Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Introductions
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Prevention and Control
- Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
- References
- Links to Websites
- Organizations
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Buddleja davidii Franchet, 1887
Preferred Common Name
- butterfly bush
Other Scientific Names
- Buddleia davidii Franchet
- Buddleja variabilis Hemsley, 1889
International Common Names
- English: orange-eye butterfly bush; summer lilac
- French: buddleia de David
Local Common Names
- Austria: Schmetterlingsstrauch; Sommerflieder
- Germany: Schmetterlingsstrauch; Sommerflieder; Spitzaehriger Schmetterlingsstrauch
- Italy: albero delle farfalle
- Japan: chichibu-fujiutsugi; fusa-fujiutsugi
- Switzerland: Schmetterlingsstrauch; Sommerflieder
EPPO code
- BUDDA (Buddleia davidii)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageB. davidii is a multi-stemmed shrub or small-tree that is native to China and has been introduced as an ornamental world-wide, first to Europe (1890s) and then later to the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and some parts of Africa. Since that time, B. davidii has naturalized within sub-oceanic climates in the temperate and sub-Mediterranean zones.
The full potential of this species has yet to be realized; however, it is already considered problematic (i.e. out-competing native, agricultural, and forestry species) in northwestern and northeastern USA and Canada, throughout New Zealand, and in central Europe. B. davidii is tolerant of a broad range of environmental conditions, capable of prolific seed production, grows rapidly, and has a short juvenile period. Due to its popularity, nurseries continue to distribute plants capable of setting seed. Garden residents as well as escapees serve as satellites, which then spread the species on to disturbed and wild lands and this is a cause for concern.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Gentianales
- Family: Loganiaceae
- Genus: Buddleja
- Species: Buddleja davidii
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThe genus Buddleja was originally ascribed to the family Scrophulariaceae (Jussieu, 1789; Bartling, 1830; Lindley, 1846) and later reclassified to Loganiaceae (Bentham, 1857; Bentham and Hooker, 1876). Wagenitz (1959), Leenhouts (1963), Leeuwenberg (1979) and Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts (1980) continued to treat Buddleja and its allies as a tribe of Loganiaceae even though Wilhem (1910) ranked Buddlejaceae next to the Loganiaceae. Eventually, Engler (1964) placed the Buddlejaceae near the Scrophulariaceae.
Description
Top of pageB. davidii is a shrub or small multi-stemmed tree that has a great degree of morphological and physiological plasticity (Miller, 1984; Shi et al., 2006). Descriptions of B. davidii may vary slightly depending on the environment (Tallent-Halsell and Watt, 2009). B. davidii is semi-deciduous: leaves are shed in the autumn and immediately replaced with a set of new, smaller leaves that persist until the following spring (Miller, 1984; Tallent-Halsell, 2008). In general, stems are four-angled. Sub-orbicular to ovate stipules are present and range in length from 1-6 mm (Leeuwenberg, 1979; Webb et al., 1988; Wu and Raven, 1996). Leaves are opposite, usually ovate and shortly petiolate. The upper surface of leaves is dark-green and glabrous or free of hairs, whereas the lower surface is white-tomentose (Binggeli, 1998) with stellate and glanduliferous hairs (Leeuwenberg, 1979; Webb et al., 1988; Wu and Raven, 1996). Leaves range from 5-20 cm long and 1-7 cm wide (Wu and Raven, 1996). Leaf margins are finely toothed (Leeuwenberg, 1979).
