants%20of%20SA.pdf

Giacomini V, 1955. [English title not available]. (Sull' autonomia specifica e sul ciclo di forme di Campylopus polytrichoides De Not.) Atti Ist. Bot. Univ. Lab. Critt., Pavia, Ser. 5, 13:45-83.

Gradstein SR; Sipman HJM, 1978. Taxonomy and world distribution of Campylopus introflexus and C. pilifer (= C. polytrichoides): a new synthesis. Bryologist, 81:114-121.

Greene DM, 1986. A conspectus of the mosses of Antarctica, South Georgia, the Falkland Islands and southern South America. Cambridge, UK: British Antarctic Survey, 314 pp.

Grims F; Köckinger H; Krisai R; Schriebl A; Suanjak M; Zechmeister H; Ehrendorfer F, 1999. Die Laubmoose Österreichs. Catalogus Florae Austria, II. Teil, Bryophyten (Moose), Heft 1, Musci (Laubmoose). Vienna, Austria: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 418 pp.

Hallingbäck T; Johansson T; Schmitt A, 1985. [English title not available]. (Hårkvastmossa, Campylopus introflexus, i Sverige) Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 79:41-47.

Hasse T, 2005. Characterisation of the successional stages in the Spergulo-Corynephoretum (Corynephorus grasslands) with particular emphasis on lichens. (Charakterisierung der Sukzessionsstadien im Spergulo-Corynephoretum (Silbergrasfluren) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Flechten) Tuexenia, 25:407-424.

Hasse T, 2007. Campylopus introflexus invasion in a dune grassland: succession, disturbance and relevance of existing plant invader concepts. Herzogia, 20:305-315.

Hasse T; Daniëls FJA, 2006. Species responses to experimentally induced habitat changes in a Corynephorus grassland. Journal of Vegetable Science, 17:135-146.

Hassel K; Söderström L, 2005. The expansion of the alien mosses Orthodontium lineare and Campylopus introflexus in Britain and continental Europe. Journal of the Hattori Botany Laboratory, 97:183-193.

Hebrard JP, 1970. [English title not available]. (Muscinées récoltées aux Iles Kerguelen et Crozet pendant la campagne d'été des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises (1969)) Revue Bryologique et Lichénologique, Nouvelle Série, 37:135-162.

Hill MO; Preston CD; Smith AJE, 1992. Atlas of the bryophytes of Britain and Ireland. Volume 2 - Mosses (except the Diplolepideae). Colchester, UK: Harley Books, 400 pp.

Hoe WJ, 1974. Annotated checklist of Hawaiian mosses. Lyonia, 1(1):1-45.

Holotová E; Šoltés R, 1997. Campylopus introflexus: new moss species to the Slovakian moss flora. Biologia (Bratislava), 52:494.

Hübschmann A, 1970. [English title not available]. (Über die Verbreitung einiger seltener Laubmoose in nordwestdeutschen Pflanzengesellschaften) Herzogia, 2:63-75.

Isermann M, 2005. Soil pH and species diversity in coastal dunes. Plant Ecology, 178(1):111-120. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=100328

Jacques E; Lambinon E, 1968. [English title not available]. (Campylopus polytrichoides De Not. introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. en Belgique) Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, 38:147-153.

Johansson T, 1977. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. New to the Swedish flora. Lindbergia, 4:165.

Jukoniene I, 2003. Mosses of Lithuania. (Lietuvos kiminai ir žaliosios samanos) Vilnius: Botanikos instituto leidykla, 402 pp.

Ketner-Oostra R; Peijl MJ van der; Sýkora KV, 2006. Restoration of lichen diversity in grass-dominated vegetation of coastal dunes after wildfire. Journal of Vegetable Science, 17:147-156.

Ketner-Oostra R; Sýkora KV, 2000. Vegetation succession and lichen diversity on dry coastal calcium-poor dunes and the impact of management experiments. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 6:191-206.

