Abutilon grandifolium (hairy Indian mallow) | Risk of propagule dispersal through produce contamination is low |
Yes
|
Yes
| Coordinating Group Alien Pest Species (CGAPS) (2014) |
Acacia glauca (wild dividivi) | occurs as a seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Achatina fulica (giant African land snail) | Nursery trade |
Yes
| | |
Achlysiella williamsi | |
Yes
| | |
Aculops fuchsiae (Fuchsia gall mite) | On infested cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Koehler et al. (1985) |
Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Adiantum raddianum (delta maidenhair fern) | |
Yes
| | |
Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Aeschynomene americana (shyleaf) | Used as forage and green manure |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
Ageratina riparia (mistflower) | |
Yes
| | |
Agrilus planipennis (emerald ash borer) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cappaert et al. (2005); Haack et al. (2002) |
Agrostis capillaris (common bent) | as seed |
Yes
| | |
Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) | Frequent, seed or clonal growth |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kowarik and Säumel (2007) |
Akebia quinata (five-leaf akebia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Aleurotrachelus atratus (palm-infesting whitefly) | Eggs or larvae can be carried on foliage |
Yes
| | |
Alhagi maurorum (camelthorn) | Alfalfa seeds; date palm offshoots |
Yes
| | |
Alternaria japonica (pod spot of radish) | infected/infested seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| McLean (1947); Neergaard (1945); Tohyama and Tsuda (1990); Tohyama and Tsuda (1995); Valkonen and Koponen (1990); Vannacci and Pecchia (1988) |
Alternaria triticina (leaf blight of wheat) | seedborne |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kumar and Arya (1973a); Prabhu and Prasada (1966) |
Alternaria yali-inficiens (chocolate spot of Ya Li Pear) | Known only from Ya Li pear |
Yes
| | Roberts (2005) |
Amaranthus dubius (spleen amaranth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) | As a contaminant of grains |
Yes
|
Yes
| EPPO (2019) |
Amaranthus tuberculatus (rough-fruited water-hemp) | Transported internationally as a grain contaminant |
Yes
| | Manual of the Alien Plants of Belgium (2015) |
Amynthas agrestis (crazy worm) | All stages possible in soil or other organic material accompanying plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tandy (1969) |
Anastrepha fraterculus (South American fruit fly) | Immatures in fruit |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Anastrepha grandis (South American cucurbit fruit fly) | Immatures in fruit |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Anastrepha ludens (Mexican fruit fly) | Immatures in fruit |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Anastrepha obliqua (West Indian fruit fly) | Immatures in fruit |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Anastrepha serpentina (sapodilla fruit fly) | Immatures in fruit |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Anastrepha striata (guava fruit fly) | Immatures in fruit |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Anastrepha suspensa (Caribbean fruit fly) | Immatures in fruit |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Anolis aeneus (bronze anole) | Adults, juveniles or eggs possible |
Yes
| | |
Anolis cristatellus (Puerto Rican crested anole) | Adults, juveniles or eggs |
Yes
| | |
Anolis extremus (Barbados anole) | Adults, juveniles or eggs possible |
Yes
| | |
Anolis trinitatis (St Vincent bush anole) | Adults, juveniles or eggs |
Yes
| | |
Anolis wattsi (Watts' anole) | Adults, juveniles or eggs possible |
Yes
| | White and Hailey (2006) |
Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Anoplophora chinensis (black and white citrus longhorn) | Accidentally spread with woody plants for planting being shipped infested with eggs or larvae. Dozens of interceptions in Europe since 1980. |
Yes
| | Haack et al. ( 2010); EFSA (2019); Hérard and Maspero (2019) |
Aphelenchoides besseyi (rice leaf nematode) | Grasses in paddy fields |
Yes
| | |
Apiognomonia errabunda (anthracnose) | |
Yes
| | |
Arctotheca calendula (capeweed) | |
Yes
| | |
Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) | Seed contaminant |
Yes
| | |
Arion vulgaris (Spanish slug) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dörler et al. (2018) |
Arkoola nigra (black leaf blight of soybean) | crop debris, seeds | |
Yes
| Walker and Stovold (1986) |
Armillaria limonea | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Armillaria novae-zelandiae | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Arthraxon hispidus (small carpetgrass) | |
Yes
| | |
Arthurdendyus triangulatus (New Zealand flatworm) | Probably both adults and egg capsules could be introduced in this way |
Yes
|
Yes
