Parthenocissus quinquefolia
(Virginia creeper)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Habit Caption Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); habit. Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex, England. July 2017. Copyright ©Acabashi-2017/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 4.0	Habit	Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); habit. Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex, England. July 2017.	©Acabashi-2017/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 4.0
Title Habit Caption Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); habit. nr. Odder, Denmark. August 2010. Copyright ©Sten Porse/via wikipedia - CC BY 2.0	Habit	Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); habit. nr. Odder, Denmark. August 2010.	©Sten Porse/via wikipedia - CC BY 2.0
Title Habit Caption Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); habit, and foliage. Haarlem, Netherlands. August 2005. Copyright Public Domain - Released by Tasja/via wikipedia - CC0	Habit	Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); habit, and foliage. Haarlem, Netherlands. August 2005.	Public Domain - Released by Tasja/via wikipedia - CC0
Title Foliage Caption Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); late-summer foliage. Czech Republic. Augiust 2005. Copyright Public Domain - Released by Tasja/via wikipedia - CC0	Foliage	Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); late-summer foliage. Czech Republic. Augiust 2005.	Public Domain - Released by Tasja/via wikipedia - CC0
Title Habit Caption Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); habit, and autumnal foliage. November 2006. Copyright ©Nino Barbieri/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 3.0	Habit	Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); habit, and autumnal foliage. November 2006.	©Nino Barbieri/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 3.0
Title Flowers Caption Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); flowers. C & O Canal National Historical Park, Montgomery county Maryland, USA. June 2012. Copyright ©Fritzflohrreynolds (Fritz Flohr Reynolds)/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 3.0	Flowers	Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); flowers. C & O Canal National Historical Park, Montgomery county Maryland, USA. June 2012.	©Fritzflohrreynolds (Fritz Flohr Reynolds)/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 3.0
Title Leaves Caption Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); leaves, with some unripe fruits. Walsingham Nature Reserve, Hamilton Parish, Bermuda. July 2009. Copyright ©Sam Fraser-Smith/via flickr - CC BY 2.0	Leaves	Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); leaves, with some unripe fruits. Walsingham Nature Reserve, Hamilton Parish, Bermuda. July 2009.	©Sam Fraser-Smith/via flickr - CC BY 2.0
Title Fruits Caption Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); mature fruits. Paris, France. September 2007. Copyright ©Pancrat/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 3.0	Fruits	Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); mature fruits. Paris, France. September 2007.	©Pancrat/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 3.0
Title Fruits Caption Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); late fruits. West Hartford, Connecticut, USA. November 2008. Copyright ©Ragesoss/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 3.0	Fruits	Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper); late fruits. West Hartford, Connecticut, USA. November 2008.	©Ragesoss/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 3.0

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.

Preferred Common Name

• Virginia creeper

Other Scientific Names

• Ampelocissus cirrhata Voss
• Ampelocissus major Voss
• Ampelopsis hederacea (EHRH.) DC.
• Ampelopsis heptaphylla Buckley
• Ampelopsis himalayana Dippel
• Ampelopsis hirsuta (Pursh) Donn ex Schult.
• Ampelopsis latifolia Tausch
• Ampelopsis quinquefolia MICHX.
• Ampelopsis roylei Dippel
• Ampelopsis saint-paulii (Rehder) Rehder
• Ampelopsis virginiana Dippel
• Cissus hederacea Pers.
• Cissus hirsuta Steud.
• Cissus quinquefolia (L.) Borkh.
• Hedera carnosa W.Bartram
• Hedera quinquefolia L.
• Parthenocissus dumetorum (Focke) Rehder
• Parthenocissus engelmannii Koehne & Graebn.
• Parthenocissus heptaphylla (Buckley) Britton ex Small
• Psedera heptaphylla (Buckley) Rehder
• Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene
• Quinaria quinquefolia (L.) Koehne
• Vitis hederacea Ehrh.
• Vitis quinquefolia (L.) Lam.

