Bacteria | | Actinobacteria [phylum] | Clavibacter michiganensis (bacterial canker of tomato) | Present | | | EPPO (2022); Anwar et al. (2004); CABI and EPPO (2009) |
Bacteria | | Actinobacteria [phylum] | Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (sugarcane ratoon stunting disease) | Present | | | Bradbury (1986); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2022) |
Bacteria | | Proteobacteria | blood disease bacterium (blood disease bacterium of banana) | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Eden-Green and Sastraatmadja (1990); Supriadi (2005) |
Bacteria | | Proteobacteria | Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (citrus greening) | Present | | | Aubert et al. (1985); Bové (2006); CABI/EPPO (2017); EPPO (2022) |
Bacteria | | Proteobacteria | citrus huanglongbing (greening) disease (citrus greening) | Present | | | EPPO (2019); Aubert et al. (1985) |
Bacteria | | Proteobacteria | Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | Present | | | EPPO (2021) |
Bacteria | | Proteobacteria | Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 (bacterial wilt of solanaceous crops) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (1999) |
Bacteria | | Proteobacteria | Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (cassava bacterial blight) | Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s) | | | Booth and Lozano (1978); Bradbury (1986); UK, CAB International (1993); EPPO (2022) |
Bacteria | | Proteobacteria | Xanthomonas citri (citrus canker) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (2014); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Bacteria | | Proteobacteria | Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (bacterial leaf streak of rice) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (2015); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Chromista | Oomycota | Phytophthora cinnamomi (Phytophthora dieback) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1991); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Chromista | Oomycota | Phytophthora colocasiae (taro leaf blight) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (2014); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Ascomycota | Ceratocystis fimbriata (Ceratocystis blight) | Present | | | Zimmerman (1900); South and Sharples (1925); Leefmans (1934) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Ascomycota | Colletotrichum acutatum (black spot of strawberry) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (2010) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Ascomycota | Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Panama disease of banana) | Present | Native | Invasive | CABI and EPPO (2015); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Ascomycota | Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) | Present | | | EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Ascomycota | Guignardia citricarpa (citrus black spot) | Present | | | CABI/EPPO (2012); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Ascomycota | Mycosphaerella fijiensis (black Sigatoka) | Present | Introduced | | CABI and EPPO (2011); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Ascomycota | Trichoconiella padwickii (stackburn disease) | Present | | | Soepriaman et al. (1976); UK, CAB International (1984) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Basidiomycota | Phakopsora euvitis (grape rust fungus) | Present | | | EPPO (2022); Boedijn (1960); CABI and EPPO (2007) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Basidiomycota | Phakopsora pachyrhizi (soyabean rust) | Present | | | Boedijn (1960); CABI and EPPO (2015); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Basidiomycota | Phellinus noxius (brown tea root disease) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Basidiomycota | Puccinia kuehnii (orange rust) | Present | | | Magarey (2000); CABI and EPPO (2015); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Basidiomycota | Uromycladium spp. that cause gall rusts (Acacia gall rusts) | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Rahayu et al. (2010); Baskorowati et al. (2012); Lestari et al. (2013) |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Chytridiomycota | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) | Present | | | Kusrini et al. (2008) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Adoretus sinicus (Chinese rose beetle) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1981); IRRI (1984); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) | Present | | | CABI Data Mining (2001) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Agrotis ipsilon (black cutworm) | Present | | | Franssen (1936); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Aleurocanthus woglumi (citrus blackfly) | Present | | | EPPO (2022); Mound and Halsey (1978) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Aleurodicus destructor (coconut whitefly) | Present | | | EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Aleurodicus dispersus (whitefly) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Kajita et al. (1991); EPPO (2022); NHM (undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) (2011) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Aonidiella aurantii (red scale) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Aphis craccivora (groundnut aphid) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1983) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1968) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Aphis spiraecola (Spirea aphid) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | UK, CAB International (1969) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Aspidiotus destructor (coconut scale) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1966) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Aulacaspis yasumatsui (cycad aulacaspis scale) | Present, Few occurrences | | | EPPO (2022); Muniappan et al. (2012) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Bactrocera carambolae (carambola fruit fly) | Present | | | Drew and Hancock (1994); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly) | Present | | Invasive | CABI and EPPO (2003); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) | Present | Native | | Drew and Hancock (1994); CABI/EPPO (2013); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Bemisia tabaci (tobacco whitefly) | Present | | | CAB International and European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (1998); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Brevipalpus phoenicis (false spider mite) | Present | | | CABI/EPPO (2013); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Brontispa longissima (coconut hispine beetle) | Present | | | Tjoa Tjjen-mo. (1965); Kalshoven and Laan (1981); CABI and EPPO (1998); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Cerataphis lataniae (palm aphid) | Present | Native | | CABI and EPPO (2007); CABI (Undated); |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Charybdis hellerii | Present, Widespread | Native | | Leene (1938) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Chilo partellus (spotted stem borer) | Present | | | EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Chilo