| Blackshaw and Stewart (1992); Cannon et al. (1999); Dynes et al. (2001); Willis and Edwards (1977) |
Arundo donax (giant reed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Dudley (2000) |
Aulacaspis yasumatsui (cycad aulacaspis scale) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) | Infected plant material |
Yes
|
Yes
| Carnegie and Cooper (2011); Kawanishi et al. (2009); Loope (2010); Loope et al. (2007); Zambino and Nolan (2012) |
Avena sterilis (winter wild oat) | Wheat grain contaminant |
Yes
| | |
Bactericera cockerelli (tomato/potato psyllid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly) | Less frequently eggs and larvae inside stem, root or leaves |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) | Fruits infested with eggs and/or larvae |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Bactrocera musae (banana fruit fly) | Larvae in infested fruit brought from mainland Papua New Guinea, low population levels | |
Yes
| Mararuai et al. (2002) |
Bactrocera zonata (peach fruit fly) | Fruits infested with larvae and/or eggs |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Banana bunchy top virus (bunchy top of banana) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) | Disposal of possibly infected materials associated with captive salamanders | |
Yes
| Cunningham et al. (2015) |
Bipolaris victoriae (Victoria blight of oats) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Bothriocephalus acheilognathi | Infected copepods may attach to aquatic vegetation. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Botryosphaeria berengeriana f.sp. pyricola (Physalospora canker) | fruit |
Yes
|
Yes
| Al-Haq et al. (2003) |
Brachyponera chinensis (Asian needle ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Bromus secalinus (rye brome) | Common seed contaminant |
Yes
| | Afonin et al. (2016) |
Bromus tectorum (downy brome) | All |
Yes
| | |
Cactoblastis cactorum (cactus moth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Calacarus carinatus (purple tea mite) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| IPPC-Secretariat (2005) |
Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Buxus blight) | Infected plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Henricot and Culham (2002); Saracchi et al. (2008) |
Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
Cameraria ohridella (horsechestnut leafminer) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gilbert et al. (2005) |
Candidatus Liberibacter africanus (African greening) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (citrus greening) | |
Yes
| | |
Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (zebra chip) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (yellow disease phytoplasmas) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium | Plant trade (probably) |
Yes
|
Yes
| Verdin et al. (2004) |
Candidatus Phytoplasma rubi (witches'-broom phytoplasma disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Candidatus Phytoplasma solani (Stolbur phytoplasma) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii (clover proliferation phytoplasma) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Carduus nutans (nodding thistle) | Crop seed |
Yes
| | |
Cassytha filiformis (love-vine) | An accidental introduction into USA on ornamental Protea plants has been reported |
Yes
|
Yes
| USDA (2007) |
Castilla elastica (Mexican rubber tree) | Seeds and seedlings |
Yes
| | Wright (1912) |
Centaurea debeauxii (meadow knapweed) | Infrequent – as possible contaminant of commercial agricultural seed |
Yes
| | |
Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ceratitis cosyra (mango fruit fly) | |
Yes
| | |
Chilo suppressalis (striped rice stem borer) | Eggs, larvae |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed) | |
Yes
| | USDA-FS (2015) |
Christella dentata (soft fern) | Unknown speculated about in the literature. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Murakami et al. (2007); Strother and Smith (1970); Wagner (1950); Wagner (1972) |
Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) | As a seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Chevalier (1949) |
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (dictyospermum scale) | With fruit and live plants |
Yes
| | |
Chrysomyxa abietis (needle rust of fir) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Schrader and Hennon (2005); Takahashi and Saho (1985) |
Chrysomyxa himalensis (needle rust of spruce) | Probable means of transport for various Chrysomyxa rusts |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bennell (1985) |
Chrysomyxa rhododendri (European Rhododendron rust) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bennell (1985) |
Ciborinia allii (neck rot of onion) | seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Stewart and Franicevic (1994) |
Cinchona pubescens (quinine tree) | Seeds planted to produce quinine plantations |
