This chapter focuses on the fundamentals of pruning sweet cherry orchards. The fundamentals of training and pruning contemporary sweet cherry orchards usually incorporate plant materials or techniques that promote: early fruiting for a more rapid return on investment; optimization of light...

This chapter describes the general characteristics and the different sources of light. The direct physiological effects of light on arthropods, including insect plant and stored products pests as well as disease vectors, are mentioned. Also, the induction of plant resistance to pests using light is ...

This chapter focuses on deterring host landing and establishment of plant pests by: (i) reflective mulch (silver plastic as a soil cover); (ii) reflective coating (spray plants with aluminium silicate clay mineral); (iii) combining methods (i) and (ii); and (iv) reflective cladding materials,...

This chapter proposes chronobiology considerations and the manipulation of arthropod biological clocks. The effects of light on circadian and photoperiodic responses are complex and can affect arthropod biology at many levels. The development of methods to alter daily and seasonal rhythms of...

This chapter discusses propagation of papaya by seed, cutting, grafting, budding, and in vitro method (embryogenesis). Papaya is mainly propagated by seeds. The best seed for germination of seedlings is obtained from ripe or overripe fruits. Environmental factors, including temperature and light...

This chapter discusses both physical and biotic factors, such as temperature and insolation, precipitation and moisture, conspecific organisms and population, food, symbionts, light, mechanical factors, population density, enemies, and colour affecting growth and development, survival and diapause, ...

In this chapter the appropriate perching, basic cage construction details, minimum requirements for caging, resident bird husbandry basics, and common husbandry problems in raptors are discussed.

This chapter discusses the importance of mental health and well-being in captive birds, with practical recommendations for bird caregivers to maximize the mental wellness of birds in their care.

This chapter explores the various ways by which nanoparticles can be synthesized and used in agricultural applications. It discusses the synthesis of nanosubstances by biological means as an alternative to chemical synthesis, through the utilization of natural agents such as microbes and plants (as ...

This chapter discusses the impacts linked to above-ground transmission lines, including: impacts on birds, effects linked to the electromagnetic fields, noise and light impacts, agricultural land, wetlands, and woodlands. Further, the chapter describes underground electric transmission lines.