suppressalis (striped rice stem borer) | Present | Native | Invasive | UK, CAB International (1977); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Chrysomphalus aonidum (circular scale) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1988); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (dictyospermum scale) | Present | | | Green (1904); UK, CAB International (1969) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Chrysomya bezziana (Old World screw-worm) | Present | Native | Invasive | Norris and Murray (1964); Wardhana et al. (2012); Wardhana et al. (2014) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Conopomorpha cramerella (cocoa pod borer) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1984); Waterhouse (1993); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Copidothrips octarticulatus | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Coptotermes (termites) | Present | | | Natawiria (1974) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Coptotermes curvignathus (rubber termite) | Present | Native | | Kalshoven (1963) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito) | Present, Widespread | | Invasive | Stoops et al. (2008) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Cylas formicarius (sweet potato weevil) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1970); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus psyllid) | Present | | | CABI/EPPO (2011); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Dichromothrips corbetti | Present | | | EPPO (2022); Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Echinothrips americanus | Present | | | EPPO (2022); Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Erionota thrax (banana skipper) | Present | | | Evans (1949); Waterhouse (1993); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Eurema blanda (three-spot grass yellow butterfly) | Present | | | APPPC (1987) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Euwallacea destruens | Present | Native | | Wood and Bright (1992) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Euwallacea perbrevis (tea shot-hole borer) | Present | | | EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Euwallacea piceus | Present | Native | | Wood and Bright (1992) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Ferrisia virgata (striped mealybug) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1966); Ben-Dov (1994); Williams (2004) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Greenidea ficicola | Present | | | CABI/EPPO (2011); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Gynaikothrips ficorum (Cuban laurel thrips) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1983); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1993); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (black tea thrips) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1961); Sartiami and Mound (2013); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Hypothenemus hampei (coffee berry borer) | Present | | | Groot (1935); Cristancho et al. (2007); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | UK, CAB International (1971); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Insignorthezia insignis (greenhouse orthezia) | Present | | | NHM (undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Liriomyza huidobrensis (serpentine leafminer) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (2002); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Liriomyza sativae (vegetable leaf miner) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (1997); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (2015); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Macrobrachium rosenbergii (giant freshwater prawn) | Present | Native | | Nugroho and Emmawati (2004) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1979) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Nezara viridula (green stink bug) | Present, Localized | | | UK, CAB International (1970); Chu (1979) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Nipaecoccus nipae (spiked mealybug) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (2005) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Nipaecoccus viridis (spherical mealybug) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (2005); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Organothrips indicus | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Oryctes rhinoceros (coconut rhinoceros beetle) | Present | | | EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Papilio demoleus (chequered swallowtail) | Present, Few occurrences | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Muniappan et al. (2008); CABI/EPPO (2012) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1990); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug) | Present | | | EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Phenacoccus solenopsis (cotton mealybug) | Present | Introduced | | Muniappan et al. (2009); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Phthorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth) | Present | | | Waterhouse (1993); CABI/EPPO (2012); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Phyllocnistis citrella (citrus leaf miner) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1986); Waterhouse (1993); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (1999) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Platypus quercivorus (oak ambrosia beetle) | Present | | | Beaver and Sanguansub (2020); Wood and Bright (1992); Beaver and Shih HsienTzung (2003); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) | Present, Widespread | | | Sastrosiswojo and Sastrodihardjo (1986) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Polyphagotarsonemus latus (broad mite) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1986); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Prays endocarpa (citrus rind borer) | Present | | | EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Pseudaonidia duplex (camphor, scale) | Present | | | Ben-Dov et al. (2014) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (mulberry scale) | Present | | | EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | Present | Introduced | | Williams (2004); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Raoiella indica (red palm mite) | Present | | | Nusantara et al. (2017); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Rastrococcus invadens (fruit tree mealybug) | Present | | | Williams (1986); CABI and EPPO (1998); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (red palm weevil) | Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s) | | | CABI and EPPO (2016); Leefmans (1920); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Rhyzopertha dominica (lesser grain borer) | Present | | | Soegiarto et al. (1981) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Saissetia oleae (olive scale) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1952) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Scirtothrips dorsalis (chilli thrips) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (2010); Sartiami and Mound (2013); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Scyphophorus acupunctatus (agave weevil) | Present | | | Kalshoven (1951); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Sitobion miscanthi (indian grain aphid) | Present | | | NHM (1949); CABI and EPPO (2003) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Sitophilus oryzae (lesser grain weevil) | Present | | | CABI Data Mining (2001) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Solenopsis geminata (tropical fire ant) | Present | | | EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Spodoptera exempta (black armyworm) | Present | | | EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) | Present, Localized | | | EPPO (2022); IPPC (2019) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Spodoptera litura (taro caterpillar) | Present | | | EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Sternochetus mangiferae (mango seed weevil) | Present | | | Muir and Swezey (1916); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Thrips palmi (melon thrips) | Present | | | CAB International and European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (1998); CABI and EPPO (1998); Sartiami and Mound (2013); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Toxoptera citricida (black citrus aphid) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (1998); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Unaspis citri (citrus snow scale) | Present | | | UK, CAB International (1962); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Varroa jacobsoni (Varroa mite) | Present | | | Roberts et al. (2015); Anderson (1994) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Vespa velutina (Asian hornet) | Present | Native | | Archer (2012); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Xyleborus perforans (island pinhole borer) | Present | Native | | UK, CAB International (1973); Wood and Bright (1992) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Xyleborus similis | Present | Native | | Wood and Bright (1992) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Xyleborus volvulus | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Wood and Bright (1992) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Xylosandrus compactus (shot-hole borer) | Present | Native | | CABI and EPPO (1997); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Asian ambrosia beetle) | Present | Native | | Wood and Bright (1992); CABI and EPPO (2009); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Xylosandrus discolor | Present | Native | | Kalshoven (1959); Wood and Bright (1992) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Arthropoda | Xylosandrus morigerus (brown twig beetle) | Present | Native | | Wood and Bright (1992); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Chordata | Bubalus bubalis (Asian water buffalo) | Present | | Invasive | Alikodra (1987); Borghese (2005) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Chordata | Columba livia (pigeons) | Present | Introduced | | Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) (2011) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Chordata | Corvus splendens (house crow) | Absent, Formerly present | | | Ryall (2002) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Chordata | Dicrurus macrocercus | Present, Widespread | Native | | MacKinnon and Phillipps (2008) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Chordata | Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Asian common toad) | Present | Native | | Dijk et al. (2016) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Chordata | Poecilia latipinna (sailfin molly) | Present | Introduced | | Kottelat et al. (1993) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Chordata | Pycnonotus jocosus (Red-whiskered bulbul) | Present | Introduced | | Avibase (2017) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Chordata | Rachycentron canadum (cobia) | Present | Native | | IUCN (2017) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Chordata | Sus scrofa [ISC] (feral pig) | Present | Native | | IUCN (2012) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Chordata | Trichopodus trichopterus (three spot gourami) | Present | Native | | Low and Lim (2012); Kottelat et al. (1993) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Chordata | Tyto alba (Barn owl) | Present | Native | | Konig and Weick (2010) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Mollusca | Achatina fulica (giant African land snail) | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Mead (1961); Schneider et al. (1998) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Mollusca | Magallana gigas (Pacific oyster) | Present | Introduced | | Taw (2001) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Mollusca | Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) | Present, Widespread | Native | | Mousson (1849); Benthem-Jutting (1956) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Mollusca | Pomacea canaliculata (golden apple snail) | Present | Introduced | | Mochida (1991); Naylor (1996); Hayes et al. (2008); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Nematoda | Globodera pallida (white potato cyst nematode) | Absent, Formerly present | | | EPPO (2022); Lisnawita et al. (2012); Selamet et al. (2019); Handayani et al. (2020) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Nematoda | Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Indarti et al. (2004); CABI/EPPO (2011); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Nematoda | Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) | Present | | | Nishizawa (1984); Melton et al. (1985); CABI and EPPO (2011); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Nematoda | Meloidogyne arenaria (peanut root-knot nematode) | Present | | | Hadisoeganda (1981); CABI and EPPO (2003) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Nematoda | Meloidogyne hapla (root knot nematode) | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (2002) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Nematoda | Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) | Present, Widespread | | | CABI and EPPO (2002); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Nematoda | Meloidogyne javanica (sugarcane eelworm) | Present, Widespread | | | CABI and EPPO (2002) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Nematoda | Pratylenchus coffeae (banana root nematode) | Present, Widespread | | | Siddiqi (1972); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Nematoda | Radopholus citri | Present, Localized | Native | | Machon and Bridge (1996) |
