Acentrogobius pflaumii
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Introductions
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Water Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Social Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
- References
- Links to Websites
- Organizations
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Acentrogobius pflaumii Bleeker, 1853
Other Scientific Names
- Acanthogobius pflaumi Sokolovskaya et al., 1998
- Acentrogobius pflaumi Masuda et al., 1984
- Amoya pflaumi Currie et al., 1998
- Ctenogobius pflaumi Fowler, 1961
- Gobius pflaumii Bleeker, 1853
- Rhinogobius pflaumi Matsubara
Local Common Names
- Australia: Asian goby; streaked goby; striped goby
- Finland: täpläkylkitokko
- Japan: sujihaze
- New Zealand: Asian goby; streaked goby; striped goby
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageA. pflaumii is a small gobiid that has spread through ports/harbours and estuaries of New Zealand and three Australian states. The gobiid’s cryptic nature has allowed it to become well-established without detection. It was discovered at the Victoria Docks in Port Phillip Bay, Australia in 1996 and subsequent qualitative surveys in 1996-1997 revealed that A. pflaumii occurred in almost all areas of Port Phillip Bay and also in the lower estuary of the Yarra River. Similarly, after detection in Western Australia in 2004 large populations were discovered in Cockburn Sound and the Swan River estuary. Ballast water emissions from international bulk-cargo vessels, containing eggs and/or fish, are considered the most likely introductory vector. The population increase and spread of A. pflaumii in eastern Australia and New Zealand infer that further range expansions in this region are likely.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata
- Class: Actinopterygii
- Order: Perciformes
- Suborder: Gobioidei
- Family: Gobiidae
- Genus: Acentrogobius
- Species: Acentrogobius pflaumii
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageAcentrogobius pflaumii was originally described as Gobius pflaumii (Bleeker, 1853) with the genus Acentrogobius subsequently created by Bleeker (1874). The taxonomic status of species within Acentrogobius and related genera are uncertain (Francis et al., 2003; H Larson, Northern Territory Museum, Australia, personal communication, 2008), though according to Froese and Pauly (2007)Acentrogobius currently contains around 62 members. Confusion also exists on the designation of the species name as either pflaumii and/or pflaumi. The former spelling is observed by Froese and Pauly (2007) and the majority of peer-reviewed literature, though pflaumi is regularly used (e.g. Lockett and Gomon, 2001). In this document it is accepted that the correct spelling is pflaumii. Lockett and Gomon (2001) noted that specimens collected from Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, Australia had ten second dorsal soft rays as did the syntypes of this species from Nagasaki, although nine rays are described in Masuda et al. (1984). A. pflaumii does not appear to have a generally accepted common name. In Australia/New Zealand it is referred to as the “streaked goby” (e.g. Maddern and Morrison, 2008) or the “Asian goby” (e.g. Francis et al., 2003).
Description
Top of pageAdult
A. pflaumii has an elongate, slender body with a moderate-sized head, very narrow interorbital space, eyes almost adjacent, mouth large and oblique, rear end of jaws below middle of eyes, teeth conical and gill openings restricted to pectoral fin bases (NIMPIS, 2002). There are scales on the top of the head from two-thirds of the distance from the dorsal fin origin to the eyes, and these are organised in approximately 8-10 rows. There are no scales on the operculum or cheek, and body scales are cycloid and in 25-27 rows with 8-10 predorsal scales (NIMPIS, 2002). Two dorsal fins; the first is short and rounded and originates behind the ventral fin insertions; the second is much longer than the first and originates just behind the first fin and terminates near the caudal peduncle. Lockett and Gomon (2001) noted that specimens collected from Port Phillip Bay, Australia had ten second dorsal soft rays as did the syntypes of this species from Nagasaki, although nine rays are described in Masuda et al. (1984). Ventral fins fused to form cup-shaped disc and originate below and behind pectoral fin insertions. The anal fin has ten segmented rays (Masuda et al., 1984). Colouration is pale-grey to brown, with five black, mid-lateral blotches with the last blotch, positioned on the caudal peduncle, darker and more distinctive than those on the body. Sides have four to six narrow, brown horizontal lines extending the length of the body and electric blue spots at the centre of some lateral scales. The head has a black spot or band extending from the front of the eye down to the rear of the upper jaw, and a short, black horizontal stripe behind the eye (NIMPIS, 2002). The fins are mostly transparent although the dorsal and pectoral fins may be faintly speckled orange (M Maddern, University of Western Australia, personal observation, 2008). Maximum length recorded as 96 mm (Masuda et al., 1975) or 120 mm (Froese and Pauly, 2007); introduced fish have been recorded at 60-80 mm (Lockett and Gomon, 2001; Francis et al., 2003; Maddern and Morrison, 2008).
