Acacia angustissima (prairie acacia) | Form persistent seed banks, with viable seeds for over 5 years. | |
Yes
| Gardiner et al. (2008) |
Acacia decurrens (green wattle) | Spread in dumped garden waste and contaminated soil | |
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
Acacia longifolia (golden wattle) | Most seeds stay under canopy. | |
Yes
| Wilgen et al. (2004) |
Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) | | |
Yes
| De Wit et al. (2001) |
Acacia saligna (coojong) | With sand for construction. Species can produce an enormous seed back which can remain dormant in soil for 5 years | |
Yes
| Cronk and Fuller (1995); Duke (1983); Cohen et al. (2008) |
Acer negundo (box elder) | |
Yes
| | |
Achatina fulica (giant African land snail) | |
Yes
| | |
Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | | |
Yes
| Sanecki et al. (2003) |
Achlysiella williamsi | |
Yes
| | |
Acmella uliginosa (marsh para cress) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chung et al. (2007) |
Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Adoretus sinicus (Chinese rose beetle) | Eggs, larvae or adults in soil of potted plants |
Yes
| | McQuate and Jameson (2011b) |
Aeginetia indica (forest ghost flower) | Not mentioned in references but could be a possible way of seed movement | |
Yes
| |
Aeschynomene americana (shyleaf) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans (2009) |
Agave americana (century plant) | Seeds, bulbils and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2016) |
Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) | Bulbils |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Agave vivipara (Caribbean agave) | Bulbils | |
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
Ageratina adenophora (Croftonweed) | Contaminant of soil, sand, gravel |
Yes
| | |
Ageratum houstonianum (Blue billygoatweed) | Establishes easily in open soil in cultivated land. | |
Yes
| Johnson (1971) |
Agrostis capillaris (common bent) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Agrotis ipsilon (black cutworm) | larvae, pupae in soil |
Yes
| | |
Alhagi maurorum (camelthorn) | Seeds carried by water |
Yes
| | |
Allamanda cathartica (yellow allamanda) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Francis (2000) |
Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) | Root segments and rhizomes in soil moved by humans |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2019) |
Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro) | Corms and tubers |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) | |
Yes
| | |
Alpinia purpurata (red ginger) | Rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
Alternanthera halimifolia (hairy joyweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) | Mulching materials, top soil |
Yes
| | |
Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1981); Flora of China Editorial Committee (2014); Hanelt et al. (2001); Quattrocchi (2012) |
Alyssum desertorum (desert madwort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Olliff et al. (2001) |
Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) | From agricultural practices | |
Yes
| Ward et al. (2013) |
Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) | Soil, sand |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ambrosia psilostachya (perennial ragweed) | Soil, sand |
Yes
| | |
Ambrosia tenuifolia (lacy ragweed) | Seeds and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Montagnani et al. (2017) |
Ambrosia trifida (giant ragweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Amynthas agrestis (crazy worm) | All stages possible in soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gates (1953; 1954; 1958) |
Anastrepha fraterculus (South American fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Anastrepha ludens (Mexican fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Anastrepha manihoti (cassava fruit fly) | Risk of puparia if in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Anastrepha obliqua (West Indian fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Anastrepha striata (guava fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Anastrepha suspensa (Caribbean fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Andropogon glomeratus (bushy bluestem) | Seeds can be transported together with imported soil and gravel |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2008) |
Anguina agrostis (nematode, bentgrass) | Turf and grass seeds |
Yes
| | |
Anguina tritici (wheat seed gall nematode) | Rehydrated galls, juveniles | |
Yes
| |
Annona reticulata (bullock's heart) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Janick and Paull (2008); Morton (1987) |
Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Anthemis cotula (dog fennel) | |
Yes
| | |
Aphasmatylenchus straturatus | |
Yes
| | |
Aphelenchoides arachidis (groundnut testa nematode) | From peanut fields |
Yes
| | |
Aphelenchoides besseyi (rice leaf nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Aphelenchoides fragariae (strawberry crimp nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi (Chrysanthemum foliar eelworm) | With flowers and cuttings |
Yes
| | |
Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Aristolochia elegans (elegant Dutchman’s pipe) | | |
Yes
| Randall (2012); Starr et al. (2003) |
Arkoola nigra (black leaf blight of soybean) | infested soil | |
Yes
| Moore et al. (2006) |
Arthurdendyus triangulatus (New Zealand flatworm) | Local movement of topsoil and dung can facilitate flatworm spread | |
Yes
| Murchie et al. (2003) |
Arundo donax (giant reed) | Seeds, plant fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2014) |
Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper) | | |
Yes
| Parsons and Cuthbertson (2001) |
Asparagus falcatus (sicklethorn) | Escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| NSW Weedwise (2018) |
Atherigona naqvii (shootfly) | Eggs might be moved with soil. |
Yes
| | |