Eukaryota | Metazoa | Nematoda | Tylenchulus semipenetrans (citrus root nematode) | Present, Widespread | | | CABI and EPPO (1999); EPPO (2022); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Chlorophyta | Ulva reticulata (ribbon sea lettuce) | Present, Widespread | Native | | Coppejans and Prud'homme van Reine (1992) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Pteridophyta | Adiantum hispidulum (rosy maidenhair fern) | Present, Widespread | Native | | Holttum (1954) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Pteridophyta | Angiopteris evecta (king fern) | Present | Introduced | | ISSG (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Pteridophyta | Deparia petersenii subsp. petersenii (Petersen’s lady fern) | Present | Native | | Kato (1984) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Pteridophyta | Lygodium japonicum (Japanese climbing fern) | Present | Native | | Holttum (1959); Maideen et al. (2004); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Pteridophyta | Pteris tripartita (giant brake) | Present | Native | | Missouri Botanical Garden (2019) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Pteridophyta | Salvinia molesta (kariba weed) | Present | | Invasive | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Pteridophyta | Thelypteris opulenta (jewelled maiden fern) | Present | | | Fosberg and Sachet (1972) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Abelmoschus moschatus (musk mallow) | Present | Introduced | | USDA-ARS (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Abutilon indicum (country mallow) | Present | Native | | PROTA (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acacia auriculiformis (northern black wattle) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acacia confusa | Present | Introduced | | PIER (2002) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acacia crassicarpa (northern wattle) | Present | Introduced | | Australia's Virtual Herbarium (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acacia dealbata (acacia bernier) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acacia decurrens (green wattle) | Present | | | Hanelt et al. (2001); ILDIS (2016); USDA-ARS (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acacia farnesiana (huisache) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acacia glauca (wild dividivi) | Present, Planted | Introduced | Invasive | PIER (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | | PROTA (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | Berenschot et al. (1988) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acacia nilotica (gum arabic tree) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acanthospermum hispidum (bristly starbur) | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | Kostermans et al. (1987) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acmella uliginosa (marsh para cress) | Present | Native | | USDA-ARS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Acrocarpus fraxinifolius (shingle tree) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree) | Present | Introduced | | Orwa et al. (2009) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Aeschynomene americana (shyleaf) | Present | Introduced | | ILDIS (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Aeschynomene indica (Indian jointvetch) | Present | | | Kurniadie and Umiyati (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed) | Present | Introduced | | Everaarts (1981) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Backer (1938) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Albizia chinensis (Chinese albizia) | Present, Planted | Native | | USDA-ARS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | Present | Introduced | | Morton (1983) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Albizia procera (white siris) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2002) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Aleurites moluccanus (candlenut tree) | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Allamanda cathartica (yellow allamanda) | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro) | Present | Introduced | | Govaerts (2012) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) | Present | Introduced | | Julien et al. (1995); Kurniadie and Umiyati (2013); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | Present | Native | | Duke (1981) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Amaranthus dubius (spleen amaranth) | Present | Introduced | | USDA-ARS (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth) | Present | | | Kurniadie and Umiyati (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Annona reticulata (bullock's heart) | Present | Introduced | | Jansen et al. (1991) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Antigonon leptopus (coral vine) | Present | Introduced | | Burke and DiTommaso (2011) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | Present | Introduced | | PROTA (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Arundo donax (giant reed) | Present | Introduced | | Clayton et al. (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Axonopus compressus (carpet grass) | Present, Widespread | | | Endang et al. (1985); Manidool (1992) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Bambusa bambos (giant thorny bamboo) | Present | Introduced | | Clayton et al. (2015); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) | Present | Introduced | | Clayton et al. (2014); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree) | Present | Native | | Govaerts and Tulig (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Basella alba (malabar spinach) | Present | | | USDA-ARS (2017); WCSP (2017) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | Present | Introduced | | ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Bixa orellana (annatto) | Present | Introduced | | Hassler (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Bocconia frutescens (plume poppy) | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Grey-Wilson (2000) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Bothriochloa bladhii (Caucasian bluestem) | Present | | | Clayton et al. (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Brachypodium sylvaticum (slender false brome) | Present | Native | | Hara (1966) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Brugmansia suaveolens (white angel's trumpet) | Present | Introduced | | GBIF (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Caesalpinia decapetala (Mysore thorn) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Caesalpinia pulcherrima (peacock flower) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Calliandra houstoniana var. calothyrsus (calliandra) | Present | Introduced | | ILDIS (2014); Zuhri and Mutaqien (2013); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo) | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | ILDIS (2012) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Canavalia gladiata (sword bean) | Present | Introduced | | POWO (2020) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) | Present | | | Lock and Ford (2004); ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cassia grandis (pink shower) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | Toruan-Purba (1999); Lock and Ford (2004); ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cassia javanica (pink shower) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | Present | Introduced | | Govaerts (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) | Present, Widespread | | | Soerjani (1973); Sastroutomo and Utomo (1985) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | | | Hanelt et al. (2001) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Chamaecrista nictitans (sensitive partridge pea) | Present | | | ILDIS (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cheilocostus speciosus (crepe ginger ) | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Gautier (1992) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) | Present | Native | | Clayton et al. (2020) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cinchona pubescens (quinine tree) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | PURSEGLOVE (1968) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cinnamomum burmanni (padang cassia) | Present | Native | | Blume (1825); Pelser et al. (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (2005) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cissus quadrangularis (treebine) | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | PROSEA (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Clematis terniflora (sweet autumn clematis) | Present | Introduced | | Roskov et al. (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cleome gynandra | Present | Native | | Mishra et al. (2011) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cleome rutidosperma (fringed spiderflower) | Present | Introduced | | Jacobs (1960); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | Present | | | Wearn and Mabberley (2011) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Clerodendrum paniculatum (pagoda flower) | Present | Native | | USDA-ARS (2020) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Clerodendrum speciosissimum (Java glory bower) | Present | Native | | Liogier and Martorell (2000); USDA-ARS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Wester and Wood (1977) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Clitoria ternatea (butterfly-pea) | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | USDA-ARS (2016); ILDIS (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cocos nucifera (coconut) | Present | | | Govaerts et al. (2014); Nusantara et al. (2017) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's-tears) | Present | Introduced | | Nurmala (2011) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Coleus blumei (common coleus) | Present | | | Jiang et al. (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Present | | | Govaerts (2012) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Commelina diffusa (spreading dayflower) | Present | | | Kurniadie and Umiyati (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Conyza sumatrensis (tall fleabane) | Present | Introduced | | Kostermans et al. (1987) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Crassocephalum crepidioides (redflower ragleaf) | Present | | | Tjitrosoedirdjo (1987) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Crotalaria retusa (rattleweed) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cuscuta reflexa (dodder) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) | Present | Introduced | | Clayton et al. (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) | Present | | | eMonocot (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cyperus compressus (annual sedge) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cyperus difformis (small-flowered nutsedge) | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) | Present | Introduced | | Govaerts (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cyperus imbricatus (shingle flatsedge) | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge) | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass) | Present | Native | | Clayton et al. (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Dalbergia sissoo | Present | Introduced | | ILDIS (2007) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Datura metel (Hindu datura) | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Datura stramonium (jimsonweed) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Daucus carota (carrot) | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Delonix regia (flamboyant) | Present | Introduced | | ILDIS (2009) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Desmodium incanum (creeping beggerweed) | Present | Introduced | | ILDIS (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Dichrostachys cinerea (sickle bush) | Present | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Digitaria bicornis (Asian crabgrass) | Present | Native | | Missouri Botanical Garden (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass) | Present | Introduced | | Clayton et al. (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Digitaria fuscescens (yellow crab grass) | Present | Native | | Missouri Botanical Garden (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Dioscorea alata (white yam) | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato) | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2012) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Dolichandra unguis-cati (cat's claw creeper) | Present | Introduced | | ISSG (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Drymaria cordata (tropical chickweed) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | Present | Introduced | | Backer (1954) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Echinochloa colona (junglerice) | Present | | | Clayton et al. (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Gopal (1987) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (2005); Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Eleusine indica (goose grass) | Present | | | Kurniadie and Umiyati (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Emilia sonchifolia (red tasselflower) | Present | | | Holm et al. (1997); UPHOF (1968) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Epipremnum pinnatum (centipede tongavine) | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2012) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Eragrostis amabilis (Japanese lovegrass) | Present | | | Kurniadie and Umiyati (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Eragrostis atrovirens (thalia lovegrass) | Present | Native | | Flora of China Editorial Committee (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Eragrostis japonica (pond lovegrass) | Present | Native | | Clayton et al. (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Eragrostis unioloides (Chinese lovegrass) | Present | Native | | Clayton et al. (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Erechtites hieraciifolius (American burnweed) | Present | Introduced | | USDA-ARS (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Erechtites valerianifolius (tropical burnweed) | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Belcher (1956) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane) | Present | Introduced | | Meusel and Jäger (1992) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) | Present | Introduced | | Rifai (1992) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) | Present | Native | | Steenis (1950) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Euonymus japonicus (Japanese spindle tree) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Euphorbia neriifolia (Indian spurge tree) | Present | Introduced | | Govaerts (2020) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge) | Present | Introduced | | Govaerts (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Falcataria moluccana (batai wood) | Present, Planted | Native | | ILDIS (2009) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ficus elastica (rubber plant) | Present | | | Pelser et