Distribution
Top of pageB. davidii is native to central and southwestern China at elevations up to 3500 m, occurring naturally in the following Provinces: Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan and Zhejiang (Wu and Raven, 1996). The species can be found both on mountainous slopes and in lowlands.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 12 May 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Cameroon | Present | ||||||
South Africa | Present | Introduced | |||||
Zambia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Introduced | 1949 | ||||
Asia |
|||||||
Bhutan | Present | Introduced | 1979 | ||||
China | Present | ||||||
-Gansu | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangdong | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Guizhou | Present | ||||||
-Henan | Present | Native | |||||
-Hubei | Present | Native | |||||
-Hunan | Present | Native | |||||
-Jiangsu | Present | Native | |||||
-Jiangxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Shaanxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Shanxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Sichuan | Present | Native | |||||
-Tibet | Present | Native | |||||
-Yunnan | Present | Native | |||||
-Zhejiang | Present | Native | |||||
Georgia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Japan | Present | Introduced | |||||
Malaysia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
South Korea | Present | Introduced | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Albania | Present | Introduced | 2010 | ||||
Andorra | Present | Introduced | |||||
Austria | Present | Introduced | 1930 | ||||
Belgium | Present | Introduced | 1942 | Invasive | |||
Bulgaria | Present | Introduced | 1978 | ||||
Croatia | Present | ||||||
Czechia | Present | Introduced | 2000 | ||||
Denmark | Present | Introduced | |||||
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present | ||||||
France | Present | Introduced | 1895 | ||||
Germany | Present | ||||||
Greece | Present | ||||||
Ireland | Present | Introduced | 1957 | ||||
Italy | Present | ||||||
Netherlands | Present | ||||||
Norway | Present | Introduced | 2008 | ||||
Poland | Present | Introduced | 1911 | ||||
Portugal | Present | Introduced | 1989 | ||||
Slovakia | Present | Introduced | First reported: 1911. First reported in wild: 1942 | ||||
Slovenia | Present | Introduced | 1933 | ||||
Spain | Present | Introduced | 1961 | ||||
Sweden | Present | Introduced | |||||
Switzerland | Present | ||||||
United Kingdom | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Channel Islands | Present | ||||||
-England | Present | ||||||
-Northern Ireland | Present | ||||||
-Scotland | Present | ||||||
-Wales | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-British Columbia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | In BC, infestations occur on southeastern Vancouver Island, in Greater Vancouver and on the Sunshine Coast | |||
Haiti | Present | Introduced | |||||
Mexico | Present | Introduced | |||||
Netherlands Antilles | Present | Introduced | |||||
Panama | Present | Introduced | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
United States | Present | Invasive | B. davidii continues to be sold in nurseries throughout the USA. Presence in gardens does not indicate that it has naturalized | ||||
-Alabama | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-California | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Connecticut | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Florida | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | |||||
-Georgia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Georgia Institute of Technology is considering B. davidii as potential feedstock for biofuel production (Hallac et al., 2009) | |||
-Hawaii | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Illinois | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Kentucky | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Maryland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Massachusetts | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Michigan | Present | Introduced | |||||
-New Jersey | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-New York | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Spreading in Lower Hudson Valley, NY | |||
-North Carolina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Ohio | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Oregon | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Invasive in floodplains in coastal areas | |||
-Pennsylvania | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Naturalised abandoned limestone quarries | |||
-South Carolina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Tennessee | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Virginia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Washington | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Invasive in floodplains in coastal areas | |||
-West Virginia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Introduced | 1906 | ||||
-New South Wales | Present | ||||||
-Queensland | Present | ||||||
-South Australia | Present | ||||||
-Tasmania | Present | ||||||
-Victoria | Present | ||||||
Fiji | Present | Introduced | |||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | |||||
New Zealand | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | ||||||
Bolivia | Present | ||||||
Brazil | Present | ||||||
Colombia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Ecuador | Present | Introduced | |||||
Peru | Present | ||||||
Venezuela | Present |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageIn 1869, Father David sent specimens of B. davidii to Franchet (Franchet, 1884, 1888). Specimens of the same species from I’ch’ang Province, China were collected by Henry and named by William Botting Hemsley in 1887 (Anon., 1925). Unaware of Franchet’s description, Hemsley called the plant Buddleja variabilis Hemsley (Hemsley, 1889). The name was eventually reversed 25 years later, due to the discovery of Franchet’s original description. However, B. variabilis is still listed as a synonym of B. davidii.
B.davidii seeds were first introduced to Europe from Russia by traders (Bean, 1970); however, these seeds produced an inferior form (Bean, 1970; Coats and Creech, 1992). Hemsley (1889) reported that seeds from Pa-tung (Hubei Province, China) were sent to England ca. 1889, but these did not produce flowering plants. Seeds from Tatsienlu, China that were introduced to Louis DeVilmorin of France in 1893 by Jean André Soulié (Herberman, 1919) produced superior plants that were considered suitable for horticulture (Cox, 1986). In 1896, seeds from these Tatsienlu specimens were sent to Kew Gardens, UK (Coats and Creech, 1992).