International Common Names

• English: American ivy; five leaved ivy; five-leaf ivy; Japanese ivy; woodbine
• Spanish: Vina virgen
• French: vigne vierge vraie; Vigne-vierge a cinq feuilles
• Chinese: wu ye di jin

Local Common Names

• Cuba: bejuco ubí; parrita cimarrona; parrita cimarrona; ubí colorado
• Germany: Fuenfblaettrige Jungfernrebe; gewöhnliche Jungfernrebe; Selbstkletternde Jungfernrebe; wilder Wein
• Italy: vite del Canada comune
• Japan: amerika-zuta
• Netherlands: Haagwijnrank
• Sweden: klättervildvin

EPPO code

• PRTQU (Parthenocissus quinquefolia)

Summary of Invasiveness

P. quinquefolia is a woody, deciduous vine widely cultivated as an ornamental that has escaped from gardens to become naturalized and invasive in natural habitats. It is a fast-growing plant that climbs to a height of 15-20 m on trees, poles or other structures. The tendrils of this vine end in small adhesive pads which stick firmly to stone or bark. This vigorous vine grows forming dense blankets of foliage that shading-out herbs, shrubs, and trees in the canopy and understory. Currently it is regarded as an environmental weed in Australia and it is listed as invasive in several countries in Europe, China and in Cuba (Oviedo and Gonzalez-Oliva, 2015; DAISIE, 2017; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2017; GRIIS, 2017; Weeds of Australia, 2017). Within the UK it is listed as an invasive non-native species on Schedule 9 in the UK Wildlife and Countryside Act.

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Rhamnales
•                         Family: Vitaceae
•                             Genus: Parthenocissus
•                                 Species: Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

The family Vitaceae comprises 14 genera and about 900 species of vines and lianas distributed across Pantropical and (warm) temperate regions of the world (Soejima and Wen 2006; Stevens, 2012). Parthenocissus has a long and complex taxonomic history (Lu et al., 2011). This genus consists of about 13 species with a disjoint distribution between Asia and North America. There are approximately 10 species in the Old World distributed primarily in eastern Asia, with one species in the Western Ghats of India and Sri Lanka, one in Java to northern Thailand and three species in North America (Lu et al., 2011).

Species within Parthenocissus can be easily distinguished by their highly branched tendrils, adhesive discs at tendril apices, inconspicuous floral discs and two long ventral in-folds extending from the apex to the base of the seed (Lu et al., 2011; Latiff, 2012). The genus name derives from the Greek parthenos, "virgin", and kissos (Latinized as "cissus"), "ivy". For P. quinquefolia the species epithet means “five-leaved”, referring to the leaflets on each compound leaf. 

Description

Branchlets terete, glabrous; tendrils 5-9-branched, young apex curving, later developing into suckers. Leaves palmately 5-foliolate; petiole 5-14.5 cm, petiolule short or nearly absent, glabrous; leaflets obovoid, obovate-elliptic, or elliptic, 5.5-15 × 3-9 cm, glabrous or veins abaxially sparsely pilose, lateral veins 5-7 pairs, veinlets inconspicuously raised, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin with rough teeth, apex cuspidate. Paniculate polychasium pseudoterminal, with conspicuous rachis, 8-20 cm; peduncles 3-5 mm. Pedicel 1.5-2.5 mm, glabrous. Buds elliptic, 2-3 mm, apex rounded. Calyx entire. Petals elliptic, 1.7-2.7 mm, glabrous. Filaments 0.6-0.8 mm; anthers elliptic, 1.2-1.8 mm. Disk inconspicuous. Ovary coniform; stigma not expanded. Berry 1-1.2 cm in diameter, 1-4-seeded. Seeds obovoid, base with short, acute rostrum, apex rounded (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2017).

Specimens with 7-foliolate leaves have been collected from sandy areas in Dare County, North Carolina (Flora of North America, 2015).

Plant Type

Distribution

P. quinquefolia is native to North America (Canada, the USA and Mexico) and Central America. It has been widely introduced as an ornamental creeper and can be found naturalized in Europe, tropical and temperate Asia, southern Africa, and Australia (GRIIS, 2017; India Biodiversity Portal, 2017; Weeds of Australia, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017; USDA-ARS, 2017).