al. (2014); USDA-ARS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) | Present | Native | | USDA-ARS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Fimbristylis littoralis (lesser fimbristylis) | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Flemingia lineata (wild hops) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Flemingia macrophylla (large leaf flemingia) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2014); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Flemingia strobilifera (wild hops) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) | Present | Introduced | | Purwaningsih and Brink (1999) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Funtumia elastica (West African rubber tree) | Present | Introduced | | ZipcodeZoo (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Grevillea robusta (silky oak) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) | Present | Introduced | | Seegeler (1992) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Hedychium coccineum (scarlet ginger lily) | Present | Native | | Ludwig (1900) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Hemigraphis alternata (red ivy) | Present | Native | | USDA-ARS (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood) | Present | Native | | USDA-ARS (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla) | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Hyptis suaveolens (pignut) | Present | Introduced | | GBIF (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass) | Present, Widespread | Native | | Kostermans et al. (1987) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Indigofera hirsuta (hairy indigo) | Present | Introduced | | Djarwaningsih (1997) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Indigofera spicata (creeping indigo) | Present | Introduced | | Sampson (1928); Morton (1989); ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Indigofera suffruticosa (Anil indigo) | Present | Introduced | | PROTA (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ipomoea alba (white moonflower ) | Present | Introduced | | Staples (2017) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ipomoea aquatica (swamp morning-glory) | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ipomoea cairica (five-fingered morning glory) | Present | Introduced | | Staples (2020) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory) | Present | Introduced | | Frey (1995) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ipomoea nil (white edge morning-glory) | Present | Introduced | | Staples (2017) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ipomoea triloba (three-lobe morning glory) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ischaemum rugosum (saramollagrass) | Present | Native | | Clayton et al. (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ischaemum timorense (centipede grass) | Present | | | Gilliland et al. (1971) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Jasminum multiflorum (star jasmine) | Present | Introduced | | NHN (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) | Present | Introduced | | Govaerts (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Jatropha curcas (jatropha) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | Oudhia and Tripathi (2002); Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | Present | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Kalanchoe integra (Never die) | Present | Native | | Encyclopedia of Life (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Kalanchoe pinnata (cathedral bells) | Present | Introduced | | Boiteau and Allorge-Boiteau (1995); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Lagerstroemia speciosa (Pride of India) | Present | Native | | PROSEA (2017); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Lantana camara (lantana) | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Smiet (1992); Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Lawsonia inermis (Egyptian privet) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Leersia hexandra (southern cut grass) | Present | | | Pyrah (1969) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Leptochloa fusca (sprangletop) | Present | Native | | WCSP (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2017) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Leucaena diversifolia | Present, Planted | Introduced | | World Agroforestry Centre (2002) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Widiarti and Alrasjid (1987); Hughes (1998); Hughes (1998); ILDIS (2007) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Limnobium laevigatum (South American spongeplant) | Present | Introduced | | Akers (2010); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm) | Present | Introduced | | Govaerts (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Lolium temulentum (darnel) | Present | Introduced | | Backer and Bakhuisen van den Brink (1968) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ludwigia hyssopifolia (water primrose) | Present | | | Raven (1963) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ludwigia octovalvis (primrose willow) | Present | | | Raven (1963) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | Present | | | GBIF (2009) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Luffa acutangula (angled luffa) | Present | | | GBIF (2016); Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Maesopsis eminii (umbrella tree) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Mangifera indica (mango) | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | PROTA (2014); Sartiami and Mound (2013); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) | Present | Introduced | | Coronel (1991) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Melia azedarach (Chinaberry) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Clayton et al. (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Melinis repens (natal redtop) | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | | GBIF (2012) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal) | Present | Introduced | | USDA-ARS (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Merremia aegyptia (hairy woodrose) | Present | Introduced | | van Ooststroom (1939) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Merremia peltata | Present | | | Ooststroom and Hoogland (1953) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Merremia umbellata (hogvine) | Present | | | Ooststroom and Hoogland (1953) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Mesosphaerum pectinatum (comb bushmint) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Miconia calvescens (miconia) | Absent, Formerly present | | | Meyer (1994) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Microlaena stipoides (meadow rice grass, meadow ricegrass) | Present | | | Grassworld (2012) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Mimosa diplotricha (giant sensitive plant) | Present | Introduced | | CABI (Undated); |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Mimosa pigra (giant sensitive plant) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Lonsdale et al. (1989) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) | Present | Introduced | | Holm et