Ketner-Oostra R; Sýkora KV, 2004. Decline of lichen diversity in calcium-poor coastal dune vegetation since the 1970s, related to grass and moss encroachment. Phytocoenologia, 34:521-549.

Kowarik I, 2003. Biologische Invasionen: Neophyten and Neozoen in Mitteleuropa. Stuttgart, Germany: Ulmer, 320 pp.

Lambdon PW, 2009. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid., heath star moss (Dicranaceae, Bryophyta). In: Handbook of Alien Species in Europe. Invading nature: Springer series in invasion ecology 3 Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 344.

Lewis Smith RI, 1988. Botanical survey of Deception Island. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, 80:129-136.

Lisowski S; Urbanski P, 1989. [English title not available]. (Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. - nowy gatunek dla brioflory polskiej) Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polska, Zachodnia, seria B, Botanika., 181-183.

Longton RE; Holdgate MW, 1979. The South Sandwich Islands: IV. Botany. British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports, 94:1-53.

Meulen F der van; Hagen H der van; Kruijsen B, 1987. Campylopus introflexus. Invasion of a moss in Dutch coastal dunes. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series C - Biological and Medical Sciences, 90:73-80.

Mikulásková E, 2006. Development in distribution of the neophytic moss Campylopus introflexus in the Czech Republic. Bryonora, 38:1-10.

Miller HA; Whittier HO; Whittier BA, 1978. [English title not available]. (Prodromus florae muscorum Polynesiae) Bryophytorum Bibliotheca, 16:1-334.

Nentwig W, 2006. Biological Invasions. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 466 pp. [Ecological Studies 193.]

Neu F, 1968. [English title not available]. (Das Mediterran-Atlantische Laubmoos Campylopus introflexus im Munsterland) Natur und Heimat, 28:125.

Nieuwkoop J; Arts T, 1995. Additions to the bryophyte flora of Madeira. Lindbergia, 20:35-39.

Norris DH; Shevock JR, 2004. Contributions towards a bryoflora of California: I. A specimen-based catalogue of mosses. Madroño, 51:1-131.

Novotny I, 1990. The moss Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. new to Czechoslovakia. Acta Musei Moraviae, Sci. Nat., 75:237-238.

Ochyra R; Bednarek-Ochyra H; Lewis-Smith RI, 2002. New and rare moss species from sub-antarctic South Georgia. Nova Hedwigia, 74:121-147.

Ochyra R; Kuta E, 1990. Chromosome studies on Polish bryophytes VI. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica, 32:197-218.

Ochyra R; Lewis-Smith R; Bednarek-Ochyra H, 2008. The Illustrated Moss Flora of Antarctica (Studies in Polar Research). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 713 pp.

O'Shea B, 1999. Checklist of the mosses of sub-Saharan Africa (version 3, 11/99). Tropical Bryology Research Reports, 1:1-33. http://www.oshea.demon.co.uk/tbr/

Perold SM; Rooy J van, 1993. Bryophyta. Plants of Southern Africa: names and distribution. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa, 62:4-46.

Ramsay HP, 1974. Cytological studies on Australian mosses. Australian Journal of Botany, 22:293-348.

Razgulyaeva LV; Napreenko MG; Wolfram CH; Ignatov MS, 2001. Campylopus introflexus (Dicranaceae, Musci) - an addition to the moss flora of Russia. Arctoa, 10:185-189. http://arctoa.ru/ru/Archive-ru/10/campylopus.pdf

Richards PW, 1963. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. and C. polytrichoides De Not. in the British Isles; a preliminary account. Transactions of the British Bryology Society, 4(3):404-417.

Robbins RG, 1952. Bryophyte ecology of a dune area in New Zealand. Plant Ecology, 4:1-31.

Rowntree JK; Lawton KF; Rumsey FJ; Sheffield E, 2003. Exposure to Asulox inhibits the growth of mosses. Annals of Botany, 92:547-556.

