Field guide for the identification of damage on woody sentinel plants.

Chapter 12 (Page no: 189)

Damage to flowers, cones and seeds of coniferous woody plants.

This chapter describes and illustrates the damage types (including the possible damaging agents) to flowers, cones and seeds of coniferous woody plants: thrips-induced male flower distortion, damage by external and internal pollen feeders (insects, mites), abiotic factors affecting flowers or cones (late frost, drought, pollution), external and internal insect damage on female flowers/conelets (insects), arthropod-induced flower/conelet distortion (insects, mites), cone rust (Pucciniales, Uredinales), sap feeder damage (insects), external frass protruding due to internal insect feeding, Diptera-induced resin pitch, fungus-induced resin flow, fungus-induced cone opening, insect- and fungus-induced cone discoloration, mite- and insect-induced cone distortion, fungal damage, internal cone damage by larva, without external symptoms (insects), adult and larval emergence hole(s) (insects), vertebrate damage (mammals, birds), insect-induced seed fusion, seed damage by seed chalcid or seed midge (insects), seed damage by true bugs (insects), abiotic seed damage (mostly pollination problems), and seed rot (Ascomycota).

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