Yes
| | Starr et al. (2003) |
Cinnamomum burmanni (padang cassia) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Franck (2012) |
Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle) | Contaminated crop seed |
Yes
| | |
Cirsium mexicanum (Mexican thistle) | Contaminant in crop seed |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1997) |
Cirsium vulgare (spear thistle) | Baled or loose hay |
Yes
| | |
Citrus leprosis virus C (leprosis of citrus) | Viruliferous vectors. |
Yes
| | |
Clavibacter nebraskensis (Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Clavibacter sepedonicus (potato ring rot) | Potato tuber |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Claviceps africana (ergot) | conidia |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bandyopadhyay et al. (1998) |
Claviceps fusiformis (pearl millet ergot) | Sclerotia mixed with grain |
Yes
|
Yes
| Pathak et al. (1984) |
Claviceps gigantea (horse's tooth) | Sclerotia | |
Yes
| Richardson (1990) |
Claviceps sorghi (sorghum ergot) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Bandyopadhyay et al. (1996) |
Clerodendrum chinense (Chinese glory bower) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2012) |
Clerodendrum quadriloculare (bronze-leaved clerodendrum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2012); USDA-NRCS (2012) |
Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse) | With coffee plants for planting in one case and as a seed contaminant in another |
Yes
| | Binggeli (2003); Mune and Parham (1967) |
Clover yellow mosaic virus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Coccinella septempunctata (seven-spot ladybird) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (cadang cadang disease) | Seed & veg propagating material of putative tropical monocot hosts of CCCVd related RNA moved freely |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Colletotrichum coccodes (black dot of potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Tsror et al. (1999a) |
Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite) | |
Yes
| | |
Coptotermes gestroi (Asian subterranean termite) | On tree bark |
Yes
|
Yes
| Scheffrahn and Su (2000) |
Cornu aspersum (common garden snail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cornus sericea (redosier dogwood) | Parts of plant transported by water |
Yes
| | Kelly (1990) |
Cosmos caudatus (wild cosmos) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cotton leaf curl disease complex (leaf curl disease of cotton) | | | | Cai et al. (2010) |
Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus | | | | |
Cowpea mild mottle virus (angular mosaic of beans) | | | | Cai et al. (2008) |
Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) | | |
Yes
| |
Cronartium flaccidum (Scots pine blister rust) | |
Yes
| | USDA/APHIS (2008) |
Cronartium ribicola (white pine blister rust) | Aeciospores |
Yes
| | |
Crumenulopsis sororia | |
Yes
| | |
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus | Occurs less often than seed trade but movement of infected seedlings is an important way for spread of the virus locally and regionally |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows) | Possible dispersion by infected seedlings |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (bacterial wilt of dry beans) | important |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cuscuta campestris (field dodder) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cuscuta japonica (Japanese dodder) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth) | Buxus spp. |
Yes
| | Leuthardt et al. (2010) |
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) | Leaves and shoots are distributed commercially |
Yes
|
Yes
| Oyen (1999) |
Cynodon nlemfuensis (African Bermuda-grass) | Seeds are widely commercialized |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (2005) |
Cyrtomium falcatum (Japanese holly fern) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Daucus carota (carrot) | Seed or grain contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Deanolis albizonalis (mango seed borer) | Wood material through edible fruits carriage. |
Yes
| | |
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Douglas-fir beetle) | |
Yes
| | |
Deparia petersenii subsp. petersenii (Petersen’s lady fern) | Purchases for outdoor horticulture can result in spore dispersal in new and distant regions |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Deroceras invadens (tramp slug) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Deroceras laeve (meadow slug) | Agriculture and gardening |
Yes
| | AnimalBase (2015) |
Desmostachya bipinnata (halfa grass) | |
Yes
| | |
Diaporthe gulyae (Phomopsis stem canker of sunflower) | Potentially an inoculum reservoir |
Yes
|
Yes
| Thompson et al. (2015) |
Dickeya zeae (bacterial stalk rot of maize) | | | | |