Sáez Ll; Fraga P; Rosselló JA, 1998. Bryological Notes. Some interesting bryophyte records for the Balearic Islands. Journal of Bryology, 20:506-508.

Schofield W, 1997. Bryophytes unintentionally introduced to British Columbia. Botanical Electronic News. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben162.html

Schultze-Motel W, 1975. [English title not available]. (Katalog der Laubmoose von West-Afrika) Willdenowia, 7:473-535.

Scott GAM; Stone IG, 1976. The mosses of southern Australia. London, UK: Academic Press, xv + 495 pp.

Senn H, 2000. [English title not available]. (Die Moose des Fürstentums Liechtenstein) Naturkundliche Forschung im Fürstentum Liechtenstein, 17:1-248.

Sérgio C, 1997. [English title not available]. (Primeiras localidades para Portugal da Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. Notulae Bryoflorae Lusitanicae VI) Portugaliae Acta Biologica, Sér. B, 17:273-274.

Sérgio C; Seneca A; Vieira C; Garcia C; Ferreira J; Figueira R, 2003. [English title not available]. (Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. em Portugal. Novos dados sobre uma espécie invasora. Notulae Bryoflorae lusitanicae IX) Portugaliae Acta Biologica, Sér. B, 21:285-288.

Sipman H, 1977. [English title not available]. (Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. en C. pilifer Brid. in Nederland) Lindbergia, 4:157-159.

Smith AJE, 2004. The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1012 pp.

Staples GW; Imada CT; Hoe WJ; Smith CW, 2004. A revised checklist of Hawaiian mosses. Tropical Bryology, 25:35-69. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/trop-bryo.pdf

Stech M; Dohrmann J, 2004. Molecular relationships and biogeography of two Gondwanan Campylopus species, C. pilifer and C. introflexus (Dicranaceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, 98:415-431.

Stech M; Sim-Sim M; Frahm JP, 2007. Campylopus (Leucobryaceae, Bryopsida) on Madeira Island - Molecular relationships and biogeographic affinities. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft, 131:91-100.

Stech M; Wagner M, 2005. Molecular relationships, biogeography, and evolution of Gondwanan Campylopus species (Dicranaceae, Bryopsida). Taxon, 54:377-382.

Stieperaere H; Jacques E, 1995. The spread of Orthodontium lineare and Campylopus introflexus in Belgium. Belgium Journal of Botany, 128:117-123.

Streimann H, 2002. The mosses of Norfolk Island. Flora of Australia: Supplementary Series 16. Canberra, Australia: Australian Biological Resources, 178 pp.

Streimann H; Klazenga N, 2002. Catalogue of Australian mosses. Flora of Australia: Supplementary Series 17. Canberra, Australia: Australian Biological Resources, 259 pp.

Størmer P, 1958. Some mosses from the phytogeographical excursion 1-9 through the Armorican massive in 1954. Revue Bryologique et Lichénologique, 27:13-16.

Szücs P; Erzberger P, 2007. Campylopus introflexus [in Hungary]. In: Blockeel TL (ed.) New national and regional bryophyte records, 16. Journal of Bryology, 29:199.

Söderström L, 1992. Invasions and range expansions and contractions of bryophytes. In: Bryophytes and lichens in a changing environment [ed. by Bates JW, Farmer AM] Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 131-158.

Taylor T, 1997. Campylopus introflexus - Moss introduced in British Columbia. Botanical Electronic News. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben162.html

Tixier P, 1980. [English title not available]. (Bryophyta exotica VI. Données muscologiques nouvelles sur l'ile d'Amsterdam (Océan Indien du Sud)) Nova Hedwigia, 32:483-491.

Tonguç Yayintas O, 2009. Campylopus introflexus [in Turkey]. In: Blockeel TL (ed.) New national and regional bryophyte records, 20. Journal of Bryology, 31:55.