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

P. quinquefolia has been extensively introduced across temperate and subtropical regions of the world where it is often cultivated as an ornamental. In Europe it was introduced to cultivation by 1679 and can now be found naturalized in many countries including Belgium, France, Spain, UK, Italy, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania and Switzerland among others. In Great Britain it was introduced to cultivation by 1629 (Pilkington, 2011), first recorded in the wild by 1927 (DAISIE, 2017; GRIIS, 2017), and is now well-established in the wild and appears to be spreading (Pilkington, 2011).

In Australia, P. quinquefolia was apparently introduced in the 1800’s and it is now regarded as an environmental weed primarily in New South Wales and Sydney. It is probably most commonly naturalized in the Sydney area (Weeds of Australia, 2017).

In Zimbabwe it was recorded as an escape in the 1970’s in the riverine forest below the dam at Greystone Park Nature Reserve (Flora of Zimbabwe, 2017).

Habitat

In its native range, P. quinquefolia can be found growing in new and old forests, open woods, prairie ravines, moist thickets, waste places, and along riverbanks, roadsides, forest edges fence rows and on the borders of clearings at elevations ranging from sea level to 1500 m (Flora of North America, 2015; USDA-NRCS, 2017). Where naturalized in the UK it is typically found in man-made habitats such as urban railway embankments, old walls and buildings, and road verges, but it also invades scrub and hedgerows (Pilkington, 2011). In Australia it has been recorded in urban bushland (Weeds of Australia, 2017).

Habitat List

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

The chromosome number reported for P. quinquefolia is 2n = 40 (Flora of North America, 2015).

Reproductive Biology

Plants are monoecious and bear small open clusters of inconspicuous flowers. Flowers are pollinated by bees and wasps (PFAF, 2017).

Physiology and Phenology

In North America, P. quinquefolia flowers from June to August, matures fruits from August to October and drops fruits from September to February. The seeds usually germinate the first or second spring after dispersal (USDA-NRCS, 2017). In China, it has been recorded flowering in June and July and fruiting from August to October (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2017). In the UK it flowers in June or July (Pilkington, 2011).

Germination rates vary between 20% and 50% and the seeds usually germinate the first or second spring after dispersal (USDA-NRCS, 2017). Seeds require a sustained cold period to break down dormancy, and high temperature exposure after stratification can induce secondary dormancy. Végh et al. (2015) found in a comparison of invasive Parthenocissus spp. in the Buda Arboretum of Hungary that seed viability was highest (100%) in P. quinquefolia, with high germination capacity if the seeds were removed from the soft part of fruits.

Associations

In North America, mice, skunks, chipmunks, squirrels, cattle and deer often feed on the leaves and stems of P. quinquefolia (USDA-NRCS, 2017).

Environmental Requirements

P. quinquefolia prefers to grow on moist, well-drained soils with pH ranging from acid to neutral. However, this species is adapted to drier soils and conditions including coastal dunes and alkaline soils. It tolerates a wide range of soil types: from sandy soils to loamy soils. It is fairly shade tolerant, but it is often found growing along more open clearing borders and fencerows. It is also salt tolerant (PFAF, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017).

Climate

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Air Temperature

Rainfall

Rainfall Regime

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainage

• free

Soil reaction

• acid
• alkaline
• neutral

Soil texture

• light
• medium

Special soil tolerances

• saline

Notes on Natural Enemies

No pests or diseases are of major concern, but mildews, leaf spots, canker and wilt are occasional problems. Beetles, scale, leafhoppers, and caterpillars also bother P. quinquefolia plants in cultivation. These pests cause the leaves to be ragged and tattered (Gilman, 1999; USDA-NRCS, 2017).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Vector Transmission (Biotic)

P. quinquefolia spreads by seed. Seeds are primarily dispersed by birds. In North America, songbirds are the principle consumers of the fruit: however, deer, game-birds and small mammals will also feed on them (USDA-NRCS, 2017). In the UK, birds and small mammals are known to eat the berries and disperse seeds, although it is not clear how viable seeds are in the British climate (Pilkington, 2011).

