This chapter contains questions concerned with the basic principles of anatomy and physiology in living things and the differences between, and similarities within, taxa with respect to their anatomical and physiological characteristics.

Marine litter is one of the most expanding and devastating problems in the marine environment. Among several types of items and origins, microplastics have been drawing attention due to their small particle size (<5 mm), persistence and the potential to be ingested by a high variety of organisms ...

This chapter presents a comprehensive approach to the study of urban plant ecophysiology and provides a framework for future study, examining existing research, methodological challenges and linkages to nature-based solutions in cities.

A review on parathyroid physiology and calcium regulation was discussed. Highlight focused on the roles of parathyroid hormones, calcitonin, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, and other regulators of calcium regulators. This chapter also discussed the clinical aspects of diseases affecting the thyroid...

This book chapter discusses the toxicology of ambient gases and particulates in human morbidity is reviewed in relation to a number of interrelated issues, including: epidemiology, susceptibility, physiology, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological dysfunction, carcinogenesis,...

This final chapter of the book reviews the history of obesity and method of determining overweight and obesity. It also discusses the prevalence, sociocultural correlates, physiological consequences, psychological characteristics, aetiology, biological influences, and behavioural influences of...

This chapter reviews epidemiological and physiological evidence to characterize current weather-related health impacts on public health and identifies the most susceptible subgroups of the population, as well as other risk factors that heighten vulnerability to temperature-related exposure. Public...

This chapter discusses the role of climate change in increasing workplace heat exposures and the association of human physiology and performance with ambient heat exposure. The clinical effects of heat exposure as well as its economic and well-being impacts are described. Preventive actions are...

This chapter lists the features of acute and chronic inflammation and discusses the physiological role of the principal cells involved in inflammation (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes and macrophages, and lymphocytes). The leukocyte-endothelium interactions in...

The aim of the current chapter is to introduce recent findings demonstrating the ability of stress to promote inflammation within the central nervous system and to critically evaluate the evidence linking these changes to alterations in mental health. Topics discussed in the chapter include: the...