Aeromonas veronii is one of the important pathogens causing motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) in aquaculture, leading to high fish mortality and severe economic losses. Live attenuated vaccines are considered to be an effective method to control bacterial infections and have been widely used in...

This study evaluated the vaccine-induced serological response after administering four commercial formulations containing Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) type-1, BVDV-2, and Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) to young heifers with circulating maternal antibody titers. The study also determined...

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (EP) is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant with immunomodulatory effects. However, the immunomodulatory effects of EP on broilers after vaccination are still unclear. Aim of the study: The aim is to study the effect of EP and ...

Herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) frequently affects farmed goldfish Carassius auratus and gibel carp C. auratus gibelio, leading to significant economic damage. In our previous study, a live attenuated vaccine, called the P7-P8 vaccine strain, was...

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an enveloped and positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. IBV was the first coronavirus to be discovered and predominantly causes respiratory disease in commercial poultry worldwide. This review summarizes several important aspects of IBV, including...

Ticks are blood-feeding ectoparasites that devastate cattle farming and are an omnipresent nuisance to pets and humans, posing a threat of pathogen transmission. Laboratory experimental models can be instrumental in the search for molecular targets of novel acaricides or vaccines. Mainly, though,...

Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is one of the major respiratory pathogens in cattle worldwide. Infection often leads to a compromised host immune response that contributes to the development of the polymicrobial disease known as "bovine respiratory disease". After an initial transient phase of...

West Nile virus (WNV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family and is maintained in an enzootic cycle between avian hosts and mosquito vectors. Humans, horses and other mammals are susceptible to infection but are dead-end hosts due to a low viraemia. The...

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important pathogen causing diarrhea of piglets in the world. Various strategies such as giving antibiotics in the feed, oral administration of specific antibodies, dietary and diet supplementary treatment, and genetic breeding have been used to prevent...

A variety of infectious agents including viral, bacterial, and fungal organisms can cause equine abortion and placentitis. Knowledge of normal anatomy and the common pattern distribution of different infectious agents will assist the practitioner in evaluating the fetus and/or placenta, collecting...