Dog breeders often require breeding soundness evaluations which include andrological examinations of the genital organs, hormone measurements, and semen analyses. During the past decades, a considerable number of research results have been published, allowing diagnoses of specific andrological...

Practical relevance: Understanding the normal reproductive anatomy and physiology of the male cat is important for successful breeding. Veterinarians may be called in to troubleshoot when fertility and pregnancy rates decrease in a cattery. By understanding the normal physical parameters, as well...

Breeding soundness examination (BSE) is a common evaluation to predict the reproductive ability of male livestock. The generated guideline for BSE is specified for each animal species to enhance the performance of BSE. However, there is no particular BSE guideline for bucks yet; then, the BSE...

Cattle have a genital microbiome that is established early in life, even before calving. Microbial influx into the reproductive system of cows, during calving or mating, is unavoidable and is likely to alter the commensal microflora composition. It is now well established that a commensal...

The present study aimed to investigate the anatomical features of indigenous dog penis. Five adult dogs were used in the present study. The animals were injected by0.04 mg/kg atropine Sulphate, subcutaneously as a premedication drug after 20-30 minutes injected by Xylazine 2% and Ketamine 10%, at a ...

The reproductive system is a key to survival of specie. The male reproductive system plays a vital role in the production, formation, maturation, and transportation of spermatozoa to the female specie. Little attention has been given to the male fetal reproductive system in Camelus dromedarius. The ...