al. (1977); Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) | Present | | | CABI (Undated); Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Monochoria hastata (hastate-leaved pondweed) | Present | Native | | PIER (2019) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Monochoria vaginalis (pickerel weed) | Present | | | Burhan et al. (1989) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Moorochloa eruciformis (sweet signal grass) | Present | Introduced | | Veldkamp (2004); Veldkamp (1996) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2017) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | PROTA (2017) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Murdannia nudiflora (doveweed) | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Holm et al. (1977); Soerjani et al. (1987); Waterhouse (1993); Galinato et al. (1999); USDA-ARS (2017); CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | Present | Introduced | | Orchard (1981); EPPO (2022) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Myroxylon balsamum (Peru balsam) | Present | Introduced | | ILDIS (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Neonotonia wightii (perennial soybean) | Present | Native | | USDA-ARS (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Nerium oleander (oleander) | Present | Native | | PROTA (2020) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Neyraudia reynaudiana (burma reed) | Present | Native | | Lecomte (1912); Junghuhn (1853); Steudel (1855) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Nicandra physalodes (apple of Peru) | Present | | | Everaarts (1981) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | | Candolle (1885); Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | Present | Introduced | | Donkin (1977) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) | Present | Native | | WCSP (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil) | Present | | | Randall (2012); Govaerts (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines) | Present | | | Govaerts (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Opuntia elatior (red-flower prickly pear) | Present | Introduced | | USDA-ARS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Opuntia monacantha (common prickly pear) | Present | Introduced | | USDA-ARS (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Oryza rufipogon (wild rice) | Present | | | Chang (1975) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Pachira aquatica (pachira nut) | Present | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Paederia foetida (skunkvine) | Present, Localized | Native | | Puff (1991); Srianta et al. (2012) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Panicum repens (torpedo grass) | Present | Introduced | | Soerjani et al. (1987) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Parkinsonia aculeata (Mexican palo-verde) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Parmentiera aculeata (cucumber tree) | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | | Flora Malesiana (2019) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Paspalidium geminatum (Egyptian paspalidium) | Present | Native | | Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (2012) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Paspalum conjugatum (buffalo grass) | Present | Introduced | | Clayton et al. (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Paspalum dilatatum (dallisgrass) | Present | Introduced | | Missouri Botanical Garden (2017) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Paspalum distichum (knotgrass) | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Everaarts (1981) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | Present | Introduced | | Missouri Botanical Garden (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Paspalum virgatum (sword grass) | Present | Introduced | | Clayton et al. (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Passiflora edulis (passionfruit) | Present | Introduced | | Gurnah (1991) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Passiflora foetida (red fruit passion flower) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla) | Present | Introduced | | Ruhiyat (1983) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Peltophorum pterocarpum (copperpod) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Persicaria chinensis (Chinese knotweed) | Present | | | Kasno et al. (1990) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Phaius tankervilleae (nun’s-hood orchid) | Present | Native | | eMonocot (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) | Present | Introduced | | ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | | Hanelt et al. (2001) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Phyllanthus urinaria (leafflower) | Present, Widespread | Native | Invasive | Soerjani et al. (1987); Soerjani et al. (1987); Moody (1989) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Phyllostachys aurea (golden bamboo) | Present | Introduced | | Clayton et al. (2017) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Pimenta dioica (allspice) | Present | Introduced | | Parthasarathy et al. (2008) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Pinus caribaea (Caribbean pine) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Pinus oocarpa (ocote pine) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Piper aduncum (spiked pepper) | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Padmanaba and Sheil (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Pithecellobium dulce (Manila tamarind) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) | Present | Introduced | | Clayton et al. (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Polygonum nepalense (Nepal persicaria) | Present | | | Everaarts (1981) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Portulaca oleracea (purslane) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (2005) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Psidium guajava (guava) | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Present | Native | | Barstow (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Pueraria montana var. lobata (kudzu) | Present | | | CABI (Undated); ILDIS (2007) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Reutealis trisperma (Philippine tung) | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | USDA-ARS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ricinus communis (castor bean) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Rivina humilis (bloodberry) | Present | Introduced | | GBIF (2013); SEAMEO BIOTROP (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass) | Present | | | GBIF (2008) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Roystonea oleracea (Caribbean royal palm) | Present | Introduced | | IPK (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry) | Present | Introduced | | Becking (1979) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Rubus niveus (Mysore raspberry) | Present | | | Stirton (1981) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Rubus rosifolius (roseleaf raspberry) | Present | Native | | USDA-ARS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Rumex acetosella (sheep's sorrel) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | USDA-ARS (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Rumex obtusifolius (broad-leaved dock) | Present | Introduced | | CAVERS and HARPER (1964) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Sacciolepis indica (glen woodgrass) | Present | Native | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Salvia occidentalis (West Indian sage) | Present | Introduced | | Sorenson and Johannessen (2004) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Samanea saman (rain tree) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Sambucus canadensis (American black elderberry) | Present | Introduced | | POWO (2020) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Schefflera actinophylla (umbrella tree) | Present | Native | | Langeland et al. (2008) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Sechium edule (chayote) | Present | Introduced | | FAO (2007) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Senna alata (candle bush) | Present | Introduced | | ILDIS (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Senna bacillaris (whitebark senna) | Present | | | ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Senna hirsuta (hairy senna) | Present | Introduced | | ILDIS (2005) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Senna multijuga (November shower) | Present, Planted | Native | | ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | Present | Introduced | | Backer (1936); USDA-ARS (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Senna septemtrionalis (smooth senna) | Present | Introduced | | Irwin and Barneby (1982); ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Senna siamea (yellow cassia) | Present, Planted | Native | | ILDIS (2007) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Sesbania grandiflora (sesbania) | Present, Planted | Native | | ILDIS (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Sesbania sesban (sesban) | Present, Planted | | | Backer et al. (1963) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Setaria verticillata (bristly foxtail) | Present | | | Missouri Botanical Garden (2008) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Sida acuta (sida) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ASEAN-Biodiversity (2002) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Solanum americanum | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | Present | Introduced | | Randall (2012) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) | Present | Introduced | | POWO (2020) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Solanum torvum (turkey berry) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Present | | | Sartiami and Mound (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (2005) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Spathoglottis plicata (Philippine ground orchid) | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2012) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Sporobolus tenuissimus (tropical dropseed) | Present | Introduced | | Missouri Botanical Garden (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Jamaica vervain) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Striga asiatica (witch weed) | Present | | | Kostermans et al. (1987) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (New York aster) | Present | Introduced | | GBIF (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Syzygium cumini (black plum) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | Morton (1987) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Tamarindus indica (tamarind) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Tecoma stans (yellow bells) | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Pelton (1964) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Tectona grandis (teak) | Present, Planted | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Tephrosia candida (white tephrosia) | Present | Native | | ILDIS (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Themeda arguens (Christmas grass) | Present | Native | | Clayton et al. (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Toona sinensis (Chinese Toona) | Present | | | CABI (Undated) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) | Present | Introduced | | Aggarwal (2001) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Tradescantia zebrina (wandering jew) | Present | Introduced | | Govaerts (2013) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree) | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | PROSEA (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) | Present | Native | | PIER (2012) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Tripsacum latifolium (wideleaf gamagrass) | Present | Introduced | | Clayton et al. (2017) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Triumfetta rhomboidea (diamond burbark) | Present | Native | | Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara (2001) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Ulex europaeus (gorse) | Present, Planted | Introduced | | ILDIS (2007) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Urochloa decumbens (signal grass) | Present | Introduced | | Clayton et al. (2015) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Urochloa mutica (para grass) | Present | Introduced | | Clayton et al. (2014) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Urochloa reptans (sprawling signalgrass) | Present | Native | | Clayton et al. (2018) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Vitex parviflora (molave) | Present | Native | | Lemmens et al. (1995) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Vitex trifolia | Present | Native | | Govaerts (2016) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Zingiber montanum (cassumunar ginger) | Present | Introduced | | Wolff et al. (1999); Ravindran and Babu (2005) |
Eukaryota | Plantae | Spermatophyta | Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) | Present | Native | | eMonocot (2016) |
Virus | | | Banana bunchy top virus (bunchy top of banana) | Present | | Invasive | Sulyo and Muharam (1985); CABI/EPPO (2013); EPPO (2022) |
Virus | | | Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus | Present | | | CABI and EPPO (2010) |
Virus | | | Cowpea mild mottle virus (angular mosaic of beans) | Present, Localized | | | Iwaki (1986); Saleh et al. (1989); Horn et al. (1991); CABI and EPPO (2019); EPPO (2022) |
Virus | | | Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows) | Present, Widespread | | | Listihani et al. (2020) |
Virus | | | Iris yellow spot virus (iris yellow spot) | Present, Few occurrences | | | CABI and EPPO (2014); Pappu and Rauf (2013); EPPO (2022) |
Virus | | | Japanese encephalitis virus | Present | | | CABI Data Mining (2001) |
Virus | | | Papaya ringspot virus | Present | | | Listihani et al. (2018) |
Virus | | | Sugarcane mosaic virus (sugarcane mosaic) | Present | | | EPPO (2022) |
Virus | | | Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (Tomato New Delhi virus) | Present | Native | | Wilisiani et al. (2019); Mizutani et al. (2011); CABI and EPPO (2016); Wilisiani et al. (2019); EPPO (2022) |
Virus | | | Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (tomato spotted wilt) | Present | | | EPPO (2022) |