Intentional Introduction

P. quinquefolia has been intentionally introduced worldwide as an ornamental creeper. In cultivation it is propagated from hardwood cuttings or layering (GRIIS, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017). After introduction, it can regenerate from root fragments discarded in garden waste.

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Economic Impact

P. quinquefolia can cause damage to valuable trees and shrubs in parks and orchards. Once established on walls, fences and buildings, it is difficult to remove without damage due to close adherence to the surfaces. When established on road verges and railway embankments, regular control is needed to prevent a health and safety hazard, and this can be expensive (Pilkington, 2011).

Environmental Impact

P. quinquefolia is an aggressive vine that spreads both vertically and horizontal forming dense blankets that outcompete native vegetation. It climbs into forest canopies blocking light and restricting the growth of native plants. The weight of the climber foliage can contribute to branch breakage and canopy collapse (DAISIE, 2017; GRIIS, 2017; USDA_NRCS, 2017; Weeds of Australia, 2017). After girdling trees, the climber can slowly strangle them over an extended period (Pilkington, 2011).

Social Impact

Berries contain oxalic acid and are reported to be highly toxic to humans if ingested. The oxalate crystals in the sap can cause skin irritation and rashes in some people (USDA-NRCS, 2017). The tissues of the plant contain microscopic, irritating needle-like crystals called raphides (PFAF, 2017).

Risk and Impact Factors

• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Has a broad native range
• Abundant in its native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Is a habitat generalist
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Tolerant of shade
• Highly mobile locally
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Long lived
• Fast growing
• Gregarious
• Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
• Reproduces asexually

• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Host damage
• Modification of successional patterns
• Monoculture formation
• Reduced amenity values
• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of native species

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Competition - shading
• Competition - smothering
• Poisoning
• Rapid growth
• Rooting

• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
• Difficult/costly to control

Uses

P. quinquefolia is often cultivated as an ornamental because of its attractive foliage. It is an excellent covering for walls, fences, trellises and arbors. It keeps buildings cooler by shading wall surfaces during the summer.

The bark has been used in domestic medicines as a tonic, expectorant and remedy for dropsy (USDA-NRCS, 2017). The plant is also used for ground cover, soil conservation and to control erosion in shaded sites and slopes (USDA-NRCS, 2017).

Uses List

Environmental

• Amenity
• Erosion control or dune stabilization
• Revegetation
• Soil conservation

Materials

• Poisonous to mammals

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

• Traditional/folklore

Ornamental

• garden plant
• Propagation material
• Seed trade

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

P. quinquefolia is often confused with the Eastern poison ivy Toxicodendron radicans, however a clear distinction between these two species is that T. radicans has three leaflets and P. quinquefolia has five leaflets (USDA-NRCS, 2017).

Prevention and Control

P. quinquefolia is costly and difficult to eradicate. Where it is established on walls or buildings it is very difficult to remove owing to its close adherence to the surface with tendrils and adhesive pads. Removing it can damage the mortar of the structure it is growing on and it is nearly impossible to remove it without damaging wooden fences (Pilkington, 2011).

Physical/Mechanical Control

Small infestations of P. quinquefolia may be controlled by cutting all the foliage and stems and digging-out the roots to prevent re-sprouts (Dickens, 2015). Ground cover can be reduced by burning in early spring, or cutting at the base of stems (Wu et al., 2004). In the USA, Coladoanto (1991) reported that fire can be an effective agent in controlling this plant, with normal underburning regimes in commercial pine stands eliminating seedlings and sprouts.

Chemical Control

The herbicides imazapyr and triclopyr have been successfully used to control infestations of P. quinquefolia (Dickens, 2015). In a peach orchard in West Virginia, a single application of triclopyr did not give control beyond one year, but satisfactory control was obtained from two applications of the herbicide (Tworkoski and Young, 1990). Glyphosate strongly inhibits growth of the plant (Wu et al., 2004). Kelbel (2012) suggests in Slovakia that best control comes from mechanical removal at the end of the year, followed by chemical application in the first half of the next growing season.

References

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Links to Websites

Contributors

17/12/17 Original text by:

Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

Distribution Maps