Didymella fabae (leaf and pod spot) | Infected seed, crop debris |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hewett (1966); Jellis and Punithalingam (1991); Kaiser (1997) |
Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass) | Seeds as contaminant in crop and grass seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Holm et al. (1979) |
Digitaria insularis (sourgrass) | |
Yes
| | |
Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato) | Tubers and bulbils |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2012) |
Diplodia seriata (grapevine trunk disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Diprion similis (white pine sawfly) | |
Yes
| | |
Discus rotundatus (rotund disc) | Not explicitly mentioned in literature, but likely based on the species’ biology |
Yes
| | |
Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila) | |
Yes
| | |
East Asian Passiflora virus | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Echinocystis lobata (wild cucumber) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Echium plantagineum (Paterson's curse) | Grain and hay movement. |
Yes
| | |
Eleutherodactylus coqui (Caribbean tree frog) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Eleutherodactylus planirostris (greenhouse frog) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Christy et al. (2007) |
Emex australis (Doublegee) | Grain, fodder, fruit |
Yes
| | |
Emex spinosa (spiny emex) | Grain and fodder |
Yes
| | |
Epilobium ciliatum (northern willowherb) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Epiphyas postvittana (light brown apple moth) | Eggs, larvae or pupae on foliage |
Yes
| | |
Eragrostis amabilis (Japanese lovegrass) | Seeds |
Yes
|
Yes
| Popay et al. (2008) |
Eragrostis ciliaris (gophertail lovegrass) | Seeds contaminating traded grain crops |
Yes
| | PlantNet (2018) |
Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass) | Introduced as a forage grass to arid areas of the world | |
Yes
| PROTA (2015); Uchytil (1992) |
Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass) | Seed |
Yes
| | Alien plants of Belgium (2018) |
Eragrostis plana (South African lovegrass) | Transported with seeds from other plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Eragrostis unioloides (Chinese lovegrass) | Seed | |
Yes
| |
Erigeron karvinskianus (Karwinsky’s fleabane) | Perhaps first introduced unintentionally in India along with seeds of ornamental plants from Austral |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rao and Sagar (2012) |
Erionota torus (banana skipper) | Local movement of planting material may facilitate movement of associated early stages of E. torus. | |
Yes
| Cock (2015) |
Erwinia amylovora (fireblight) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Euphorbia terracina (false caper) | |
Yes
| | |
Euschistus heros (Neotropical brown stink bug) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Medeiros et al. (1997); Saluso et al. (2011) |
Ferrisia virgata (striped mealybug) | Accidental introduction on plant material |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Festuca pratensis (meadow fescue) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Darbyshire (2007) |
Forficula auricularia (European earwig) | frequent and important pathway for this species; nymphs and adults |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips) | Commonly transported locally and over long distances on cut flowers, transplants, ornamental plants. |
Yes
|
Yes
| Mound (1983) |
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum (Fusarium wilt of watermelon) | Diseased seedlings, rare | |
Yes
| Keinath; 2020 |
Galega officinalis (goatsrue) | |
Yes
| | |
Genista monspessulana (Montpellier broom) | |
Yes
| | |
Geosmithia morbida (thousand cankers disease) | Walnut wood |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Gilpinia hercyniae (spruce sawfly) | |
Yes
| | |
Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode) | Cysts, juveniles, eggs |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Globodera tabacum (tobacco cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil |
Yes
| | |
Gnathotrichus sulcatus (western hemlock wood stainer) | |
Yes
| | |
Grapevine red blotch virus (grapevine red blotch virus) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sudarshana et al. (2015) |
Haplodiplosis marginata (saddle gall midge) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Harmonia axyridis (harlequin ladybird) | Found on imported flowers from the Netherlands to UK |
Yes
| | Majerus et al. (2006) |
Harpophora maydis (late wilt of maize) | seedborne |
Yes
|
Yes
| Michail et al. (1999); Mohamed et al. (1967); Samra et al. (1963) |
Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily) | |
Yes
| | |
Hedychium flavescens (wild ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Heterodera avenae (cereal cyst eelworm) | Cysts in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode) | Cysts in soil. |