Further collections of B. davidii seeds were sent from Mt. O’mei Shan, China in 1896 by Father Paul Guillaume Farges (PlantExplorers, 2009) and in the following year by Henry from I-ch’ang, China. Between 1907 and 1910, Wilson collected seeds in the Hubei and Sichuan Provinces, China from which the common garden-variety B. davidii descended (Rehder, 1927; Bean, 1970).
B. davidii naturalized on a significant scale in the 1940s in parts of Europe, after the destruction of cities during World War II. Bombed sites and building rubble were suitable colonization habitats and therefore dense B. davidii thickets established on these sites (Kreh, 1952; Kunick, 1970; Owen and Whiteway, 1980; Miller, 1984; Coats and Creech, 1992; Tallent-Halsell and Watt, 2009). In the 1950s and 1960s, B. davidii became a popular garden shrub, which further contributed to its spread when it escaped from cultivation and naturalized in the wild (Owen and Whiteway, 1980; Miller, 1984; Tallent-Halsell, 2008).
In the UK, B. davidii is recognized as the most common and widely distributed naturalized non-indigenous plant species (Webb, 1985; Thompson et al., 2005), primarily in disturbed areas (Anisko and Im, 2001; Stokes et al., 2004; Doughty, 2007).
Introductions
Top of pageIntroduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reason | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
France | Sichuan | 1893 | Horticulture (pathway cause) | Bean (1970); Lauener (1996) | Seed collection, probably source of seeds that have been sent to Kew Gardens | |||
UK | Hubei | 1887 | Horticulture (pathway cause) | Hemsley (1889); Lauener (1996) | ||||
UK | Hubei | 1889 | Horticulture (pathway cause) | Hemsley (1889) | Seed collection | |||
UK | Hubei | 1897 | Horticulture (pathway cause) | Bean (1970) | Seed collection | |||
UK | Hubei | 1900-1908 | Horticulture (pathway cause) | Seed collection | ||||
UK | Sichuan | 1900-1908 | Horticulture (pathway cause) | Bean (1970) | Seed collection |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageB. davidii has the potential for further expansion (Kriticos et al., 2007; Ebeling et al., 2008b; DJ Kriticos, CSIRO Entomology, Australia, personal communication, 2009). Areas most at risk include Eastern Europe, South Africa, Western Australia and South America. It is most likely that further distribution will be attributed to the horticultural industry. Several of the known cultivars of B. davidii show invasive potential (Anisko and Im, 2001; Moller, 2003; Ream, 2006). Rapid maturation, millions of wind-dispersed seeds and a high rate of germination will positively contribute to range expansion.
B. davidii can spread along rail tracks where seeds are either carried on the locomotives or blown and drawn along in the slipstream of trains (Miller, 1984; Tallent-Halsell and Watt, 2009). Abandoned railway lines, where weeds are not controlled, expedite the spread of B. davidii when they grow into productive thickets in the railway corridors. Automobiles have been found to physically disperse B. davidii seeds (von der Lippe and Kowarik, 2007). Germinants have been observed in the mud stuck to machinery, especially that of gravel mines in floodplains (N Tallent-Halsell, Southwest Ecosystem Services, Las Vegas, USA, personal communication, 2009). Furthermore, B. davidii can spread along sea coasts, floodplains and riparian corridors, limestone quarries, and road and forest edges (Tallent-Halsell and Watt, 2009).