Atherigona oryzae (rice shoot fly) | Some risk from puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Azolla filiculoides (water fern) | Rivers |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera carambolae (carambola fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera cucumis (cucumber fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly) | Most frequently pupae |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) | Pupae |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Bactrocera facialis | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera frauenfeldi (mango fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera jarvisi (Jarvis' fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera kirki | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera latifrons (Solanum fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera melanotus | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera minax (Chinese citrus fly) | Possible risk of puparia in soil |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera neohumeralis | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera occipitalis | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera oleae (olive fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera passiflorae (Fijian fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera psidii (South Sea guava fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera tau | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera tryoni (Queensland fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera tsuneonis (Japanese orange fly) | Risk of puparia in soil |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera umbrosa | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera xanthodes (Pacific fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil |
Yes
| | |
Bactrocera zonata (peach fruit fly) | Pupae |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Bambusa bambos (giant thorny bamboo) | Seeds, rhizomes and cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duriyaprapan and Jansen (1995) |
Basella alba (malabar spinach) | Possibly in waste associated with its cultivation and consumption | |
Yes
| Dave's Garden (2017) |
Bauhinia monandra (Napoleon's plume) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Bauhinia tomentosa (yellow bauhinia) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith (2010) |
Belonolaimus longicaudatus (sting nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry) | Unintentional transport of seeds |
Yes
| | |
Bergia capensis (white water fire) | Possible from rice cultivation | |
Yes
| |
Bidens pilosa (blackjack) | Seed as contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sankaran and Suresh (2013) |
blood disease bacterium (blood disease bacterium of banana) | Water. |
Yes
| | |
Bocconia frutescens (plume poppy) | Contaminated soil should not be moved from invaded areas | |
Yes
| Benitez and Saulibio (2007) |
Bontia daphnoides (white alling) | Seeds might be dispersed in soil used in cultivation | |
Yes
| |
Bothriochloa bladhii (Caucasian bluestem) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
Bothriochloa pertusa (pitted beard grass) | Contaminant | |
Yes
| |
Botryotinia fuckeliana (grey mould-rot) | Sclerotia in agricultural soils. |
Yes
| | |
Brassica nigra (black mustard) | Via seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cal-IPC (California Invasive Plant Council) (2004) |
Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Possible from its cultivation | |
Yes
| |
Breynia disticha (snowbush) | Possible from its ornamental use |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Bromus tectorum (downy brome) | Top soil, mine and construction spoils |
Yes
| | |
Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush) | | |
Yes
| |
Bunias orientalis (Turkish warty-cabbage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wilt nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Callisia repens (creeping inch-plant) | Plants and plant segments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2005) |
Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
Calotropis procera (apple of sodom) | |
Yes
| | |
Canna indica (canna lilly) | | |
Yes
| |
Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) | | |
Yes
| Basu and De (2003) |
Carcinus maenas (European shore crab) | Possible if marine sediments are those such as found in ballast tanks |
Yes
|
Yes
| Klassen and Locke (2007) |
Cardamine flexuosa (wavy bittercress) | Seeds as contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2019) |
Cardiospermum grandiflorum (balloon vine) | Seeds, root fragments | |
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2015) |
Carduus nutans (nodding thistle) | Ship ballast (1800s) |
Yes
| | |
Carnation mottle virus (mottle of carnation) | |
Yes
| | |
Carpobrotus chilensis (sea fig) | As escaping from cultivation | |
Yes
| Jonkers (2001) |
Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bosch (2007); Duke (1983); Hanelt et al. (2001); PIER (2014) |
Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | Soil collected from the vicinity of C. filiformis-infected plants can be contaminated with seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nelson (2008) |
Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2015) |
Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Centaurea debeauxii (meadow knapweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed) | |
Yes
| | |
Centaurea melitensis (Maltese starthistle) | | |
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy (2007) |
Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos (spotted knapweed) | |
Yes
| | |
Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Ceratitis cosyra (mango fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ceratitis punctata (cacao fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil |
Yes
| | |
Ceratitis quinaria (five-spotted fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. | |
Yes
| |
Ceratitis rosa (Natal fruit fly) | Not reported but possible if soil contains puparia |
Yes
|
Yes
| White and Elson-Harris (1994) |
Ceratocystis fimbriata (Ceratocystis blight) | Water from infested soil. |
Yes
| | |
Ceratocystis platani (canker stain of plane) | Infested soil, river water |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine) | Species may be transported by soil or water drained from areas where it is cultivated |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) | Seeds as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weeds of Australia (2020) |
Chloris virgata (feather finger grass) | Seed contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) | Assumed as possible means |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Chrysanthemoides monilifera (boneseed) | |
Yes
| | |
Cinnamomum burmanni (padang cassia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel) | Water |
Yes
| | |
Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle) | |
Yes
| | |
Cirsium mexicanum (Mexican thistle) | Seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
Cirsium vulgare (spear thistle) | Water |
Yes
| | |
Clavibacter michiganensis (bacterial canker of tomato) | | |
Yes
| |