Yes
| | |
Heterodera goettingiana (pea cyst eelworm) | Cysts as contaminants. |
Yes
| | |
Hirschfeldia incana (shortpod mustard) | | |
Yes
| South East Natural Resources Management Board (2009) |
Hop stunt viroid (hop stunt viroid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hadidi et al. (2003) |
Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (floating pennywort) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (ash dieback) | infected saplings from nurseries | |
Yes
| Kirisits et al. (2009); Schumacher et al. (2010); Talgø et al. (2009) |
Hypogeococcus pungens (cactus mealybug) | | |
Yes
| |
Hypothenemus hampei (coffee berry borer) | Eggs, larvae, pupae, adults |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Icerya samaraia (steatococcus scale) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Miller et al. (2014a); Miller et al. (2014b) |
Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) | seed |
Yes
| | Beerling and Perrins (1993) |
Inula britannica (british yellowhead) | |
Yes
| | |
Ips hauseri (Kyrgyz mountain engraver) | |
Yes
| | |
Ips subelongatus (larch bark beetle) | |
Yes
| | |
Iris yellow spot virus (iris yellow spot) | Infected seedlings |
Yes
|
Yes
| Gent et al. (2006); Pappu et al. (2009) |
Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush) | |
Yes
| | |
Kyllinga nemoralis (white kyllinga) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| MPI (2016) |
Lachnellula willkommii (European larch canker) | |
Yes
| | Tegethoff (1965) |
Lampropeltis californiae (California kingsnake) | Accidentally transported on ornamental trees |
Yes
|
Yes
| Verzelen et al. (2017) |
Lasius neglectus (invasive garden ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Leonurus sibiricus (Siberian motherwort) | Available in local drugstores and markets in China | |
Yes
| Keng (1974); Schmidt et al. (2013) |
Lepidium draba (hoary cress) | Mattress materials |
Yes
| | |
Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) | In Europe, adults are more often found contaminating non-host vegetables than host. In a crop rotati |
Yes
| | |
Leptocybe invasa (blue gum chalcid) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) | |
Yes
| | |
Ligustrum lucidum (broad-leaf privet) | Able to reproduce vegetatively |
Yes
| | Swarbrick et al. (1999) |
Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) | | |
Yes
| |
Lilioceris lilii (lily leaf beetle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Limax maximus (leopard slug) | Not uncommon |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head) | | |
Yes
| |
Limnomysis benedeni | Inadvertent stocking with aquatic plants. |
Yes
| | |
Linepithema humile (Argentine ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ludwigia grandiflora (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Lupinus polyphyllus (garden lupin) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| NOBANIS (2015) |
Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kean et al. (2015); McManus (2007) |
Lymantria mathura (pink gypsy moth) | |
Yes
| | |
Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) | |
Yes
| | Thompson et al. (1987) |
Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) | Important means of movement of eggs, larvae, nymphs, pupae and adults over long and short distances |
Yes
|
Yes
| Harman (in press) |
Marisa cornuarietis (giant ramshorn) | Associated with aquatic plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Medicago polymorpha (bur clover) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) | Movement of infected plants. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Mesosphaerum pectinatum (comb bushmint) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Mikania micrantha (bitter vine) | | |
Yes
| |
Moneilema semipunctatum (cactus borer beetle) | May be present as adults or larvae in plants collected from the wild |
Yes
|
Yes
| Woodruff (2010) |
Monilinia fructigena (brown rot) | | |
Yes
| Batra (1991); Byrde and Willetts (1977) |
Moniliophthora roreri (frosty pod rot) | Dominant dispersal associated with movement of cocoa pods and seeds |
Yes
| | |
Monilochaetes infuscans (scurf of sweet potato) | |
Yes
| | |
Monochamus sutor (small white-marmorated longicorn) | |
Yes
| | |
Mononychellus tanajoa (cassava green mite) | Eggs, crawlers/adults. Common pathway |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Mycosphaerella citri (greasy spot) | Dead leaves. |
Yes
| | |
Mycosphaerella gibsonii (needle blight of pine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather) | Stem fragments in flowing waters |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sidorkewicj et al. (2000) |
Nassella trichotoma (serrated tussock grass) | Crop seeds; fodder. |
Yes
| | |
Neolecanium cornuparvum (magnolia scale) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Neonotonia wightii (perennial soybean) | |