Habitat
Top of pageIn the native and introduced ranges, B. davidii occurs as an opportunist that establishes in natural and disturbed areas and is able to tolerate a wide range of physical conditions (e.g. Wilson, 1913; Williams, 1979; Miller, 1984; Smale, 1990; Reinhart et al., 2003; Bellingham et al., 2005; Godefroid et al., 2007; Tallent-Halsell, 2008; Tallent-Halsell and Watt, 2009). In both its native and introduced range, B. davidii establishes on naturally or humanly disturbed areas such as walls and rock faces (e.g. Wilson, 1913; Rishbeth, 1949; Segal, 1969; Owen and Whiteway, 1980; Miller, 1984), riparian corridors (Reichard, 1996; Bellingham et al., 2005; Tallent-Halsell, 2008) and quarries, urban waste grounds, abandoned cultivated areas, clearcut forests, and along transport corridors (Godefroid et al., 2007).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Secondary/tolerated habitat | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Principal habitat | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Principal habitat | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Principal habitat | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Buildings | Principal habitat | |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Secondary/tolerated habitat | |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Principal habitat |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageNaturalized B. davidii is considered to out-compete native, agricultural, and forestry taxa. It competes with the plantation species Pinus radiata (Richardson et al., 1996) in New Zealand for light (i.e. the thick stands of B. davidii impede germination and growth of seedling and saplings). Ream (2006) and Leach (2007) reported the replacement of riparian native Salix ssp. and Populus spp. by B. davidii in Oregon and Washington, USA. Although B. davidii colonizes disturbed sites, whether it alters successional trajectories over the long term is yet undetermined (Tallent-Halsell, 2008).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Pinus radiata (radiata pine) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Populus (poplars) | Salicaceae | Other | |
Salix (willows) | Salicaceae | Other |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Tolerated | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
60.3 | 45.3 | 0 | 0 |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil reaction
- acid
- alkaline
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- infertile
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cleopus japonicus | Herbivore | Plants|Leaves | to genus | |||
Mecysolobus erro | Herbivore | Plants|Growing point | to genus |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageB. davidii leaves are palatable to cattle and goats, but apparently not to deer (Gillman, 1998). Additionally, leaves appear to be palatable to polyphagous insects such as slugs, snails and aphids, but also to the glasshouse whitefly [Trialeurodes vaporariorum] and red spider mite [Tetranychus urticae] (Miller, 1984; Gillman, 1998). Specialized insects feeding on B. davidii have been identified: the weevils, Gymnaetron tetrum, Cleopus japonicus, and Mecysolobus erro; a dipteran leaf miner (Amauromyza verbasci) and a leaf bug (Campylomma verbasci) (Tallent-Halsell and Watt, 2009).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of page
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Botanical gardens and zoos | Yes | Yes | ||
Breeding and propagation | Yes | Yes | ||
Disturbance | Yes | |||
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Yes | |||
Flooding and other natural disasters | Yes | Yes | ||
Garden waste disposal | Yes | |||
Horticulture | Yes | Yes | ||
Interconnected waterways | Yes | Yes | ||
Internet sales | Yes | Yes | ||
Landscape improvement | Yes | |||
Nursery trade | Yes | Yes | ||
Ornamental purposes | Yes | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clothing, footwear and possessions | Yes | |||
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Yes | Yes | ||
Land vehicles | Yes | |||
Machinery and equipment | Yes | Yes | ||
Soil, sand and gravel | Yes | |||
Water | Yes | Yes | ||
Wind | Yes |
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants | ||||
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive |
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Economic Impact
Top of pageThe negative impact of naturalized B. davidii is competition with plantation pine species. The species has had a substantial and detrimental impact on the growth of plantation species by restricting light availability in a number of countries, including New Zealand (Richardson et al., 1996). In Europe, transportation routes have been negatively effected (Reinhardt et al., 2003), but there is no analysis of the costs caused by the negative economic impact of B. davidii.
Environmental Impact
Top of pageImpact on Habitats
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Highly mobile locally
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Long lived
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Reproduces asexually
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Infrastructure damage
- Monoculture formation
- Negatively impacts forestry
- Transportation disruption
- Competition - shading
- Competition (unspecified)
- Rapid growth
- Rooting
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
- Highly likely to be transported internationally illegally
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
- Difficult/costly to control
Uses
Top of pageEconomic Value
Uses List
Top of pageEnvironmental
- Landscape improvement
General
- Botanical garden/zoo
Ornamental
- Potted plant
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Prevention
Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
Top of pageAlthough B. davidii colonizes disturbed sites, the impact of long-term establishment is yet undetermined. In New Zealand, it has been observed that in the absence of disturbance, native and non-native trees can overtop B. davidii stands (Bellingham et al., 2005; Tallent-Halsell, 2008). Further research is needed to determine the long-term effect that B. davidii might have on the successional trajectories of native taxa.
References
Top of pageAnisko T; Im U, 2001. Beware of butterfly bush. American Nurseryman, 194:46-49.
Bartling FG, 1830. Ordines naturales plantarum. Gottingen, Germany: Dietrich.