Clavibacter sepedonicus (potato ring rot) | Transfer of tubers. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Clematis vitalba (old man's beard) | Water |
Yes
| | |
Cleome rutidosperma (fringed spiderflower) | Seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
Clerodendrum bungei (rose glorybower) | Can spread by portions of roots within contaminated soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Clerodendrum chinense (Chinese glory bower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2012) |
Clerodendrum indicum (Turk's turban) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Clerodendrum quadriloculare (bronze-leaved clerodendrum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2012) |
Clerodendrum speciosissimum (Java glory bower) | Rhizome fragments may be accidentally transported in soil stuck to machinery, vehicles, etc |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Clerodendrum thomsoniae (bleeding glory bower) | Propagated by root cuttings and could spread in transported ssoil |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Binggeli (2003) |
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya) | Possible, if cuttings are able to root and in the rare event of cultivated plants producing seeds | |
Yes
| |
Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Soil movements can disperse buried corms |
Yes
|
Yes
| Safo-Kantaka (2004) |
Coniothyrium glycines (red leaf blotch) | | |
Yes
| Hartman et al. (1987) |
Conyza bonariensis (hairy fleabane) | |
Yes
| | |
Conyza canadensis (Canadian fleabane) | Seeds in potting compost. |
Yes
| | |
Conyza sumatrensis (tall fleabane) | Seeds in potting compost |
Yes
| | |
Coptotermes gestroi (Asian subterranean termite) | Alates, larvae or nymphs in moist soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hapukotuwa and Kenneth (2012) |
Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam) | | |
Yes
| |
Coriandrum sativum (coriander) | | |
Yes
| Randall (2012) |
Cornu aspersum (common garden snail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) | | |
Yes
| |
Crepidula fornicata (American slipper limpet) | It is one possibility between America and Europe |
Yes
| | |
Crescentia cujete (calabash tree) | No information available but possible from its various uses | |
Yes
| |
Cronartium ribicola (white pine blister rust) | Aeciospores |
Yes
| | |
Crotalaria maypurensis (rattlebox weed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gómez-Sosa (2000) |
Crotalaria spectabilis (showy rattlepod) | Seeds as contaminant in soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| Maddox et al. (2011) |
Croton argenteus (silver July croton) | Seeds as contaminant in dried and wet mud |
Yes
|
Yes
| Standley and Steyermark (1946) |
Crupina vulgaris (bearded creeper) | Ballast. |
Yes
| | |
Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) | |
Yes
| | |
Cryptostegia madagascariensis (Madagascar rubbervine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2012) |
Cuphea carthagenensis (Colombian waxweed) | | |
Yes
| Technigro (2011) |
Cupressus sempervirens (Mediterranean cypress) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cyanthillium cinereum (little ironweed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
Cyclosorus parasiticus (parasitic maiden fern) | Likely mode of spore dispersal |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cynodon nlemfuensis (African Bermuda-grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
Cynodon plectostachyus (African stargrass) | Seeds and stolons | |
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
Cynoglossum officinale (hound's tongue) | seeds |
Yes
| | |
Cyperus difformis (small-flowered nutsedge) | As a contaminant of soils |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1979) |
Cyperus imbricatus (shingle flatsedge) | Seeds and stem segments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge) | Soil attached to the roots of transplanted material, e.g. tree nursery stock |
Yes
| | |
Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) | River sand carrying seeds. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Peterson and Raj Prasad (1998) |
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
Datura metel (Hindu datura) | Can be transported via soil attached to clothing, vehicles, machinery, etc. |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2014) |
Delia antiqua (onion fly) | Soil from infected crop. |
Yes
| | |
Delia coarctata (fly, wheat bulb) | Infected growing medium. |
Yes
| | |
Delia floralis (turnip maggot) | Infected growing medium. |
Yes
| | |
Delia platura (bean seed fly) | Infected growing medium and seedlings and rotting plant material. |
Yes
| | |
Delia radicum (cabbage root fly) | Infected growing medium. |
Yes
| | |
Dendroctonus valens (red turpentine beetle) | Soil |
Yes
| | |
Desmodium cajanifolium (tropical tick trefoil) | No information available but possible from its cultivation | |
Yes
| |
Desmostachya bipinnata (halfa grass) | |
Yes
| | |
Dichanthium annulatum (Kleberg's bluestem) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans (2011) |
Dichanthium aristatum (angelton bluestem) | Possible due to its cultivation for pasture and hay | |
Yes
| |
Dickeya zeae (bacterial stalk rot of maize) | | | | |
Digitaria bicornis (Asian crabgrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass) | Seeds, plant segments, rhizomes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1979) |
Digitaria sanguinalis (large crabgrass) | |
Yes
| | |
Dioscorea alata (white yam) | Tubers (yams) and bulbils |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
Diplazium esculentum (vegetable fern) | Although no information available, it is possible as it is used as an ornamental | |
Yes
| |
Diprion similis (white pine sawfly) | Soil; litter |
Yes
| | |
Discus rotundatus (rotund disc) | Not explicitly mentioned in literature, but likely based on the species’ biology |
Yes
| | |
Ditylenchus angustus (rice stem nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Ditylenchus destructor (potato tuber nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Ditylenchus dipsaci (stem and bulb nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Drymaria cordata (tropical chickweed) | Seeds and plant fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2013) |
Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Echium plantagineum (Paterson's curse) | River sand |
Yes
| | |
Egeria densa (leafy elodea) | Water |
Yes
| | |
Ehrharta erecta (panic veldtgrass) | | |
Yes
| Ogle (1988) |
Emex australis (Doublegee) | |
Yes
| | |
Emex spinosa (spiny emex) | Transport possible in soil but no documented incidences. |
