This chapter includes information on: authentic identification; geographical distribution; risk of introduction; host ranges; symptoms; biology and ecology; planting material liable to carry the nematode; chance of establishment; likely impact; phytosanitary measures; and a detailed account of...

This chapter includes information on: authentic identification; geographical distribution; risk of introduction; host ranges; symptoms; biology and ecology; planting material liable to carry the nematode; chance of establishment; likely impact; phytosanitary measures; and a detailed account of...

This expert opinion provides an overview of mathematical models that have been used to assess the impact of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases, ways forward in terms of improving models for the recent context and broad guidelines for conducting future climate change risk assessment.

This chapter discusses the utility of nematodes in experimental ecotoxicology, and specifically in the study of freshwaters. Drawing on reports in which nematodes were used as test organisms in single-species tests as well as studies investigating nematode communities in model ecosystems (i.e....

This book contains a series of chapters reviewing the current scientific knowledge on RNAi, methods for developing RNAi systems in transgenic plants and a range of applications for crop improvement, crop production and crop protection. Some chapters examine both endogenous systems in transgenic...

In plants, genome expression is linked to the transcribed mRNAs that are synthesized by RNA polymerase. Following its move to the cytoplasm, the generated mRNA is briefly translated to the encoded protein. If transcription and translation are dependent on the family of RNA polymerase, these two...

This chapter focuses on the importance of problem formulation (PF) in the environmental risk assessment process, which involves the identification of the possible hazards associated with a stressor, i.e. transgenic RNAi expressing plants or RNAi-based pesticides. The risk hypotheses developed from...

This paper evaluates the potential hazards of food and feed derived from RNAi plants including: adverse changes of plant metabolism; mechanisms and potential for non-target gene silencing in humans and livestock, including gut microbiome; bioinformatics tools for predictionof off-target sequences...

Severe fever with thrombocytopaenia syndrome (SFTS) is a novel emerging virus infection that was first reported in the People's Republic of China in 2010. This expert opinion describes the epidemiological characters of SFTS (geographical distribution, demographic characteristics, seasonal...

This expert opinion discusses how global warming and climate change increase the risk of the introduction and severity of mosquito-borne pathogens, including West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus and Zika virus in the western hemisphere.