Turnhout C van, 2005. [English title not available]. (Het verdwijnen van de Duinpieper als broedvogel uit Nederland en Noordwest-Europa) Limosa, 78:1-14.

Vitt DH, 1974. A key and synopsis of the mosses of Campbell Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 12:185-210. http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/Site/publish/Journals/nzjb/1974/13.aspx

Vitt DH, 1979. The moss flora of the Auckland Islands, New Zealand, with a consideration of habitats, origins, and adaptations. Canadian Journal of Botany, 57:2226-2263.

Wace NM; Dickson JH, 1965. The terrestrial botany of Antarctica. In: Palaeoecology of Africa and the surrounding islands and Antarctica [ed. by Zinderen Bakker EMvan] Cape Town, South Africa: A.A. Balkema, 213-238.

Weidema I, 2006. Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet - Campylopus introflexus. Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species (NOBANIS). www.nobanis.org

Werner J, 1981. [English title not available]. (Observations bryologiques au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Première Série, 1978-1979) Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeoi, 83-84(1978-1979):97-111.

Wilton-Jones G; Ausden M, 2005. Restoring heathland by conifer plantation removal at The Lodge RSPB Reserve, Bedfordshire, England. Conservation Evidence, 2:70-71. http://www.conservationevidence.com/Attachments/PDF147.pdf

Zanten BO van, 1971. Musci. In: Marion and Prince Edward Islands: report on the South African biological and geological expedition 1965-1966 [ed. by Zinderen Bakker EMvan , Winterbottom JM, Dyer RA] Cape Town, South Africa: A.A. Balkema, 173-227.

Øvstedal DO, 1978. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. new to Norway. Lindbergia, 4:336.

Distribution References

Abolina A, Reriha I, 2004. Additions to the moss flora of Slitere National Park. (Papildinajumi Sliteres nacionala parka sunaugu florai.). In: Latvijas Universitates 62. Zinatniska konference. Geografija. Geologija. Vides zinatne. Referatu tezes [Latvijas Universitates 62. Zinatniska konference. Geografija. Geologija. Vides zinatne. Referatu tezes], Riga, Latvia: Latvijas Universitates. 14-16.

Anon, 1992. Atlas of the bryophytes of Britain and Ireland. Volume 2 - Mosses (except the Diplolepideae). [ed. by Hill M O, Preston C D, Smith A J E]. Colchester, UK: Harley Books. 400 pp.

Anon, 2008. Check-list of the hornworts, liverworts and mosses of Italy. Bocconea. 5-254.

Benkert D, 1971. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. also in Central Europe. (Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. auch in Mitteleuropa.). Feddes Repertorium. Zeitschrift für Botanische Taxonomie und Geobotanik. 81 (8-9), 651-654. DOI:10.1002/fedr.19710810813

Biermann R, 1999. Ecobotanical investigations of the Corynephorus canescens - introflexus vegetation of the southern and eastern North Sea coast and Kattegatt island Laeso, with special regard to Campylopus introflexus. (Vegetationsokologische Untersuchungen der Corynephorus canescens - Vegetation der sudlichen und ostlichen Nordseekuste sowie der Kattegattinsel Laeso unter besonderer Berucksichtigung von Campylopus introflexus.). Mitteilungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Geobotanik in Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg. 1-148.

Bisang I, Geissler P, Mueller N, Schnyder N, Schubiger-Bossard C, Urmi E, 1998. Distribution of bryophytes in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Botanica Helvetica. 197-216.

Boesen D F, Lewinsky J, Rasmussen R, 1975. A check-list of the bryophytes of the Faroes. Lindbergia. 69-78.

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Casas C, Heras P, Reinoso J, Rodriguez-Oubina J, 1988. The presence in Spain of Campylopus introflexus (Hedw. ) Brid. and C. pilifer Brid. (Consideraciones sobre la presencia en Espana de Campylopus introflexus (Hedw. ) Brid. y C. pilifer Brid.). Orsis. 21-26.