Yes
| | |
Emilia coccinea (scarlet tasselflower) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Davidse et al. (2018) |
Emilia fosbergii (Florida tassel-flower) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans (2011) |
Emilia praetermissa (yellow thistle) | Seeds dispersed as contaminants in soils |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2020) |
Eragrostis amabilis (Japanese lovegrass) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Whistler (1995) |
Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass) | Seeds may be present in soil, gravel etc being used in rangeland maintenance |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass) | Seeds and stolons |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brosnan and Deputy (2008) |
Erigeron bellioides (bellorita) | Seed as contaminant in soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nagata (1995) |
Eucalyptus robusta (swamp mahogany) | Seed | |
Yes
| Orwa et al. (2009) |
Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) | Moving, excavating equipment. |
Yes
| | |
Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) | Topsoil movement |
Yes
| | |
Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed) | Contamination by rhizome | |
Yes
| |
Fallopia x bohemica | movement of soil | |
Yes
| |
Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | Can reproduce by vegetative fragmentation |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Fimbristylis cymosa (tropical fimbry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Fimbristylis littoralis (lesser fimbristylis) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
Forficula auricularia (European earwig) | frequent and important pathway for this species; nymphs and adults |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Fumaria muralis (common ramping-fumitory) | | |
Yes
| Western Australian Herbarium (1998) |
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis (fusarium wilt of alfalfa) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum (Fusarium wilt of watermelon) | possible, chlamydospores | |
Yes
| Nishimura; 1971; Wang et al.; 1993 |
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (Fusarium crown rot) | Mycelium, chlamydospores |
Yes
| | |
Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier) | Seeds as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Damalas (2008) |
Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier) | Seeds as a contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
Genista monspessulana (Montpellier broom) | river sand |
Yes
| | |
Gilpinia hercyniae (spruce sawfly) | Soil |
Yes
| | |
Globodera pallida (white potato cyst nematode) | Cysts in water and dust storm |
Yes
|
Yes
| Been and Schomaker (2006) |
Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil and dust storms, juveniles |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Globodera tabacum (tobacco cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil, water also blown by wind |
Yes
| | |
Glomerella tucumanensis (red rot of sugarcane) | Conidia or other fungal structures may be carried long distances by rain/flood water. |
Yes
| | |
Golovinomyces cichoracearum (powdery mildew) | |
Yes
| | |
Golovinomyces orontii (powdery mildew) | |
Yes
| | |
Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush) | Fruits, seeds, and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Motooka et al. (2003) |
Gonipterus gibberus (snout beetle, eucalyptus) | Larvae, pupa |
Yes
| | |
Gonipterus scutellatus (eucalyptus snout beetle) | Larvae, pupa |
Yes
| | |
Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gurib-Fakim (2005) |
Hedera helix (ivy) | |
Yes
| | |
Helenium amarum (bitterweed) | | |
Yes
| Tomley and Panetta (2002) |
Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kompała-Bąba and Błońska (2008) |
Helicotylenchus dihystera (common spiral nematode) | With plants and soil |
Yes
| | |
Helicotylenchus multicinctus (banana spiral nematode) | With banana rhizones |
Yes
| | |
Helicotylenchus oleae (spiral nematode) | With host plants |
Yes
| | |
Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (spiral nematode) | With soil |
Yes
| | |
Helicotylenchus variocaudatus | |
Yes
| | |
Heliotropium curassavicum (salt heliotrope) | Seeds, root fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hegazy et al. (1994) |
Hemicriconemoides mangiferae | |
Yes
| | |
Hemicycliophora arenaria (sheath nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) | | |
Yes
| Tiley et al. (1996) |
Heterodera avenae (cereal cyst eelworm) | Cysts in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Heterodera cajani (pigeon pea cyst nematode) | Cysts |
Yes
| | |
Heterodera ciceri (chickpea cyst nematode) | As cysts. |
Yes
| | |
Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Heterodera goettingiana (pea cyst eelworm) | Cysts as contaminants. |
Yes
| | |
Heterodera oryzae (rice cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil |
Yes
| | |
Heterodera oryzicola (rice cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Heterodera sacchari (sugarcane cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Heterodera zeae (corn cyst nematode) | Cysts as contaminants. |
Yes
| | |
Heterotheca grandiflora (telegraph weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy (2007); PIER (2015) |
Heterotis rotundifolia (pink lady) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Prota4U (2013) |
Hirschmanniella miticausa | |
Yes
| | |
Hirschmanniella oryzae (rice root nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Hirschmanniella spinicaudata (rice root nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Hoplolaimus indicus (lance nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Hoplolaimus pararobustus (lance nematode) | With soil. |
Yes
| | |
Hoplolaimus seinhorsti (lance nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Hymenachne amplexicaulis (hymenachne) | Substrate contaminating gear, equipment, machinery, vehicles |
Yes
|
Yes
| Australian Weeds Committee (2012) |
Hyparrhenia rufa (Jaragua grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
Hyptis alata (clustered bushmint) | Seeds as contaminants | | | |
Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara (2001) |
Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | | |
Yes
| Beerling and Perrins (1993); Hartmann et al. (1995) |
Impatiens parviflora (small balsam) | |
Yes
| | Coombe (1956) |
Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2018) |
Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass) | Soil attached to the roots of transplanted material, e.g. tree nursery stock |
