The ecological and economic impacts of invasive species are significant and diverse in nature. Globalisation has led to increased introduction and establishment rates of invasive species in Europe, a trend which is likely to continue. The management of invasive weeds in Europe currently relies on...

This paper presents the case of cocoa pest management in West Africa (Côte D'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon), with particular attention on the possible impact that the sudden pesticide phase-out could have on smallholder farmers. As cocoa is an exotic plant in West Africa, it has contracted a...

This book provides some basic information on the options available towards ecologically sound cocoa production. Technical information on major cocoa pests and the efficacy of various pest management strategies are also presented.

To become successful producers, farmers need access to advisory expertise that helps them make better and more open choices about their own livelihoods. Globalization poses a threat to smallholders unless they get more effective support in accessing new technologies and markets, and in meeting new...

These proceedings, focusing on regional cocoa integrated pest management (IPM) in West Africa, contain an introduction and 12 keynote addresses. Topics covered include biological control of pests and diseases of tropical tree crops with specific reference to cocoa and coffee; the state of cocoa...

This article addresses the subject of disseminating organic production methodologies for smallholders by considering the recent development of farmer-participatory approaches. In the absence of much experience with extension in organic production on bananas, farmer-participatory systems provides us ...