Dixon H N, 1960. Mosses of Tristan da Cunha. In: Results of the Norwegian scientific expedition to Tristan da Cunha 1937-1938. [ed. by Christophersen E]. Oslo, Norway: Kommissjon hos H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard). 49 pp.

Frahm F P, O'Shea B J, Ho B C, 2009. The Moss Flora of Mauritius. Archive for Bryology. 1-26. http://www.archive-for-bryology.com/

Frahm J P, 1971. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. new for Denmark. (Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. neu für Danemark.). Lindbergia. 117-118.

Frahm J P, 1975. Conspectus of the Central- and South American Campylopus species (Dicranaceae). (Conspectus der Mittel- und sudamerikanischen Campylopus-Arten (Dicranaceae).). Bryophytorum Bibliotheka. 1-144.

Frahm J P, 1980. Synopsis of the genus Campylopus in North America north of Mexico. Bryologist. 570-588.

Frahm J P, 1981. Campylodes Exsiccatae Fasc. 1. Nova Hedwigia. 397-415.

Frahm J P, 1985. African Campylopus species (Dicranaceae, Musci). (Afrikanische Campylopus-Arten (Dicranaceae, Musci).). Bryophytorum Bibliotheka. 1-216.

Frahm J P, 1985a. Campylopus aureus in the Hawaiian Island USA. Bryologist. 359-360.

Frahm J P, 1991. Dicranaceae: Campylopodioideae, Paraleucobryoideae. Flora Neotropica Monograph. 238 pp.

Frahm J P, 2005. An evaluation of the bryophyte flora of the Azores. Tropical Bryology. 57-79. http://www.bryologie.uni-bonn.de/deutsch/content/Frahm/2005/Frahm%203.pdf

Frahm J P, 2007. Campylopus. In: Flora of North America: North of Mexico. Volume 27: Bryophytes: Mosses, Part 1. [ed. by Flora of North America Editorial Committee]. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. 734 pp.

Fudali E, Szczepanski M, Rusinska A, Rosadzinski S, Wolski G, 2009. The current distribution in Poland of some European neophytic bryophytes with supposed invasive tendencies. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 73-80. http://www.ib-pan.krakow.pl/pubs-pdf/Acta%20Societatis%20Botanicorum/2009/W73_80.pdf

Gradstein S R, Sipman H J M, 1978. Taxonomy and world distribution of Campylopus introflexus and C. pilifer (= C. polytrichoides): a new synthesis. Bryologist. 114-121.

Grims F, Kockinger H, Krisai R, Schriebl A, Suanjak M, Zechmeister H, Ehrendorfer F, 1999. Die Laubmoose Osterreichs. Catalogus Florae Austria, II. Teil, Bryophyten (Moose), Heft 1, Musci (Laubmoose). Vienna, Austria: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 418 pp.

Hassel K, Soderstrom L, 2005. The expansion of the alien mosses Orthodontium lineare and Campylopus introflexus in Britain and continental Europe. Journal of the Hattori Botany Laboratory. 183-193.

Hebrard J P, 1970. Mosses collected in the Kerguelen and Crozet Islands during the summer visit of 1969 to the Southern and Antarctic Territories. (Muscinees recoltees aux Iles Kerguelen et Crozet pendant la campagne d'ete des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises (1969).). Revue Bryologique et Lichenologique, Nouvelle Série. 135-162.

Hoe W J, 1974. Annotated checklist of Hawaiian mosses. Lyonia. 1 (1), 1-45.

Hubschmann A, 1970. The distribution of some rare mosses in the plant communities of northwestern Germany. (Uber die Verbreitung einiger seltener Laubmoose in nordwestdeutschen Pflanzengesellschaften.). Herzogia. 63-75.