Yes
| | |
Indigofera hirsuta (hairy indigo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Duke (1981) |
Indigofera spicata (creeping indigo) | Soil transported may contain seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Morton (1989) |
Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Indigofera trita (Asian indigo) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
Indigofera trita subsp. scabra (Asian Indigo) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2014) |
Ipomoea hederifolia (scarlet-creeper ) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Queensland Government (2016) |
Ipomoea purpurea (tall morning glory) | Potential seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2014) |
Iris domestica (blackberry lily) | Possible, from its cultivation | |
Yes
| |
Ischaemum rugosum (saramollagrass) | Seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2015) |
Iva xanthiifolia (marsh-elder) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Follak (2014) |
Jasminum fluminense (Brazilian jasmine) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2004) |
Jasminum simplicifolium (Australian wax jasmine) | Possible from its cultivation | |
Yes
| |
Jatropha curcas (jatropha) | | |
Yes
| Pitt (1999) |
Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | Sand mining |
Yes
| | |
Jatropha integerrima (peregrina) | Possible, as it is listed as escaped from cultivation | |
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2020) |
Juncus effusus (common rush) | | |
Yes
| |
Juncus ensifolius (swordleaf rush) | |
Yes
| | NZPCN (New Zealand Plant Conservation Network) (2015) |
Kalanchoe delagoensis (chandelier plant) | Seeds, plantlets, plant fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| BioNET-EAFRINET (2011) |
Kalanchoe pinnata (cathedral bells) | |
Yes
| | |
Lamium amplexicaule (henbit deadnettle) | Rivers and floods |
Yes
| | |
Lantana camara (lantana) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Lasius neglectus (invasive garden ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Lepidium draba (hoary cress) | |
Yes
| | |
Lepidium latifolium (perennial pepperweed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Halvorsen and Grøstad (1998) |
Lepidium virginicum (Virginian peppercress) | In garden soil used for compost. | |
Yes
| Dave’s Garden (2016) |
Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) | Adults can contaminate almost any bulk material moved in trade |
Yes
| | |
Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) | | |
Yes
| |
Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese privet) | Possible from its cultivation although no details available | |
Yes
| |
Limax maximus (leopard slug) | Not uncommon |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | |
Yes
| | |
Limnoperna fortunei (golden mussel) | Sandy trucks that transport artificial beaches | |
Yes
| Belz (2006) |
Lindernia crustacea (Malaysian false pimpernel) | Seeds and stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1979) |
Linepithema humile (Argentine ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Liriomyza bryoniae (tomato leaf miner) | Road transport. |
Yes
| | |
Longidorus elongatus (needle nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Lumbricus rubellus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Lumbricus terrestris | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leaf lupin) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2017) |
Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS (2015) |
Lygodium flexuosum (maidenhair creeper) | No information available but it could be a possibility as it is used as an ornamental | |
Yes
| USDA-APHIS-PPQ (2009) |
Lygodium microphyllum (old world climbing fern) | | |
Yes
| |
Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | Ship ballast; ship transport |
Yes
|
Yes
| Thompson et al. (1987) |
Malva pusilla (round-leaved mallow) | Seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Makowski and Morrison (1989) |
Malvaviscus arboreus (wax mallow) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Webb et al. (1988) |
Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) | |
Yes
| | |
Meloidogyne acronea (African cotton root nematode) | Eggs and galls in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Meloidogyne arenaria (peanut root-knot nematode) | Eggs and galls in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Meloidogyne brevicauda (Indian root-knot nematode) | Soil |
Yes
| | |
Meloidogyne chitwoodi (columbia root-knot nematode) | Eggs in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Meloidogyne coffeicola (coffee root-knot nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Meloidogyne decalineata (African coffee root-knot nematode) | Eggs and juveniles in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Meloidogyne exigua (coffee root-knot nematode) | Eggs and juveniles in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Meloidogyne fallax (false Columbia root-knot nematode) | Eggs and juveniles in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Meloidogyne graminicola (rice root knot nematode) | Eggs and juveniles in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Meloidogyne hapla (root knot nematode) | Eggs and juveniles in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) | Eggs and galls in soil. Movement of infested soil. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Meloidogyne javanica (sugarcane eelworm) | Eggs and galls in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Meloidogyne mayaguensis | Eggs and galls in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Mesosphaerum pectinatum (comb bushmint) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Miconia calvescens (miconia) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Microdochium panattonianum (anthracnose (of lettuce)) | Soil from anthracnose-infected lettuce fields. |
Yes
| | |
Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Mimosa arenosa (elegant mimosa) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2004) |
Mimosa diplotricha (giant sensitive plant) | | |
Yes
| DAF (2016); Parsons and Cuthbertson (1992) |
Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant) | | |
Yes
| |
Mirabilis jalapa (four o'clock flower) | Seeds might spread through soil waste from its cultivation. | |
Yes
| |
Monilochaetes infuscans (scurf of sweet potato) | |
Yes
| | |
Moringa oleifera (horse radish tree) | Soil debris from cultivation | |
Yes
| Csurhes and Navie (2016) |
Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) | Probably arrived to Seychelles with soil machinery |