Larvae
The larvae are pelagic and internal pigment is visible on the dorsal surface of the hindgut and the gas bladder. The larvae are also distinguishable by a melanophore at the tip of the lower jaw, and in larger larvae the presence of numerous melanophores on the gular region (NIMPIS, 2002).
Distribution
Top of pageA. pflaumii has been collected in Waitemata and Whangapoua Harbours in northeastern New Zealand (Francis et al., 2003). In Australia, it has been recorded in Botany Bay and Sydney Harbour in New South Wales (Francis et al., 2003; Rowe et al., 2008), and from Port Phillip Bay and the lower reaches of the Yarra River estuary in Victoria (Lockett and Gomon, 2001). In Western Australia, it has been collected in Cockburn Sound and the Swan River Estuary (Mead-Hunter, 2004; Maddern and Morrison, 2008).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Shandong | Present | Native | As Gobius pflaumi | ||||
Japan | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Honshu | Present | Native | |||||
North Korea | Present | Native | |||||
Philippines | Present | Native | |||||
South Korea | Present | Native | |||||
Taiwan | Present | Native | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Russia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Russian Far East | Present | Native | As Acanthogobius pflaumi, reference considered unreliable (Rowe et al., 2008) | ||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-New South Wales | Present | Introduced | Present in Botany Bay and Sydney Harbour | ||||
-Victoria | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Present in wider Port Phillip Bay and Yarra River estuary | |||
-Western Australia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Present in Swan River estuary and Cockburn Sound | |||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | 2002 | ||||
Sea Areas |
|||||||
Pacific - Northwest | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Pacific - Western Central | Present, Widespread | Native |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageA. pflaumii was collected in Waitemata and Whangapoua Harbours in northeastern New Zealand in 2001-2002, and at this time had a restricted distribution within these harbours (Francis et al., 2003). In Australia, it has been recorded in Botany Bay and Sydney Harbour in New South Wales prior to 2003 (Francis et al., 2003; Rowe et al., 2008), although no information is available on the species distribution or when it was first observed within these harbours. In Victoria, A. pflaumii was first recorded in Australia in 1996 at the Victoria Docks in Port Phillip Bay (Lockett and Gomon, 2001). Qualitative surveys undertaken throughout Port Phillip Bay in 1996-1997 revealed that A. pflaumii occurred in almost all areas of the bay and also in the lower estuary of the Yarra River (Hamer et al., 1998). A. pflaumii was first reported in southwestern Australia from a single location in Cockburn Sound in 2004 (Mead-Hunter, 2004). It was reported from the Swan River estuary in southwestern Australia in 2004/2005 (Maddern and Morrison, 2008), although the species had been observed in these localities from at least 2000 (M Maddern, University of Western Australia, personal observation, 2008).
Introductions
Top of pageIntroduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reason | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
New South Wales | pre-2003 | Yes | Francis et al. (2003) | Accidental introduction | ||||
New Zealand | 2001-2002 | Yes | Francis et al. (2003) | Accidental introduction | ||||
Victoria | 1996 | Yes | Lockett and Goman (2001) | Accidental introduction | ||||
Western Australia | 2004 | Yes | Maddern and Morrison (2008); Mead-Hunter (2004) | Accidental introduction, observed prior to 2004 (M Maddern, The University of Western Australia, personal observation, 2008) |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe risk of A. pflaumii being introduced and establishing further non-indigenous populations is high. Ballast water emissions from international bulk-cargo vessels have proven effective at translocating small, cryptic gobiids (Wonham et al., 2000) including A. pflaumii (Lockett and Gomon, 2001; Francis et al., 2003). The spread of A. pflaumii in Australia and New Zealand indicates that upon introduction to suitable habitats, it can produce large populations quickly. Furthermore, based on past experiences in Australia (Victoria and Western Australia), detection of A. pflaumii is difficult if it, or at least small, cryptic, benthic fishes, are not specifically targeted or incorrect sampling techniques are used.
