This chapter describes (i) major greenhouse pests (including insects, mites and nematodes) and pest control options focusing on integrated pest management (which involves the use of 'ofter' control options such as biological and microbial control combined with physical exclusion, pest trapping,...

Within Hymenoptera, the superfamily Chalcidoidea (chalcidoid wasps) is the second largest superfamily after Ichneumonoidea. Because of the preponderance of parasitoid species, Chalcidoidea is one of the most important groups in applied biological control. This book provides a comprehensive,...

This chapter focuses on the taxonomy, evolution, species diversity and habitats of the Iranian Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). The importance of Chalcidoidea as parasitoids of various insect pests and as pollinators are also highlighted.

This chapter focuses on the taxonomy, evolution, morphological characteristics, ecological importance, habitats and geographical distribution of members of the hymenopteran family Aphelinidae. A checklist on Iranian Aphelinidae is also provided.

This chapter provides information on the taxonomy, evolution, morphological characteristics, ecology, importance and geographical distribution of the hymenopteran family Chalcididae. A checklist of members of the Iranian Chalcididae is also presented.

This chapter includes differential characters to distinguish the family Tetracampidae (Chalcidoidea), hypothesized phylogenetic relationships with other families, and general biological attributes of the family. Previous cataloguing efforts of the Iranian fauna for the family are summarized, as...

This book is extensively illustrated, and addresses both fundamental traditional techniques and new methodologies. The chapters aim to provide an introduction to basic techniques for laboratory and field work with plant-parasitic and free-living soil-dwelling nematodes. The coverage highlights...

A nematological culture is a method of multiplying nematodes by enabling them to reproduce and increase in a culture medium or a specific host under controlled conditions. This chapter presents culturing techniques, focused mainly on plant-parasitic nematodes and entomopathogenic nematodes, with...

This book contains 4 chapters focusing on techniques for small-scale rearing of the egg parasitoids Trichogramma spp. in the factitious host Anagasta kuehniella [Ephestia kuehniella]. These parasitoids are among the most widely used natural enemies in the world, and in Brazil are used to control...

More than 235 species of Trichogramma have been described worldwide, 29 of which are reported in Brazil. These tiny egg parasitoids (0.25 mm) are associated mainly with lepidopteran pests and have been released on 18 million hectares, primarily in socialist countries (the former Soviet Union and...