Yes
| | Gerlach (1996) |
Murdannia nudiflora (doveweed) | Soil and water. |
Yes
| | |
Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine) | Dispersed in dumped garden waste | |
Yes
| Brisbane City Council (2020) |
Mycosphaerella gibsonii (needle blight of pine) | Mycorrhizal soil inocula |
Yes
| | |
Nacobbus aberrans (false root-knot nematode) | Eggs and adults as contaminants. |
Yes
| | |
Nassella trichotoma (serrated tussock grass) | |
Yes
| | |
Nelsonia canescens (blue pussyleaf) | Seeds and roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mahbubur (2013) |
Neodiprion sertifer (European pine sawfly) | Soil. |
Yes
| | |
Nephrolepis hirsutula (sword fern) | Possible from its use as mulch | |
Yes
| Whistler (1988) |
Nerium oleander (oleander) | Possible from its use as an ornamental | |
Yes
| |
Neyraudia reynaudiana (burma reed) | | |
Yes
| Rasha (2005) |
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco) | | |
Yes
| |
Nopalea cochenillifera (cochineal cactus) | Can be spread through garden waste | |
Yes
| PIER (2017) |
Ocimum gratissimum (African basil) | Seed, stem fragment in garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
Odontonema cuspidatum (Cardinal’s guard) | Pieces of stems and roots from gardens |
Yes
|
Yes
| Francis (2005) |
Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines) | Seeds, roots, stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROSEA (2018) |
Oldenlandia lancifolia (calycose mille graines) | Seeds as contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pringle (1982) |
Onopordum acanthium (scotch thistle) | Water |
Yes
| | |
Orobanche cernua (nodding broomrape) | | |
Yes
| |
Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) | | |
Yes
| |
Orobanche ramosa (branched broomrape) | | |
Yes
| Jacobsohn (1984) |
Oryctes boas (rhinoceros beetle) | |
Yes
| | |
Osteopilus septentrionalis (Cuban treefrog) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Perry et al (2006) |
Pachnoda interrupta (chafer beetle) | Eggs, pupae, quiescent adults |
Yes
| | |
Papuana huebneri (taro beetle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Paradiplosis tumifex (balsam gall midge) | Pupae |
Yes
| | |
Paralongidorus australis (needle nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Paratrichodorus minor (stubby root nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Paratrichodorus porosus | |
Yes
| | |
Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | Soil, sand, irrigation water, flood | |
Yes
| Shabbir et al. (2011); Taye (2002) |
Paspalum dilatatum (dallisgrass) | seeds possibly dispersed in soil debris from cultivation | |
Yes
| |
Paspalum paniculatum (Russell River grass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-ARS (2016) |
Paspalum scrobiculatum (ricegrass paspalum) | |
Yes
| | |
Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | Possibly from agricultural practices | |
Yes
| Hitchcock (1936); FAO (2012b) |
Pastinaca sativa (parsnip) | Seeds frequently dispersed with soil movement |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cain et al. (2010) |
Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Pegomya hyoscyami (mangold fly) | Puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Pelargonium peltatum (ivy geranium) | Pelargonium spp. can disperse their small seeds by wind, water, and soil. | |
Yes
| Dixon (2011); Western Australian Herbarium (2014) |
Pelargonium zonale (horseshoe pelargonium) | Members of the Pelargonium genus can disperse their small seeds by wind, water, and soil. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dixon (2011); Western Australian Herbarium (2014) |
Pennisetum pedicellatum (deenanath grass) | |
Yes
| | |
Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) | Seed and plant segments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
Pentas lanceolata (Egyptian starcluster) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Pepino mosaic virus | Drainage water. |
Yes
| | |
Peronosclerospora philippinensis (Philippine downy mildew of maize) | Oospores which are rarely produced serve as survival structures of the pathogen in the soil. | |
Yes
| USDA (2013) |
Persicaria maculosa (redshank) | Rivers and floods |
Yes
| | |
Persicaria wallichii (Himalayan knotweed) | | |
Yes
| |
Petiveria alliacea (guinea hen weed) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Vibrans (2009) |
Petrea volubilis (queen's wreath) | Possible. No details but reported as naturalized in Madeira | |
Yes
| DAISIE (2019) |
Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Petri disease) | |
Yes
| | |
Pheidole megacephala (big-headed ant) | |
Yes
| | |
Phyllanthus urinaria (leafflower) | Soil and water. |
Yes
| | |
Phyllophaga smithi (white grub) | |
Yes
| | |
Phytophthora alni species complex (alder Phytophthora) | Not specifically demonstrated for the alder Phytophthora but known to be important for root phytophthoras | |
Yes
| Webber and Rose (2008) |
Phytophthora austrocedri | DNA of P. austrocedri detected in soil at infected sites |
Yes
|
Yes
| Elliot et al. (2015) |
Phytophthora boehmeriae (ramie leaf spot) | |
Yes
| | |
Phytophthora cinnamomi (Phytophthora dieback) | Very common | |
Yes
| Batini (1977); Colquhoun and Petersen (1994) |
Phytophthora drechsleri f.sp. cajani (Phytophthora blight) | Mycelium, zoospore |
Yes
| | |
Phytophthora kernoviae | Soil associated with nursery stock |
Yes
|
Yes
| EPPO (2013) |
Phytophthora lateralis (Port-Orford-cedar root disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA (2003) |
Phytophthora medicaginis (Phytophthora root rot of lucerne) | |
Yes
| | |
Phytophthora megasperma (root rot) | Potting mixes, irrigation water. |
Yes
| | |
Phytophthora porri (white tip of leek) | Oospores. |
Yes
| | |
Phytophthora ramorum (Sudden Oak Death (SOD)) | |
Yes
| | |
Phytophthora vignae (Phytophthora stem rot of cowpea) | water |
Yes
| | |
Pilosella aurantiaca (orange hawkweed) | Soil contamination, garden waste |
Yes
| | |
Pilosella officinarum (mouse-ear hawkweed) | Soil, garden dumpings |
Yes
| | |
Pityogenes chalcographus (sixtoothed spruce bark beetls) | Soil |
Yes
| | |
Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root) | P. brassicae resting spores can survive upwards of fifteen years. Infested soil can be easily moved on machinery, livestock, people, or by the environment. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wallenhammar (1996) |