Yes
| | Cook et al. (2005) |
Nesticella mogera (cave-dwelling spider) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Rozwalka et al. (2013) |
Nymphaea lotus (white Egyptian lotus) | | |
Yes
| |
Olea europaea subsp. europaea (European olive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Onopordum acaulon (horse thistle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Onopordum illyricum (Illyrian thistle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ophiostoma longicollum | wood containing insect and fungus? |
Yes
| | Davis et al. (2005) |
Opogona sacchari (banana moth) | |
Yes
| | |
Opuntia stricta (erect prickly pear) | As an ornamental |
Yes
| | |
Orobanche cernua (nodding broomrape) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Orobanche ramosa (branched broomrape) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Oryctes boas (rhinoceros beetle) | Rotting vegetable matter |
Yes
| | |
Osteopilus septentrionalis (Cuban treefrog) | |
Yes
| | |
Oxychilus alliarius (garlic snail) | |
Yes
| | USDA (1964) |
Papuana huebneri (taro beetle) | Taro corms or propagating material |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug) | Air and surface transport of ornamental and crop plant material |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Paratachardina pseudolobata (lobate lac scale) | | |
Yes
| |
Paratrechina longicornis (crazy ant) | |
Yes
| | |
Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) | Animal dung, compost, etc |
Yes
|
Yes
| PAG (2000) |
Paspalum distichum (knotgrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla) | As seed, seedlings, cuttings |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Passion fruit woodiness virus (passionfruit woodiness disease) | In live Passiflora plant tissue |
Yes
|
Yes
| Baker et al. (2014) |
Paysandisia archon (South American palm borer) | Larva and pupa |
Yes
|
Yes
| Sarto and Aguilar (2005) |
Pear blister canker viroid | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass) | Seed in contaminated crops |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Pennisetum pedicellatum (deenanath grass) | |
Yes
| | |
Peronosclerospora philippinensis (Philippine downy mildew of maize) | Introduction of the disease is through the entry of infected vegetative material or through infected seeds |
Yes
| | Murray (2009) |
Phakopsora euvitis (grape rust fungus) | Infected plants? |
Yes
| | Weinert et al. (2003) |
Phalaris aquatica (bulbous canarygrass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Pheidole megacephala (big-headed ant) | |
Yes
| | |
Philornis downsi | |
Yes
| | |
Phleum pratense (timothy grass) | Seed contaminant of seed lots; seed shed from hay |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Phoma tracheiphila (mal secco) | Propagating material, pruning debris, fallen leaves | |
Yes
| Perrotta and Graniti (1988) |
Phomopsis vexans (Phomopsis blight of eggplant) | in seed, in transplants, in and on fruits |
Yes
|
Yes
| Edgerton and Moreland (1921); Nollo (1929); Panwar et al. (1970); Vishunavat and Kumar (1993) |
Phoracantha semipunctata (eucalyptus longhorned borer) | Adults on cut flowers |
Yes
| | |
Phthorimaea absoluta (tomato leafminer) | South America, Europe, Africa and Asia |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Phthorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth) | |
Yes
| | |
Phyllachora maydis (black spot of maize) | Some survival in crop debris, dried leaves | |
Yes
| Hock et al. (1995) |
Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Phytophthora alni species complex (alder Phytophthora) | Spread by planting infected nursery material |
Yes
| | Jung and Blaschke (2004); Schumacher et al. (2005); Jung et al. (2016) |
Phytophthora austrocedri | Numerous UK Plant Health interceptions annually |
Yes
|
Yes
| Unpublished data: Animal and Plant Health Agency York and Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture Edinburgh |
Phytophthora cinnamomi (Phytophthora dieback) | Probably very common on cryptically infected plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| Davison et al. (2006) |
Phytophthora kernoviae | |
Yes
|
Yes
| EPPO (2013) |
Phytophthora lateralis (Port-Orford-cedar root disease) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Brasier et al. (2012); Green et al. (2013) |
Phytophthora megasperma (root rot) | Pots (not sterilized). |
Yes
| | |
Pileolaria terebinthi | Teliospores on fallen leaves | |
Yes
| Bharat (2005); Hamzeh-Zarghani and Bani-Hashemi (2002) |
Pilosella aurantiaca (orange hawkweed) | Seed contamination |
Yes
| | |
Pilosella caespitosa (yellow hawkweed) | Contaminant of pastoral seeds |
Yes
| | |
Pineus pini (pine woolly aphid) | |
Yes
| | |
Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Plantago asiatica mosaic virus | Living plants or fresh or dried plant parts |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Plantago coronopus (Buck's-horn plantain) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root) | Infected plants could be moved long distance |
