Bauhinia monandra (Napoleon's plume)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Environmental Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Bauhinia monandra Kurz
Preferred Common Name
- Napoleon's plume
Other Scientific Names
- Bauhinia kappleri Sagot
- Bauhinia krugii Urb.
- Bauhinia porosa Baill.
- Bauhinia punctiflora Baker
- Bauhinia richardiana Voight
- Caspareopsis monandra (Kurz) Britton & Rose
- Caspariopsis monandra (Kurz) Britton & Rose
International Common Names
- English: butterfly flower; Jerusalem date; orchid tree; pink bauhinia; pink butterfly tree; pink orchid tree; St. Thomas tree
- Spanish: huella de vaca; orquidea de pobre; pata de vaca
Local Common Names
- Australia: pink orchid-tree
- Brazil: mororo; pata-de-vaca
- Cook Islands: ipena; pi; pine; pipi
- Cuba: casco de mulo
- Dominican Republic: flamboyan cubano; flamboyan extranjero; flamboyant chino; palo de vaca; semirubia
- French Polynesia: pine; piné
- Haiti: caractere des hommes; deux jumelles; flamboyant etranger; jumelle; les deux jumelles
- Lesser Antilles: Napoleon's cocked hat
- Madagascar: bagnaka; banaka; banakafotsy
- Puerto Rico: alas de angel; baujinia; flamboyan blanco; mariposa; seplina; varital
- Samoa: vae povi
- Tonga: fehi; napoleone
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageMany species in the genus Bauhinia have been actively introduced as ornamentals in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Connor, 2002). Evidence available shows that B. monandra is able to escape from cultivation and naturalize in disturbed areas such as roadsides, waste ground, urban areas, grasslands and riparian areas (Wagner et al., 1999; Connor, 2002; Kairo et al., 2003; Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011; PIER, 2014). Once naturalized this species may become weedy and invasive and has the potential to displace native vegetation. It has also invaded dry forests and arid zones on several Pacific islands such as in French Polynesia, the Cook Islands, Northern Mariana Islands and the Galápagos Islands (PIER, 2014).
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Fabales
- Family: Fabaceae
- Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
- Genus: Bauhinia
- Species: Bauhinia monandra
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageFabaceae is a highly diverse family of flowering plants. This family includes about 745 genera and 19,500 species which can be found throughout the world growing in a great variety of climates and environments (Stevens, 2012). The genus Bauhinia is listed within the Cercideae clade in the Caesalpinoid subfamily, and includes about 250 species distributed mainly in tropical and temperate regions of the world (Stevens, 2012). The genus includes trees, lianas, and shrubs that are frequently planted for their showy flowers and ornamental foliage (Connor, 2002).
Description
Top of pageB. monandra is a tree with young lightly pubescent branches. Leaves ovate- orbicular, up to 20 cm long and almost as wide, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous above, pubescent on veins below, basally cordate to truncate, apically cleft up to 1/3 the length of the leaf, lobes blunt, rounded; petiole lightly pubescent, up to 6 cm. long, with bilobate callus at insertion of the leaf. Inflorescence a terminal few-flowered raceme. Flowers large, showy; sepals fused to form a spathe about 15-20 mm long. Petals about 4-5 cm long, distinctly clawed. Stamen solitary, filament glabrous, about 25-50 mm long. Anther about 5-6 mm long. Staminodes nine. Style about 35 mm long. Fruits are pods slightly inflated, not flat, about 16-24 x 2-2.5 cm. Pods explosively dehiscent, throwing seeds in all directions. Seeds flat, about 10-12 x 7-8 mm, about 10-20 per pod.