Platydemus manokwari (New guinea flatworm) | P. manokwari can be readily transported in soil on potted plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Plectranthus scutellarioides (coleus) | Garden soil where species is cultivated could be contaminated with cuttings or seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Missouri Botanical Garden (2014b); Wagner et al. (1999) |
Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) | |
Yes
| | |
Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) | Seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
Pomacea canaliculata (golden apple snail) | |
Yes
| | |
Portulaca pilosa (kiss-me-quick) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Portulaca quadrifida (chickenweed) | | |
Yes
| |
Potato mop-top virus (potato mop-top) | Soil from field where virus is endemic |
Yes
| | |
Pratylenchus brachyurus (root-lesion nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Pratylenchus coffeae (banana root nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Pratylenchus goodeyi (banana lesion nematode) | From banana orchards. |
Yes
| | |
Pratylenchus loosi (root lesion nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Pratylenchus penetrans (nematode, northern root lesion) | |
Yes
| | |
Pratylenchus thornei | |
Yes
| | |
Pratylenchus vulnus (walnut root lesion nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Pratylenchus zeae (root lesion nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Prays citri (citrus flower moth) | |
Yes
| | |
Pristiphora erichsonii (larch sawfly) | Soil |
Yes
| | |
Prosopis pallida (mesquite) | Oceanic dispersal |
Yes
| | |
Prosopis ruscifolia | |
Yes
| | |
Prosopis velutina (velvet mesquite) | |
Yes
| | |
Pseudomonas agarici (drippy gill) | Waste casings. |
Yes
| | |
Pseudomonas syringae pv. oryzae (halo blight) | |
Yes
| | |
Pseudomonas tolaasii (bacterial blotch of mushroom) | Risk in waste casings. |
Yes
| | |
Pseudoperonospora cannabina (downy mildew of hemp) | Heavy soils |
Yes
| | |
Psila rosae (carrot root fly) | Infected soil is a risk. |
Yes
| | |
Pteris multifida (spider brake) | Although not reported it is a possibility as a result of its cultivation | |
Yes
| |
Pteris tripartita (giant brake) | Not mentioned in literature, but a possibility from its cultivation | |
Yes
| |
Pteris vittata (Chinese ladder brake fern) | Possible, as it is reported as an ornamental | |
Yes
| Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2019) |
Ptychosperma elegans (solitaire palm) | Possible in soil debris associated with its cultivation | |
Yes
| |
Puccinia asparagi (asparagus rust) | |
Yes
| | |
Pueraria montana var. lobata (kudzu) | |
Yes
| | |
Pueraria phaseoloides (tropical kudzu) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
Punctodera chalcoensis | |
Yes
| | |
Punctodera punctata (grass cyst nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Pyracantha coccinea (scarlet firethorn) | Seeds could be dispersed in soil debris associated with its cultivation. | |
Yes
| California Invasive Plant Council (2017) |
Radopholus citri | |
Yes
| | |
Radopholus similis (burrowing nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | Water. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Rhagoletis cerasi (European cherry fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Rhagoletis cingulata (cherry fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Rhagoletis completa (walnut husk fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Rhagoletis fausta (black cherry fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Rhagoletis indifferens (western cherry fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Rhagoletis mendax (blueberry fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Rhagoletis pomonella (apple maggot) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Rhagoletis ribicola (American currant fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Rhizobium radiobacter (crown gall) | |
Yes
| | |
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass) | Road construction aggregate in Louisiana | |
Yes
| Millhollon (1980) |
Rotylenchulus parvus (reniform nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniform nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Rubus fruticosus (blackberry) | Unintentional transport of seeds |
Yes
| | |
Rubus parviflorus (thimbleberry) | Seeds, root fragments | |
Yes
| Haeussler et al. (1990) |
Rumex obtusifolius (broad-leaved dock) | Rivers |
Yes
| | |
Salvia splendens (scarlet sage) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Floridata (2014); Liogier and Martorell (2000) |
Scaevola taccada (beach naupaka) | Fruits, cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
Schismus arabicus (Arabian schismus) | Spread is promoted by soil disturbances | |
Yes
| Guertin (2003) |
Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae (brown stripe downy mildew of maize) | | |
Yes
| Singh and Renfro (1971) |
Sclerospora graminicola (downy mildew of pearl millet) | Oospores with crop debris |
Yes
| | |
Scutellonema brachyurus | |
Yes
| | |
Scutellonema bradys (yam nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Scutellonema clathricaudatum | |
Yes
| | |
Senecio glastifolius (holly-leaved senecio) | | |
Yes
| |
Senecio jacobaea (common ragwort) | Attached to vehicles |
Yes
| | |
Senecio vulgaris | Attached to vehicles |
Yes
| | |
Senna aculeata (senna) | Seeds as contaminants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Government (2020) |
Senna bacillaris (whitebark senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Senna multijuga (November shower) | Soil in areas where species is cultivated may be contaminated with seeds and dispersed |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Senna surattensis (golden senna) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Little and Skolmen (1989); PIER (2014); Randall (2012); Sosef and Maesen (1997); Wagner et al. (2014) |
Sesbania punicea (red sesbania) | |
Yes
| | |
Sida repens (Javanese fanpetals) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade) | Soil, water, animal faeces |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Solanum erianthum (potato tree) | Species can spread by adventitious shoots | |
Yes
| Roe (1979) |
Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PBI Solanum Project (2014) |
Solanum seaforthianum (Brazilian nightshade) | Seeds as a soil-contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gallagher et al. (2010) |
Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2020) |
Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Soil that contains fragments of tuber can be transported. Tubers are capable of regenerating |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Solanum viarum (tropical soda apple) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Medal et al. (2012) |