Jacques E, Lambinon E, 1968. Campylopus polytrichoides De Not. introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. in Belgium. (Campylopus polytrichoides De Not. introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. en Belgique.). In: Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique. 38 147-153.

Johansson T, 1977. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. New to the Swedish flora. Lindbergia. 165.

Jukoniene I, 2003. Lietuvos kiminai ir laliosios samanos. Vilnius, Lithuania: Botanikos instituto leidykla. 402 pp.

Klinck J, 2010. Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet - Campylopus introflexus. In: Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species (NOBANIS), https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/c/campylopus-introflexus/campylopus_introflexus.pdf

Lewis Smith R I, 1988. Botanical survey of Deception Island. In: British Antarctic Survey Bulletin. 80 129-136.

Lisowski S, Urbanski P, 1989. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. - a new species for the Polish bryoflora. (Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. - nowy gatunek dla brioflory polskiej.). In: Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polska, Zachodnia, seria B, Botanika, 39 181-183.

Longton R E, Holdgate M W, 1979. The South Sandwich Islands: IV. Botany. In: British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports, 94 1-53.

Meulen F van der, Hagen H van der, Kruijsen B, 1987. Campylopus introflexus. Invasion of a moss in Dutch coastal dunes. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series C - Biological and Medical Sciences. 73-80.

Mikulásková E, 2006. Development in distribution of the neophytic moss Campylopus introflexus in the Czech Republic. Bryonora. 1-10.

Miller H A, Whittier H O, Whittier B A, 1978. [English title not available]. (Prodromus florae muscorum Polynesiae.). Bryophytorum Bibliotheca. 1-334.

Neu F, 1968. The Mediterranean-Atlantic moss Campylopus introflexus in Munster. (Das Mediterran-Atlantische Laubmoos Campylopus introflexus im Munsterland.). Natur und Heimat. 125.

Nieuwkoop J, Arts T, 1995. Additions to the bryophyte flora of Madeira. Lindbergia. 35-39.

Norris D H, Shevock J R, 2004. Contributions towards a bryoflora of California: I. A specimen-based catalogue of mosses. Madroño. 1-131.

Novotny I, 1990. The moss Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. new to Czechoslovakia. Casopis Moravskeho Musea v Brne. Vedy Prirodni. 237-238.

Ochyra R, Bednarek-Ochyra H, Lewis-Smith R I, 2002. New and rare moss species from sub-antarctic South Georgia. Nova Hedwigia. 121-147.

Ochyra R, Lewis-Smith R, Bednarek-Ochyra H, 2008. The Illustrated Moss Flora of Antarctica. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 713 pp.

O'Shea B, 1999. Checklist of the mosses of sub-Saharan Africa (version 3, 11/99). In: Tropical Bryology Research Reports, 1-33. http://www.oshea.demon.co.uk/tbr/

Perold S M, Rooy J van, 1993. Bryophyta. Plants of Southern Africa: names and distribution. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa. 4-46.

Razgulyaeva L V, Napreenko M G, Wolfram C H, Ignatov M S, 2001. Campylopus introflexus (Dicranaceae, Musci) - an addition to the moss flora of Russia. In: Arctoa, 10 185-189. http://arctoa.ru/ru/Archive-ru/10/campylopus.pdf

Richards P W, 1963. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. and C. polytrichoides De Not. in the British Isles; a preliminary account. Transactions of the British Bryology Society. 4 (3), 404-417.

Saez Ll, Fraga P, Rossello J A, 1998. Bryological Notes. Some interesting bryophyte records for the Balearic Islands. Journal of Bryology. 506-508.

Schofield W, 1997. Bryophytes unintentionally introduced to British Columbia. In: Botanical Electronic News, http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben162.html

Schultze-Motel W, 1975. Catalogue of West African mosses. (Katalog der Laubmoose von West-Afrika.). Willdenowia. 473-535.