Yes
| | |
Platydemus manokwari (New guinea flatworm) | |
Yes
| | |
Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush) | Cut branches and live plants used medicinally |
Yes
|
Yes
| Hodges and Bennett (2006) |
Plum pox virus (sharka) | Budwood or nursery stock. |
Yes
| | |
Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) | Eggs, larvae, pupae |
Yes
|
Yes
| Shelton and Wyman (1992) |
Podarcis sicula (Italian wall lizard) | More recently, this is the other main vector of introduction into Europe |
Yes
| | Hodgkins et al. (2012); Silva-Rocha et al. (2014) |
Podosphaera spiraeae (Japanese spiraea powdery mildew) | |
Yes
| | |
Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass) | As a contaminant in hay, straw, grass seed, etc. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Pomacea canaliculata (golden apple snail) | |
Yes
| | |
Pomacea maculata | Eggs, hatchlings |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Populus nigra (black poplar) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Pratylenchus penetrans (nematode, northern root lesion) | |
Yes
| | |
Pratylenchus zeae (root lesion nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Prays citri (citrus flower moth) | |
Yes
| | |
Pseudocercospora angolensis (leaf spot of Citrus spp.) | Infected planting material |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kuate (1998) |
Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug) | Occasional, all stages, on cut flowers, whole plants |
Yes
| | |
Pseudomonas cichorii (bacterial blight of endive) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Pseudomonas syringae pv. oryzae (halo blight) | Other cereals and rice straw. |
Yes
| | |
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (bacterial canker or blast (stone and pome fruits)) | Weeds |
Yes
| | |
Pseudomonas viridiflava (bacterial leaf blight of tomato) | |
Yes
| | |
Puccinia asparagi (asparagus rust) | |
Yes
| | |
Puccinia buxi | latent or overlooked infections |
Yes
|
Yes
| NAPPO (2006); Preece (2000) |
Puccinia gladioli | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Wise et al. (2004) |
Puccinia pittieriana (common rust of potato) | teliospores |
Yes
|
Yes
| EPPO (1988) |
Pyrrhalta luteola (elm leaf beetle) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Radopholus similis (burrowing nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Raoiella indica (red palm mite) | On palm handicrafts between islands in the Caribbean & on cut flower & host plant leaf arrangements |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus (red ring nematode) | |
Yes
| | |
Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Fremstad (1997) |
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch grass) | As a traded seed contaminant |
Yes
| | Millhollon and Burner (1993) |
Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry) | Root and cane cuttings can establish new plants | |
Yes
| Soll (2004) |
Rubus niveus (Mysore raspberry) | Via horticultural trade |
Yes
| | ISSG (2014) |
Sagittaria latifolia (broadleaf arrowhead) | |
Yes
| | USDA-NRCS (2002) |
Scolytus morawitzi (scolytid of Morawitz) | |
Yes
| | |
Senecio jacobaea (common ragwort) | Livestock feed |
Yes
| | |
Senecio madagascariensis (fireweed) | Livestock feed |
Yes
| | |
Senecio vulgaris | Livestock feed |
Yes
| | |
Senna occidentalis (coffee senna) | Fodder |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Setaria parviflora (knotroot foxtail) | Seed contaminant |
Yes
| | Seed Regulatory Testing Branch (2011) |
Sida acuta (sida) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Smith (2002) |
Silene latifolia subsp. alba (white campion) | As a seed contaminant |
Yes
|
Yes
| Alberta Weed Monitoring Network (2014) |
Sisymbrium irio | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade) | Contaminated grain and stock fodder. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Solidago nemoralis (grey goldenrod) | Hypothetical |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Spodoptera eridania (southern armyworm) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Karsholt (1994) |
Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Seymour et al. (1985) |
Spodoptera litura (taro caterpillar) | |
Yes
| | |
Sporisorium pulverulentum (Sporisorium smut of wild Saccharum) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Stachytarpheta urticifolia (rattail) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Kuo (2003) |
Sternochetus mangiferae (mango seed weevil) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Stictococcus vayssierei (cassava brown root scale) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Ngeve (2003a) |