Solenopsis geminata (tropical fire ant) | |
Yes
| | |
Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant) | Whole nest | |
Yes
| Taber (2000) |
Solenopsis richteri (black imported fire ant) | | |
Yes
| |
Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) | Rhizome fragments in soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| Weber (2011) |
Solidago nemoralis (grey goldenrod) | Hypothetical | |
Yes
| |
Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) | Seeds as contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1977) |
Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Spartium junceum (Spanish broom) | Seeds as contaminant in soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| Nilsen et al. (1993); Zouhar (2005) |
Spiraea chamaedryfolia (germander meadowsweet) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Spirodela polyrrhiza (giant duckweed) | Turions and fronds can be transported in mud attached to aquatic animals | |
Yes
| Les (2020) |
Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea (powdery scab) | Soil. |
Yes
| | |
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (blue snakeweed) | |
Yes
| | Smith (2002) |
Stictocardia tiliifolia (spottedheart) | Possible as it grows on sandy soils near coasts | |
Yes
| PIER (2019); PROTA (2019) |
Streptomyces ipomoeae (Streptomycete soil rot (pox)) | Soil |
Yes
| | |
Striga asiatica (witch weed) | Soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (New York aster) | | |
Yes
| |
Syngonium podophyllum (arrowhead vine) | Vegetative fragments spread in waste garden soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold) | Seeds as contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| PROTA (2018) |
Tanacetum vulgare (tansy) | Tansy is often found along rivers. |
Yes
| | |
Taraxacum officinale complex (dandelion) | Water - especially irrigation ditches. |
Yes
| | |
Thaumetopoea processionea (oak processionary moth) | |
Yes
| | Forestry Commission (2014) |
Theba pisana (white garden snail) | |
Yes
| | Godan (1983) |
Thecaphora solani (potato smut) | spores or spore masses | |
Yes
| Abbott (1932); Torres (2001) |
Themeda quadrivalvis (grader grass) | Contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Keir and Vogler (2006) |
Thunbergia alata (black eyed Susan) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2011) |
Thunbergia fragrans (whitelady) | Seeds, stem fragments, roots, dumped garden waste |
Yes
|
Yes
| Starr et al. (2003) |
Thunbergia grandiflora (Bengal trumpet) | Seeds, cuttings, stem segments, roots |
Yes
|
Yes
| Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2007) |
Thymophylla tenuiloba (Dahlberg daisy) | No information available, but possible escape from cultivation | |
Yes
| |
Tipula paludosa (European crane fly) | Possible risk of moving soil. |
Yes
| | |
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (Tomato brown rugose fruit virus) | Contaminated soil from old crop can be source of the virus in the new plantation | |
Yes
| |
Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) | Seeds in garden soil |
Yes
|
Yes
| NZPCN (2016) |
Toxotrypana curvicauda (papaya fruit fly) | Risk of puparia in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Tragus racemosus (stalker bur grass) | Possible. No information available but as it is an ephemeral species, the seeds that germinate in the summer are at least from the previous season | |
Yes
| |
Tribulus terrestris (puncture vine) | |
Yes
| | |
Trophotylenchulus piperis | |
Yes
| | |
Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (stunt nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Tylenchorhynchus claytoni (stunt nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Tylenchulus semipenetrans (citrus root nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail) | Seeds that become attached via mud | |
Yes
| DiTomaso and Healy (2003) |
Ulex europaeus (gorse) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tulang (1992) |
Urena lobata (caesar weed) | Spiny fruits and barbed seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Langeland et al. (2008) |
Urena sinuata (bur mallow) | Spiny fruits and barbed seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Liogier (1988) |
Urochloa distachya (signal grass) | Seed bank |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Urochloa mutica (para grass) | Seeds, stem fragments |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
Urocystis agropyri (flag smut of wheat) | | |
Yes
| |
Verbena officinalis (vervain) | Possible, as it is an escape from cultivation and self-seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Méndez Santos (2002); PFAF (2020) |
Vulpia myuros (annual fescue) | Seeds | |
Yes
| Wallace (1997) |
Wasmannia auropunctata (little fire ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. begoniae (bacterial wilt of begonias) | |
Yes
| | |
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (black rot) | Long survival in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (banana xanthomonas wilt (BXW)) | |
Yes
| | |
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. alfalfae (bacterial leaf spot of lucerne) | Wind-blown soil. |
Yes
| | |
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | | |
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans (bacterial spot of tomato) | | |
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | | |
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis (bacterial leaf streak of grasses) | | |
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens (bacterial leaf streak of barley) | | |
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas vesicatoria (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | | |
Yes
| |
Xiphinema americanum (dagger nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Xiphinema diversicaudatum (dagger nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Xiphinema ifacolum (dagger nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Xiphinema index (fan-leaf virus nematode) | Grape vines. |
Yes
| | |
Xiphinema rivesi (dagger nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Youngia japonica (oriental false hawksbeard) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA-NRCS (2018) |
Zeuxine strateumatica (soldier’s orchid) | Accidentally introduced with contaminated soil | |
Yes
| Ames (1938) |
Zingiber montanum (cassumunar ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Zingiber zerumbet (shampoo ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Zygotylenchus guevarai | |
Yes
| | |