Distribution
Top of pageB. monandra is native to Madagascar (USDA-ARS, 2014). It has been widely cultivated as an ornamental and is now naturalized in Africa, Asia, Australia, North, Central and South America, the West Indies and on islands in the Pacific Ocean (see distribution table for details; ILDIS, 2014; PROTA, 2014; PIER, 2014).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Planted | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | ||||||||
Bangladesh | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Orchard, 1993 | ||||
India | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
-Karnataka | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
-Maharashtra | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
-West Bengal | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Indonesia | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Malaysia | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Myanmar | Present | Introduced | Natural | ILDIS, 2014 | ||||
Philippines | Present | Introduced | PIER, 2014 | |||||
Singapore | Present only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | Chong et al., 2009 | Only in cultivation | ||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Thailand | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Vietnam | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Africa | ||||||||
Angola | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Burundi | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Cameroon | Present | Introduced | PROTA, 2014 | |||||
Congo Democratic Republic | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Ethiopia | Present | Introduced | Witt and Luke, 2017 | |||||
Ghana | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Kenya | Present | Introduced | Witt and Luke, 2017 | |||||
Liberia | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Madagascar | Present | Native | USDA-ARS, 2014 | |||||
Mali | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Mozambique | Present | Introduced | PROTA, 2014 | |||||
Nigeria | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Rodriguez Island | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Sierra Leone | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Somalia | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Tanzania | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Uganda | Present | Introduced | Witt and Luke, 2017 | |||||
Zambia | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Introduced | PROTA, 2014 | |||||
North America | ||||||||
Mexico | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
USA | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | USDA-NRCS, 2014 | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | PIER, 2014 | ||||
-Texas | Present | Introduced | USDA-NRCS, 2014 | |||||
Central America and Caribbean | ||||||||
Barbados | Widespread | Introduced | Broome et al., 2007 | Potentially invasive | ||||
British Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | Acevedo-Rodriguez and Strong, 2012 | Guana, Tortola | ||||
Cayman Islands | Present | Introduced | Acevedo-Rodriguez and Strong, 2012 | |||||
Costa Rica | Present | Introduced | Holdridge and Poveda, 1975 | |||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | Acevedo-Rodriguez and Strong, 2012 | |||||
Dominica | Widespread | Introduced | Broome et al., 2007 | Potentially invasive | ||||
Dominican Republic | Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | Kairo et al., 2003 | ||||
El Salvador | Present | Introduced | Linares, 2005 | |||||
Grenada | Widespread | Introduced | Broome et al., 2007 | Potentially invasive | ||||
Guadeloupe | Widespread | Introduced | Broome et al., 2007 | Potentially invasive | ||||
Haiti | Present | Introduced | Acevedo-Rodriguez and Strong, 2012 | |||||
Honduras | Present | Introduced | Torres-Colín et al., 2009 | |||||
Martinique | Widespread | Introduced | Broome et al., 2007 | Potentially invasive | ||||
Netherlands Antilles | Widespread | Introduced | Broome et al., 2007 | Potentially invasive | ||||
Panama | Present | Introduced | Correa et al., 2004 | Naturalised | ||||
Puerto Rico | Widespread | Introduced | Kairo et al., 2003 | Potentially invasive | ||||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Widespread | Introduced | Broome et al., 2007 | Potentially invasive | ||||
Saint Lucia | Widespread | Introduced | Broome et al., 2007 | Potentially invasive | ||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Widespread | Introduced | Broome et al., 2007 | Potentially invasive | ||||
South America | ||||||||
Brazil | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Colombia | Present | Introduced | Idarraga-Piedrahita et al., 2011 | |||||
Ecuador | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Galapagos Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | McMullen, 1999 | ||||
French Guiana | Present | Introduced | ILDIS, 2014 | |||||
Venezuela | Present | Introduced | Hokche et al., 2008 | |||||
Oceania | ||||||||
American Samoa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Space and Flynn, 2000 | ||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Queensland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011 | ||||
Cook Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | McCormack, 2013 | ||||
Fiji | Present | Introduced | PIER, 2014 | Cultivated | ||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Florence et al., 2013 | ||||
Guam | Present | Introduced | Invasive | PIER, 2014 | ||||
Kiribati | Present | Introduced | PIER, 2014 | Cultivated | ||||
Micronesia, Federated states of | Present | Introduced | Herrera et al., 2010 | |||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | MacKee, 1994 | |||||
Niue | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Space et al., 2004 | ||||
Northern Mariana Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | PIER, 2014 | ||||
Palau | Present | Introduced | Space et al., 2009 | |||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Introduced | Invasive | PIER, 2014 | ||||
Samoa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Space and Flynn, 2002 | ||||
Tonga | Present | Introduced | Invasive | PIER, 2014 | ||||
Wallis and Futuna Islands | Present | Introduced | PIER, 2014 |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageIn the West Indies, B. monandra was probably introduced later in the 1800s to be used as an ornamental. By the early twentieth century it was reported as naturalized in the Dominican Republic (Urban, 1905) and by 1920 it was also listed for Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, St Kitts, St Vincent, and Guadeloupe (Urban, 1920).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe risk of introduction of B. monandra is moderate to high. This species has been actively introduced to be used as an ornamental, hedge plant and for fuelwood (Connor, 2002). Thus, the risk of new introduction as well as the probability of escape from cultivation is high, mainly in disturbed areas where seeds can be dispersed by humans, birds or water flows (Kairo et al., 2003; Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011; PIER, 2014).