Habitat
Top of pageWithin its native range, A. pflaumii occurs on soft substrata, sand and seagrass beds (Zostera spp.) in brackish estuarine waters and coastal embayments (Matsumiya et al., 1980; Kanou et al., 2004). Zostera spp. habitats are favoured by juveniles; for example Horinouchi and Sano (2001) observed A. pflaumii recruits occupying Zostera seagrass beds in Japan, and tested the effect of changes in substrate structural complexity on juvenile habitat preference and found no correlation. These authors speculated that observed juvenile densities might be determined by other factors, most notably prey availability. In contrast, the adults typically occupy open substrata.
Similar habitats are occupied by introduced populations in Australia and New Zealand. In New Zealand, A. pflaumii was collected in very shallow mud/silt substrates (i.e. by hand seine net with a drop of 1 metre) in inner harbours; some specimens were collected adjacent to Zostera capricornia beds (Francis et al., 2003). In the Yarra River estuary and Port Phillip Bay in Victoria, A. pflaumii occupies soft sediment habitats over 5 metres deep and was much rarer in shallower water (Hamer et al., 1998). The species was recorded in suitable habitats in all areas of the bay except the entrance channel (Lockett and Gomon, 2001).
In Western Australia, A. pflaumii was observed only on open, soft/silt substrata in water from 5 to 22 metres deep (Maddern and Morrison, 2008). It was not recorded on coarser, sand substrata, a preference also noted by NIMPIS (2002). Within this habitat it occupied burrows (Maddern and Morrison, 2008), a characteristic that has also been observed by Francis et al. (2003) in New Zealand and in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia (Mead-Hunter, 2004).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brackish | ||||
Brackish | Estuaries | Principal habitat | Natural | |
Brackish | Estuaries | Principal habitat | Productive/non-natural | |
Brackish | Lagoons | Principal habitat | Natural | |
Brackish | Lagoons | Principal habitat | Productive/non-natural | |
Marine | ||||
Marine | Inshore marine | Principal habitat | Natural | |
Marine | Inshore marine | Principal habitat | Productive/non-natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The A. pflaumii diploid/haploid chromosome numbers are 50-50/25 (Froese and Pauly, 2007). See Thacker (2009) for a discussion on the molecular phylogeny of this species.
Reproductive Biology
A. pflaumii reproduces during the summer; both indigenous populations in Japan (Horinouchi and Sano, 2001) and Korea (from May to June) (Baeck et al., 2004), and introduced populations in Port Phillip Bay, Australia (NIMPIS, 2002). The eggs are often laid under dead shells (Masuda et al., 1975). The larvae are 5 – 8 mm and planktonic (Kanou et al., 2004), and the larval stage lasts approximately 30 days (Locket and Gomon, 1999). New recruits, at a mean size of 22 mm, then settle on Zostera spp. seagrass beds in autumn (Horinouchi and Sano, 2001). However, NIMPIS (2002) considers the size of recruits at settlement to be approximately 10 mm. Densities of juvenile A. pflaumii in Zostera spp. seagrass beds average one to two fish per square metre (Horinouchi and Sano, 2001). A. pflaumii matures during the first year of life in Japan (Horinouchi and Sano, 2001), and fish from Korea reproduce at approximately 4 cm (Baeck et al., 2004). Fecundity in Korean fish was size-dependent at between 3,600 and 9,700, and the proportion of female fish increased with size; i.e. 60% of all fish were female, and 100% of fish over 55 mm were female (Baeck et al., 2004).
Nutrition
A. pflaumii larvae (5 – 8 mm long) consume primarily zooplankton and copepods (Kanou et al., 2004). Benthic juveniles in Zostera spp. seagrass beds and tidal mudflats consume mainly harpacticoid copepods and gammarid amphipods (Matsumiya et al., 1980; Horinouchi and Sano, 2001; Kanou et al., 2004). The adults (about 50 mm) feed mainly on gammaridean amphipods (Matsumiya et al., 1980) and also consume mollusca, polychaetes and isopods (Kikuchi and Yamashita, 1992 in NIMPIS, 2002; Horinouchi and Sano, 2000).
Associations
In southwestern Australia, A. pflaumii co-habited burrows with alpheid shrimps. A. pflaumii was observed near the burrow entrance, while the burrow was excavated by the shrimp (Mead-Hunter, 2004; Maddern and Morrison, 2008). The shrimp is most likely Alpheus euphrosyne, which is the most abundant alepheid shrimp found in shallow water in southern Australia (Edgar, 2000). The occupation of burrows has been noted by Francis et al. (2003) in New Zealand, although the co-habitation of burrows with alepheid shrimps has been observed only in Western Australia. It is unknown if these behaviours are widespread or occur only in introduced populations and/or particular environments. However, as commented by Maddern and Morrison (2008), these behavioural characteristics may be observed only by scuba divers in situ, therefore it follows that they will only be recorded by studies utilising this sampling methodology.