Scott G A M, Stone I G, 1976. The mosses of southern Australia. London, UK: Academic Press. xv + 495 pp.

Senn H, 2000. The mosses of Liechtenstein. (Die Moose des Furstentums Liechtenstein.). Naturkundliche Forschung im Furstentum Liechtenstein. 1-248.

Sergio C, 1997. Main localities in Portugal for Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. (Primeiras localidades para Portugal da Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid.). Portugaliae Acta Biologica, Series B. 273-274.

Sergio C, Seneca A, Vieira C, Garcia C, Ferreira J, Figueira R, 2003. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. in Portugal. New information on an invasive species. (Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. em Portugal. Novos dados sobre uma especie invasora.). Portugaliae Acta Biologica, Series B. 285-288.

Sipman H, 1977. Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. and C. pilifer Brid. in the Netherlands. (Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. en C. pilifer Brid. in Nederland.). Lindbergia. 157-159.

Staples G W, Imada C T, Hoe W J, Smith C W, 2004. A revised checklist of Hawaiian mosses. Tropical Bryology. 35-69. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/trop-bryo.pdf

Stech M, Dohrmann J, 2004. Molecular relationships and biogeography of two Gondwanan Campylopus species, C. pilifer and C. introflexus (Dicranaceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 415-431.

Stieperaere H, Jacques E, 1995. The spread of Orthodontium lineare and Campylopus introflexus in Belgium. Belgium Journal of Botany. 117-123.

Stormer P, 1958. Some mosses from the phytogeographical excursion 1-9 through the Armorican massive in 1954. Revue Bryologique et Lichénologique. 13-16.

Streimann H, 2002. The mosses of Norfolk Island. In: Flora of Australia: Supplementary Series 16, Canberra, Australia: Australian Biological Resources. 178 pp.

Streimann H, Klazenga N, 2002. Catalogue of Australian mosses. In: Flora of Australia: Supplementary Series 17, Canberra, Australia: Australian Biological Resources. 259 pp.

Szucs P, Erzberger P, 2007. Campylopus introflexus [in Hungary. Journal of Bryology. 199.

Taylor T, 1997. Campylopus introflexus - Moss introduced in British Columbia. In: Botanical Electronic News, http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben162.html

Tixier P, 1980. Exotic Bryophytes VI. New data from Amsterdam Island (Southern Indian Ocean). (Bryophyta exotica VI. Donnees muscologiques nouvelles sur l'Ile d'Amsterdam (Ocean Indien du Sud).). Nova Hedwigia. 483-491.

Vitt D H, 1974. A key and synopsis of the mosses of Campbell Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 185-210. http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/Site/publish/Journals/nzjb/1974/13.aspx

Vitt D H, 1979. The moss flora of the Auckland Islands, New Zealand, with a consideration of habitats, origins, and adaptations. Canadian Journal of Botany. 2226-2263.

Wace N M, Dickson J H, 1965. The terrestrial botany of Antarctica. In: Palaeoecology of Africa and the surrounding islands and Antarctica. 5 [ed. by Zinderen Bakker E M van]. Cape Town, South Africa: A.A. Balkema. 213-238.

Werner J, 1978. Bryophyte observations in the Grand Duche of Luxembourg. First Series, 1978-1979. (Observations bryologiques au Grand-Duche de Luxembourg. Premiere Serie, 1978-1979.). Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeoi. 97-111.

Yayintas Özlem Tonguç, 2009. Campylopus introflexus [in Turkey. Journal of Bryology. 55.

Zanten B O van, 1971. Musci. In: Marion and Prince Edward Islands: report on the South African biological and geological expedition 1965-1966. [ed. by Zinderen Bakker E M van, Winterbottom J M, Dyer R A]. Cape Town, South Africa: A.A. Balkema. 173-227.

Links to Websites

Contributors

24/07/09 Original text by:

T Hasse, Consultant, Germany

Distribution Maps