Impressive wooden objects from past cultures can last for centuries or millennia in waterlogged soil. The aim of conservation is to bring the more or less degraded waterlogged archaeological wooden (WAW) finds to a stable state without altering the wood structure through shrinkage, collapse, and...

Conservation encompasses numerous alternative viewpoints on what to value (features such as biodiversity, ecosystem services or socio-economic benefits) and how to convert these values into conservation policies that deliver for nature and people. Reconciling these differing values and viewpoints...

Australia's tropical savannas are a vast landscape of grasslands with high biodiversity value. Effective biodiversity conservation in this landscape requires private contributions to complement the under-sized formal conservation estate. The landscape is dominated by rangelands, in particular...

This document sets out Natural England's view on favourable conservation status for kittiwake in England. Favourable conservation status is the situation when the species can be regarded as thriving in England and expected to continue to thrive sustainably in the future. The definition is based on...

This document sets out Natural England's view on favourable conservation status for lowland meadows in England. Favourable conservation status is the situation when the habitat can be regarded as thriving in England and is expected to continue to thrive sustainably in the future. The definition is...

This document sets out Natural England's view on favourable conservation status for Bechstein's bat in England. Favourable conservation status is the situation when the species can be regarded as thriving in England and expected to continue to thrive sustainably in the future. The definition is...

This document sets out Natural England's view on favourable conservation status for greater horseshoe bat in England. Favourable conservation status is the situation when the species can be regarded as thriving in England and expected to continue to thrive sustainably in the future. The definition...

Community-based conservation, despite being more inclusive than fortress conservation, has been criticized for being a top-down implementation of external ideas brought to local communities for conservation's benefit. This is particularly true for Changpas, the pastoral people of Changthang in...

The Balkan chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica) is a caprine of the rocky mountain slopes, threatened in Greece by illegal hunting and population isolation. We used a contingent valuation method to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) for chamois conservation of 500 residents of the region of...

Long-term data are beneficial for monitoring the conservation status of species. Assessments of population change over recent periods of fixed duration will, however, be subject to 'shifting baselines', where the accepted norm for the population at the start of the period already represents a...