Habitat
Top of pageB. monandra has been recorded growing in disturbed forests, roadsides, natural thickets, and river-banks in coastal, limestone, and dry forests. It has the potential to grow well on drier and poor sites. It grows in arid lowlands in the Galápagos Islands and in drier sites with relatively poor soils in Australia (McMullen, 1999). It has also been observed to growing along waterways, forest edges and in grasslands (Connor, 2002; Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011; PIER, 2014).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial – Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | ||
Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural | ||
Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | ||
Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Natural | ||
Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural | ||
Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural | ||
Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | ||
Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Natural | ||
Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | ||
Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural | ||
Arid regions | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | ||
Arid regions | Present, no further details | Natural | ||
Littoral | ||||
Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | ||
Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The chromosome number reported for B. monandra is 2n=24 (Gill and Husaini, 1982).
Reproductive Biology
Some species of Bauhinia including B. monandra have large flowers with showy petals, nocturnal anthesis, and nectar produced inside a cylindrical-tubular hypanthium, which are features matching with bat pollination (Banks et al., 2013).
Physiology and Phenology
B. monandra is a fast-growing tree and reaches reproductive maturity in 3 to 4 years (Connor, 2002).
In Australia, B. monandra has been recorded flowering during late spring and summer (from October to January) and fruiting from summer through to spring (from January to October; Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011). In the West Indies, it flowers and fruits throughout most of the year (Connor, 2002).
Environmental Requirements
B. monandra can grow in dry and arid areas as well as in poor soils (PIER, 2014). However, it does best in areas that receive about 600 to 2000 mm of rainfall annually and that have moist, well-drained soils with pH ranging from 6.1 to 7.8 (Connor, 2002; PROTA, 2014). It also grows well in completely sunny to partial shaded areas (PIER, 2014).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Tolerated | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Tolerated | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Tolerated | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | -1.1 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 17 | 35 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Mean annual rainfall | 500 | 2000 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
Soil reaction
- neutral
Soil texture
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- infertile
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageB. monandra reproduces by seed. Seeds are spread when they are ingested and expelled by birds and other animals. Seeds can be also dispersed by water, particularly from ornamental plantings located near waterways, and in dumped garden waste (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Disturbance | Escaped from gardens and often naturalised in disturbed areas | Yes | Yes | PIER, 2014 |
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Often planted as ornamental | Yes | Yes | Connor, 2002 |
Garden waste disposal | Seeds | Yes | Yes | PIER, 2014 |
Hedges and windbreaks | Used as hedge-plant | Yes | Yes | Connor, 2002 |
Landscape improvement | Often planted as ornamental | Yes | Yes | Connor, 2002 |
Nursery trade | Often planted as ornamental | Yes | Yes | Connor, 2002 |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Seeds escaped from gardens | Yes | Yes | Connor, 2002 |
Land vehicles | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011 |
Seeds | Yes | Yes | ||
Soil, sand and gravel | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011 |
Water | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011 |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Human health | Positive and negative |
Environmental Impact
Top of pageB. monandra is regarded as an environmental weed in northern Queensland and is included in the Queensland Priority Weed List. In Australia it invades and displaces native vegetation in open woodlands, forests and conservation areas (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011). It also invades dry forests and arid environments on Pacific islands (i.e., Northern Mariana Islands and Galápagos Islands) and it is considered a weed in Guam and Hawaii (McMullen, 1999; PIER, 2014). In the Dominican Republic this species is also listed as invasive (Kairo et al., 2003).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page Invasiveness- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Long lived
- Fast growing
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Altered trophic level
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Modification of nutrient regime
- Modification of successional patterns
- Monoculture formation
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Soil accretion
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - shading
- Competition - smothering
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Uses
Top of pageB. monandra is often planted for its showy flowers and ornamental foliage; it is also used for fuelwood in Puerto Rico and for fences in Jamaica (Connor, 2002). This species is commonly cultivated as a garden and street tree in the tropical regions of Australia, America, Asia, and the West Indies (USDA-ARS, 2014). Seeds are a useful source of vitamin A. In general, Bauhinia seeds contain high amounts of linoleic and oleic fatty acids and low amounts of myristic and linolenic fatty acids (Connor, 2002).
