This chapter discusses the history, global status of use and classification of pesticides. Insecticides can be classified on the basis of their target organisms, chemical structure, route of entry and mode of site of action, while fungicides are classified according to their mobility in the plant,...

This book includes 6 chapters examining the relevance of transgenic crops in food production, prices and the environment. It initially describes the historical evolution of biotechnology and defines key terms, before moving on to explore transgenic technology and food regime concepts. It analyses...

This chapter outlines the facility/service audit process, particularly as required in the U-Plan system, in leisure, sport and tourism. First, the audit process is outlined in general terms, and this is followed by consideration of four major processes: capacity assessment; usage assessment;...

This chapter considers the challenges of measuring facility use levels in leisure, sport and tourism. It discusses the different usage data collection methods, and brings capacity and use together by examining the spatial dimension of facility use. Spatial analysis is concerned with facility...

This chapter gives an overview about: metrics of antibiotic use for benchmarking; risk adjustment for antibiotic usage; quality-based benchmarking. It is suggested that benchmarking their antibiotic use against that of other hospitals can help hospitals to identify areas where antibiotic use can be ...

This chapter discusses the externalities of pesticide use in vegetable production in Kenya. Through secondary data analysis, individual farmer interviews, pesticide residue analysis, expert interviews and workshops, the health and environmental costs of farmerś pesticide use are estimated. The...

Lawes and Gilbert's experiment with wheat on Broadbalk field, Rothamsted, dating from 1843, and the increasing use of nitrogen fertilizers during the 19th and 20th centuries are briefly described. The contemporary roles of Lawes and von Liebig in the development of nitrogen fertilizers are...

This chapter was written for two reasons: (1) that the fallacious idea that nitrate is a threat to health has led to seriously mistaken ideas about nitrate in an African context; and (2) that market dogma seems to have had highly undesirable effects on the supply and use of fertilizers in Africa....

The overall goal of this study is to measure the impact that genetically modified cotton varieties have had on the production efficiency of smallholders in farming communities in China. We also find that the adoption of Bt cotton varieties leads to a significant decrease in the use of pesticides....

The different types of fungicides used to control plant diseases, which fall into 3 categories, are described. These were the sterilants and fumigants, the protectants, and the eradicants. A brief discussion on fungicide formulation, nomenclature and correct usage is also provided.