Bentham G, 1857. Notes on Loganiaceae. Journal of the Linnaean Society, 1:52-114.
Bentham G; Hooker JD, 1876. Genera Plantarum. Volume 2. London, UK: Reeve, 1040 pp.
Blacker T, 2000. Warning: Slow down, Buddeia crossing. The Independent. London, UK: The Independent.
Clark RC, 1971. The woody plants of Alabama. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gdn, 58(2):99-242.
EPPO, 2005. EPPO Reporting Service. http://www.eppo.org/PUBLICATIONS/reporting/reporting_service.htm
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Essl F Rabitsch W, 2002. Neobiota in Osterreich. Vienna, Austria: Umweltbundesamt.
Grierson AJC; Long DG, 2001. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim and Darjeeling. Volume 2 Part 3. Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh and Royal Government of Bhutan.
Gunn CR, 1959. A flora of Bernham Forest, Buillitt County, Kentucky. Castanea, 24:61-98.
Hemsley WB, 1889. The Chinese and Japanese species of Buddleia. The Gardener's Chronicle., 595-596.
Herberman CG, 1919. The Catholic Encyclopedia Volume 9. New York, USA: The Encyclopedia Press.
Hooker JD, 1854. Letter to C. Darwin, June 12. Himalayan Journals.
Jussieu ALde, 1789. Genera plantarum. Paris, France: Herissant and Barrios.
Leenhouts PW, 1963. Loganiaceae. Flora Malesiana I [ed. by Steenis CGGJvan]., 293-387.
Lindley J, 1846. A natural system of botany. London, UK: Longman, 80 pp.
Lindstorm JT; Burkett BM, 2004. A novel intersectional Buddleja hybrid. HortScience, 39:642-643.
Linne Cvon, 1737. Genera plantarum. The Netherlands: Leyden, 500 pp.
Moore R, 1960. Cytotaxonomic notes on Buddleia. American Journal of Botany, 47:511-517.
Pickens AL, 1931. Some flowers visited by birds. The Condor, 33:23-28.
PIER, 2010. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. HEAR, Hawaii, USA. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Pignatti S, 1982. Flora d'Italia. Bologna, Italy: Edagricole, 521 pp.
Podaras P, 2005. Breeding a better butterfly bush. Landscape Plant News, 16:1, 6-7.
Rishbeth J, 1949. The Flora of Cambridge Walls. Journal of Ecology, 36:136-148.
Segal S, 1969. Ecological Notes on Wall Vegetation. The Hague, The Netherlands: Junk, 326 pp.
Stuart DD, 2006. Buddlejas. Portland, USA: Timber Press, 192 pp. [Plant Collector Guide Series.]
Turnbull C, 2004. Pruning the common butterfly bush. Tree Care Industry Magazine., 26-30.
Webb DA, 1985. What are the criteria for presuming native status? Watsonia, 15:231-236.
Wilhem KA, 1910. Die Samenpflanzen. Leipzig, Deutschland: Franz Deutlicke.
Distribution References
CABI Data Mining, Undated. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Clark R C, 1971. The woody plants of Alabama. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gdn. 58 (2), 99-242.
Grierson AJC, Long DG, 2001. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim and Darjeeling., 2 (3) Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh and Royal Government of Bhutan.
Gunn C R, 1959. A flora of Bernham Forest, Buillitt County, Kentucky. Castanea. 61-98.
PIER, 2010. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk., Hawaii, USA: HEAR. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Pignatti S, 1982. Flora d'Italia. Bologna, Italy: Edagricole. 521 pp.
Pyšek P, Sadlo J, Mandak B, 2006. Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic. Preslia. 97-186.
Stuart D D, 2006. Buddlejas. Portland, USA: Timber Press. 192 pp.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
NatureServe | http://www.natureserve.org/ | |
USDA-PLANTS | http://plants.usda.gov |
Organizations
Top of pageAustralia: CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation), CSIRO Enquiries, Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3169, http://www.csiro.au/
New Zealand: Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd), Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, http://www.scionresearch.com
Contributors
Top of page21/07/09 Original text by:
Susan Ebeling, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
Nita Tallent-Halsell, Southwest Ecosystem Services, USEPA/ORD/NERL Landscape Ecology Branch, Environmental Sciences Division, 944 E. Harmon Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA
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