Uses List
Top of pageEnvironmental
- Amenity
- Boundary, barrier or support
Fuels
- Fuelwood
General
- Botanical garden/zoo
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Ornamental
- Cut flower
- Potted plant
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageB. monandra is very similar to Bauhinia variegata and Bauhinia purpurea. All these species have been listed as naturalized and invasive in many tropical and subtropical countries. These species can be distinguished by the following differences (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011):
- B. monandra is a small tree with relatively large leaves (up to 20 cm wide). Its flowers are pale pink or whitish with darker pink or reddish-purple markings and have a single fertile stamen.
- B. variegata is a small tree with relatively large leaves (up to 15 cm wide). Its flowers vary from entirely white to various shades of pink or purple with darker pink or reddish-purple markings and have five fertile stamens.
- B. purpurea is a small tree with relatively large leaves (up to 20 cm wide). Its flowers vary from pale purple to bright pinkish-purple and have three fertile stamens.
References
Top of pageAcevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm
Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database. Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
Chong KY, Tan HTW, Corlett RT, 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species., Singapore: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, 273 pp
Connor KF, 2002. Bauhinia monandra. In: Tropical tree seed manual (Vol 721) [ed. by Vozzo, J. A.]., USA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
Correa A, Galdames MDC, Stapf MNS, 2004. Catalogue of vascular plants of Panama (Catalogo de Plantas Vasculares de Panama.), Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 599 pp
Florence J, Chevillotte H, Ollier C, Meyer J-Y, 2013. Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP) (Botanical database of the Nadeaud Herbarium of French Polynesia). http://www.herbier-tahiti.pf
Gill LS, Husaini SW, 1982. Cytology of some arborescent Leguminosae of Nigeria. Silvae Genetica, 31:117-122
Herrera K, Lorence DH, Flynn T, Balick MJ, 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei with local names and uses. Lawai, Hawaii, USA: National Tropical Botanical Garden, 146 pp
Hokche O, Berry PE, Huber O, 2008. Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela (New catalogue of the vascular flora of Venezuela). Caracas, Venezuela: Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela, 860 pp
Holdridge LR, Poveda LJ, 1975. Trees of Costa Rica [Arboles de Costa Rica]. Vol. 1. San Jose, Costa Rica: Centro Ciencias Tropicales
Idárraga-Piedrahita A, Ortiz RDC, Callejas Posada R, Merello M, 2011. Flora of Antioquia. (Flora de Antioquia.) Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares, vol. 2. Listado de las Plantas Vasculares del Departamento de Antioquia:939 pp
ILDIS, 2014. International Legume Database and Information Service. Reading, UK: School of Plant Sciences, University of Reading. http://www.ildis.org/
Linares JL, 2005. [English title not available]. (Listado comentado de los árboles nativos y cultivados en la República de El Salvador.) Ceiba, 44:105-268
McCormack G, 2013. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database. Rarotonga, Cook Islands: Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust. http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/search.asp
McMullen CK, 1999. Flowering plants of the Galápagos. Ithaca, New York, USA: Comstock Publisher Assoc., 370 pp
Orchard AE, 1993. Flora of Australia. Vol. 50, Oceanic islands 2. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service
PIER, 2014. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
PROTA, 2014. PROTA4U web database. Grubben GJH, Denton OA, eds. Wageningen, Netherlands: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp
Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011. Special edition of Environmental Weeds of Australia for Biosecurity Queensland., Australia: The University of Queensland and Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries. http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/Index.htm
Space JC, Flynn T, 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu, 51
Space JC, Flynn T, 2002a. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service, 83 pp
Space JC, Lorence DH, LaRosa AM, 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on invasive plant species. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 227 pp. http://www.hear.org/pier/pdf/Palau_report_2008.pdf
Space JC, Waterhouse BM, Newfield M, Bull C, 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. 80 pp. [UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity.] http://www.hear.org/pier/reports/niue_report_2004.htm
Stevens PF, 2012. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
Urban I, 1905. Symbolae Antillanae. Volumen IV. Berlin, Germany: Fratres Borntraeger, 771 pp
Urban I, 1920. Symbolae Antillanae,seu, Fundamenta florae Indiae Occidentalis, Volume 8
USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2014. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov/
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
International Legume Database and Information Service | http://www.ildis.org/ | |
PIER | http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html | |
PROTA: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa | http://www.prota4u.org/ |
Contributors
Top of page18/06/14 Original text by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Distribution Maps
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