Strawberry necrotic shock virus (Strawberry necrotic shock virus) | Systemic pathogen. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Striga asiatica (witch weed) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Sugarcane grassy shoot phytoplasma (grassy shoot of sugarcane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma (white leaf of sugarcane) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Tapinoma melanocephalum (ghost ant) | T. melanocephalum may have been transported to Texas on cut flowers |
Yes
|
Yes
| Cook et al. (1994) |
Tetropium gracilicorne (fine-horned spruce borer) | |
Yes
| | |
Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug) | All life stages |
Yes
|
Yes
| Garcia et al. (2013); Nadel et al. (2010); Sopow and George (2012); Wilcken et al. (2010) |
Thaumetopoea processionea (oak processionary moth) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Evans (2007) |
Theba pisana (white garden snail) | |
Yes
| | Godan (1983) |
Thecaphora solani (potato smut) | infected tubers/seed pieces |
Yes
|
Yes
| Torres (2001); Zachmann and Baumann (1975) |
Thekopsora areolata (cherry spruce rust) | Cones, seeds, seedlings |
Yes
|
Yes
| BPI (US National Fungus Collections) (2009); Richardson (1990); Roll Hansen (1965) |
Tibouchina herbacea (cane tibouchina) | With tree ferns transported between Hawaiian Islands | |
Yes
| Frohlich and Lau (2007) |
Tomato apical stunt viroid | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (Tomato brown rugose fruit virus) | Movement of infected plants is important way for local spread of the virus |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (tomato spotted wilt) | Multiplying virions that can be acquired by Thrips larvae (vector) |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Tribulus terrestris (puncture vine) | Hay, straw |
Yes
| | |
Trichoconiella padwickii (stackburn disease) | infected seeds, seedlings, leaves, glumes |
Yes
|
Yes
| Groth (1992); Mathur et al. (1972); Ou (1985); Padwick (1950); Suryanarayan et al. (1963) |
Trifolium angustifolium (narrow-leaf clover) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Trifolium hybridum (alsike clover) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Trirachys holosericeus (apple stem borer) | All life stage, but mostly larva, pupa, and new adults |
Yes
|
Yes
| Beeson (1941); Gupta and Tara (2013) |
Uraba lugens (eucalypt leaf skeletonizer) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Urocystis agropyri (flag smut of wheat) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Neergaard (1977); Smiley et al. (2005) |
Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) | occurs as a seed contaminant |
Yes
| | |
Veronicella cubensis (Cuban slug) | |
Yes
| | Cowie et al. (2008) |
Vespula pensylvanica (western yellowjacket) | Christmas trees |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Vulpia bromoides (squirreltail fescue) | As seed |
Yes
| | |
Wasmannia auropunctata (little fire ant) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| ISSG (2014) |
Xanthium spinosum (bathurst burr) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| PIER (2013) |
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. begoniae (bacterial wilt of begonias) | |
Yes
| | |
Xanthomonas citri (citrus canker) | tourists |
Yes
| | |
Xanthomonas citri pv. punicae (bacterial blight of pomegranate) | |
Yes
| | |
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. alfalfae (bacterial leaf spot of lucerne) | Stored hay or debris with seeds. |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans (bacterial spot of tomato) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis (bacterial leaf streak of grasses) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens (bacterial leaf streak of barley) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa (bacterial leaf streak of wheat and barley) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum (bacterial leaf streak of corn) | | |
Yes
| Sivitis (2017) |
Xanthomonas vesicatoria (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xylella fastidiosa (Pierce's disease of grapevines) | |
Yes
| | |
Xylophilus ampelinus (bacterial blight of grapevine) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Xylosandrus mutilatus (camphor shoot beetle) | |
Yes
| | Rabaglia (2003) |
Xylotrechus altaicus (Altay longhorn beetle) | |
Yes
| | |
Xyris complanata (yellow-eyed grass) | Trade in dried inflorescences may aid dispersal in Hawaii | |
Yes
| Erickson and Puttock (2006) |
Zachrysia provisoria (Cuban brown snail) | Occasional, accidental, all stages |
Yes
|
Yes
| Robinson and Fields (2004) |
Zeuxine strateumatica (soldier’s orchid) | Moving unintentionally with seeds of lawn grasses. Also possibly introduced with other cultivated plants |
Yes
|
Yes
| |
Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ's thorn jujube) | Trade at local markets | |
Yes
| Saied et al. (2008) |
Zophopetes dysmephila (palm tree nightfighter) | |
Yes
|
Yes
| Claassens and Dickson (1986) |