Environmental Requirements
Almost no definitive data is available on the environmental tolerances of A. pflaumii. The wide geographic distribution of native and introduced populations indicates a wide temperature tolerance (from tropical/subtropical to temperate regions). Takizawa (1994) records a minimum temperature of 8°C. The water temperature in the Swan River estuary in southwestern Australia, where A. pflaumii was collected (Maddern and Morrison, 2008), varies seasonally between 13 and 24°C (M Maddern, University of Western Australia, personal observation, 2008). Notable also is that A. pflaumii will tolerate salinities from seawater to brackish water of lower estuaries (e.g. Lockett and Gomon, 2001; Maddern and Morrison, 2008). Uchida and Dotsu (1980 in NIMPIS, 2002) cite minimum (26°C) and maximum (28°C) temperatures for reproduction in captive-reared fish.
Water Tolerances
Top of pageParameter | Minimum Value | Maximum Value | Typical Value | Status | Life Stage | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water temperature (ºC temperature) | Optimum | Minimum 8 tolerated (Takizawa, 1994) |
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asterorhombus intermedius | Predator | to species | Manabe and Shinomiya (1998) | |||
Cynoglossus semilaevis | Predator | Froese and Pauly (2007) | ||||
Sillago japonica | Predator | Froese and Pauly (2007) | ||||
Sphyraena pinguis | Predator | Froese and Pauly (2007) |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageThe bothid flounder, Asterorhombus intermedius, preyed upon A. pflaumii in Japan (Manabe and Shinomiya, 1998), and Froese and Pauly (2007) list Cynoglossus semilaevis (China), Sillago japonica and Sphyraena pinguis (North Korea) as predators.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageNatural Dispersal (Non-Biotic)
Vector Transmission (Biotic)
Accidental Introduction
Intentional Introduction
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bait | Yes | Yes | NIMPIS (2002) | |
Ship ballast water and sediment | Yes | Yes | Francis et al. (2003); Lockett and Goman (2001); Maddern and Morrison (2008); NIMPIS (2002) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Economic/livelihood | Positive |
Environment (generally) | Negative |
Economic Impact
Top of pageFroese and Pauly (2007) list fisheries as a positive economic use of this species and the price category as ‘high’. No further information is available.
Environmental Impact
Top of pageA. pflaumii is carnivorous, as are many gobiids, and thus there is the potential for it to compete for food resources with indigenous gobiids (NIMPIS, 2002). Kanou et al. (2004) noted a trophic guild comprising A. pflaumii and sympatric gobiids including Acanthogobius spp., Gymnogobius spp. and Tridentiger obscurus. Thus, the potential exists for resource competition to occur with endemic gobiids and other ichthyofauna.
No definitive impacts on biodiversity/fauna have been reported in the habitats where A. pflaumii has been introduced (Lockett and Gomon, 2001; NIMPIS, 2002; Francis et al., 2003; Maddern and Morrison, 2008; Rowe et al., 2008). However, non-indigenous A. pflaumii populations have been known only for about 10 years and little or no research has been conducted on the potential impacts of A. pflaumii upon introduction. Even so, some general observations can be made.
In an Australian context, gobiids are one of the dominant ichthyofaunal families of temperate Australian estuaries (Potter and Hyndes, 1999), and show distinct spatial segregation patterns in the Swan River estuary based on salinity tolerance, habitat, substrate and dietary preferences (Gill and Potter, 1993). In the Swan River estuary, A. pflaumii was the only gobiid observed occupying open silt substrata in water deeper than 5 metres (Maddern and Morrison, 2008). In past surveys, these areas had been occupied by the native gobiid Arenigobius bifrenatus (Hutchins and Thompson, 1983; Gill and Potter, 1993) although this species was not observed by Maddern and Morrison (2008). Otter trawls conducted by Gill and Potter (1993) in deeper areas of the Swan River estuary recorded few gobiids although the majority (i.e. about90%) were A. bifrenatus. Furthermore, in New Zealand harbours, Francis et al.(2003) noted that both introduced A. bifrentatus and A. pflaumii occupied similar habitats, although they were not recordedin close proximity nor collected in the same seine-net tow. Thus, while it is unknown if A. bifrenatus has occurred or still occurs in the exact areas where A. pflaumii now thrives in the Swan River estuary, it was not observed from 2004 to 2006 (Maddern and Morrison, 2008). As noted, both gobiids occupy similar benthic environments and there is the potential for competition for habitat and/or resources to occur between the introduced A. pflaumii and the native A. bifrenatus and possibly other native gobiids (Maddern and Morrison, 2008).
Hybridisation between A. pflaumii and indigenous gobies is possible and the likelihood of this occurring was defined by Rowe et al. (2008) as “medium risk”. This status acknowledges that there are numbers of fairly closely related indigenous gobiids (e.g. others from the genera Acentrogobius and Arenigobius, including A. bifrenatus) with which hybridisation is possible.
Finally, in two of the Australian habitats where A. pflaumii is now found, i.e. Port Phillip Bay in Victoria (Lockett and Gomon, 2001), and the Swan River estuary in southwestern Australia (Maddern and Morrison, 2008), the species is very common and may numerically dominate these habitats. Thus, when these high populations are considered, as well as the points listed above, it is highly likely that A. pflaumii is influencing the ecology of these areas.
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Gregarious
- Modification of natural benthic communities
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
- Difficult to identify/detect in the field
- Difficult/costly to control
Detection and Inspection
Top of pageSmall, cryptic species are, by their very nature, difficult to observe and quantify. As noted by Maddern and Morrison (2008), the ichthyofauna of the Swan River estuary has been regularly surveyed and described for at least three decades (e.g. Chubb et al., 1979; Hutchins and Thompson, 1983; Loneragan et al., 1989; Gill and Potter, 1993; Potter and Hyndes, 1999; Hoeksema and Potter, 2006) although A. pflaumii was not recorded. The techniques utilised for these surveys, mostly seine and gill nets in shallow areas (e.g. Gill and Potter, 1993; Hoeksema and Potter, 2006), and otter trawls in deeper areas (e.g. Potter and Hyndes, 1999), were inappropriate for the collection of small, cryptic fishes. Such fishes are commonly surveyed by visual censuses (e.g. Wickett and Corkum, 1998; Ray and Corkum, 2001; Johnson et al., 2005;Sapota and Skóra, 2005), and unless surveys utilising such methodologies are undertaken, cryptic species may remain undetected. Furthermore, as noted by Maddern and Morrison (2008), the behavioural characteristics of A. pflaumii in southwestern Australia (i.e. occupying burrows with alepheid shrimps) would only have been observed by scuba divers in situ, and thus would only have been recorded by studies utilising this sampling methodology.
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageIn an Australian/New Zealand context, A. pflaumii most closely resembles Arenigobius bifrentatus. Arenigobius does not have scales on the head in advance of the dorsal fin (NIMPIS, 2002), and A. bifrentatus has different colouration, most notably angled stripes or small blotches rather than the mid-lateral blotches and iridescent blue lateral scales of A. pflaumii (Lockett and Gomon, 1999). McDowall (1996) provides a key to the identification of other endemic Australian gobies with which the streaked goby may be confused. It is important to note that as mentioned above the taxonomic status of species within Acentrogobius and related genera, including Arenigobius, are uncertain (Francis et al., 2003; H Larson, Northern Territory Museum, Australia, personal communication, 2008). Arenigobius is considered a valid genus by some researchers (e.g. Francis et al., 2003), whereas Froese and Pauly (2007) have subsumed Arenigobius into Acentrogobius.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Prevention
Public awareness
There is little public awareness of A. pflaumii, although review papers, such as Rowe et al. (2008) are available for public comment and will inform a wider (though admittedly mostly scientific) audience.
Eradication
There is no information on eradication/control attempts of A. pflaumii in Australia or New Zealand.
Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
Top of pageThere are many knowledge gaps/research priorities: as noted in previous sections, no research has been conducted on the potential ecological impacts of A. pflaumii in Australia or New Zealand.
References
Top of pageFroese R; Pauly D, 2007. FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org
McDowall RM, 1996. Freshwater Fishes of South-eastern Australia. Sydney, Australia: Reed.
Distribution References
Anon, 2007. FishBase. In: FishBase, [ed. by Froese R, Pauly D]. http://www.fishbase.org
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
National Introduced Marine Pest Information System (NIMPIS) | http://www.marine.csiro.au |
Organizations
Top of pageAustralia: Fishes: Australian Museum Fish Site, Australian Museum Fish Section Division of Vertebrate Zoology 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2010, http://www.austmus.gov.au/fishes/about/research/hoese1.htm
Contributors
Top of page31/07/08 Original text by:
Mark Maddern, University of Western Australia, Australia
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