Pinus caribaea (Caribbean pine)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Environmental Impact
- Social Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Wood Products
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Pinus caribaea Morelet
Preferred Common Name
- Caribbean pine
Variety
- Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis (Griseb.) W.H.G. Barrett & Golfari
- Pinus caribaea var. caribaea
- Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Sénéclauze) W.H.G. Barrett & Golfari
Other Scientific Names
- Pinus bahamensis Grisebach
- Pinus cubensis Sarg. ex Griseb. var. anomala Rowlee
- Pinus hondurensis Sénécl
- Pinus recurvata Rowlee
- Pinus taeda var. heterophylla Elliott
International Common Names
- English: Caribbean pine tree; Caribbean pitch pine; Cuban pine; Nicaragua pine; Nicaraguan pine; pitch pine; yellow pine
- Spanish: ocote blanco; pino amarilo; pino antillano; pino caribaea de Honduras; pino caribeño; pino colorado; pino de la costa; pino hondureño; pino macho
- French: pin caraïbe; pin de Cuba; pin des Caraïbes; pin jaune; pin mâte
- Chinese: jia le bisong
Local Common Names
- Australia: Bahamas pitch pine; Honduras Caribbean pine; Honduras pine; southern pine
- Bahamas: Bahamas pine (var. bahamensis); Caribbean pine-tree (var. bahamensis); yellow pine (var. bahamensis)
- Belize: white pine; yellow pine
- Cook Islands: paina papa’a
- Costa Rica: pino caribe
- Cuba: Pino amarillo; pino macho (var caribaea).
- El Salvador: pino caribeño
- Fiji: Fiji pine (var. hondurensis)
- Germany: Kiefer, Karibik-
- Guatemala: ocote blanco; pino de Petén
- Honduras: pino de costa
- Italy: pino dei Caraibi
- Mexico: pino amarillo
- Samoa: paina
- Tonga: paini
EPPO code
- PIUCB (Pinus caribaea)
- PIUCH (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis)
Trade name
- Honduran yellow pine
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageP. caribaea is a tree which is widely commercialised for its wood and which has been intentionally introduced worldwide to establish forestry plantations since the second part of the nineteenth century. It is classified as an invasive species causing serious problems to natural habitats in Bangladesh, Brazil, Australia, the Cook Islands, Hawaii, Guam, New Caledonia and French Polynesia (Oppenheimer, 2003; Afrin et al., 2010; Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 2010; Simberloff et al., 2010; PIER, 2013). P. caribaea is a fast-growing tree that grows forming dense monocultures over extensive areas of land displacing native vegetation and altering hydrology, nutrient cycling, and fire regimes (Richardson, 1998, 1998b; Simberloff et al., 2010).
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Gymnospermae
- Class: Pinopsida
- Family: Pinaceae
- Genus: Pinus
- Species: Pinus caribaea
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pagePinaceae is a family of gymnosperms including about 11 genera and 210 species. Members of this family are mostly resinous trees or rarely shrubs found mostly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Stevens, 2012). The genus Pinus includes 105 species.
P. caribaea belongs to Pinus section Diploxylon, characterized by hard timber and 2 xylem bundles. There are three varieties of Pinus caribaea recognized by taxonomists, P. caribaea var. caribaea, P. caribaea var. bahamensis and P. caribaea var. hondurensis. Number of needles per fascicle, cone size, and seed wing anatomy form the differences between the varieties.
Prior to about 1950, P. caribaea was much confused in the literature with P. elliottii var. elliottii and P. elliotti var. densa, from the United States. Loock (1950) proposed that the pine in British Honduras (now Belize) had botanical differences to that of the USA and published the illegitimate name P. hondurensis Loock.
In a later study, Little and Dorman (1952, 1954), confirmed the differences between the pines in Belize and the USA, and found that the differences also applied to the range of pines in Cuba, the Bahamas and the Caicos Islands. They concluded that the name P. caribaea Morelet first be given to the pines on Isla de Pinos (now Isla de la Juventud) and western Cuba and be retained for the pines of Central America and Caribbean, while slash pine in the USA should be referred to as P. elliottii Engelmann (Little and Dorman also raised the south Florida slash pine to the rank of a variety, and named it P. elliottii var. densa).
Description
Top of pageResinous tree up to 30 m tall, often free from branches to a considerable height; bark grey to reddish brown, fissured and eventually shed in large flat wide plates. Leaves usually in 3's, rarely 4's or 5's, crowded at ends of branches, usually falling in second year, light or yellowish green, linear, rigid, apex a horny point, margin serrulate, 15-25 cm long, basal sheath persistent, light brown becoming dark brown or blackish, 1-2 cm long. Male stroboli numerous in sessile clusters, 1-3 cm long. Cones subterminal, reflexed, conical, 5-10 cm × 2.5-3.5 cm when closed, deciduous, scales tan or reddish brown, spreading or reflexed, swollen, ending in a minute prickle less than 1 mm long; seeds usually mottled grey or light brown, narrowly ovoid, approximately 6 mm long, with a well developed, usually persistent wing approximately 2.5 cm long (Stanley and Ross, 1989).
Distribution
Top of pageP. caribaea has a wide though very disjunct distribution in the Caribbean basin. The tree varies much, both morphologically and silviculturally, in the various parts of its range. Distribution of the different varieties of the species is distinct.
P. caribaea var. caribaea is native to Cuba and the Isla de la Juventud (formally Isla de Pinos) which lies 56 km south of Havana across the shallow Gulf of the Batabano. The island is sufficiently distant from the main island to have a genetically distinct population (Birks and Barnes, 1990).
P. caribaea var. bahamensis is native to the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands and P. caribaea var. hondurensis is native to the Caribbean Coast of southern Mexico (Quintana Roo and Yucatán), Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012; Govaerts, 2013). All varieties have been widely introduced throughout the tropics to be used in forestry plantations (Francis, 1992). In general, P. caribaea, and all its varieties, is distributed between the latitudes of 12°N to 27°N and longitudinally from 77°W to 90°W. In most cases the tree occurs at relatively low elevations, but in Central America it is sometimes found at altitudes of approximately 760 m. In rare cases it ascends to 1200 m (Poynton, 1977).
On Cuba P. caribaea var. caribaea occupies low, rolling hills and mountain slopes in the western part of the island. It ascends to an altitude of 330 m and forms open forests to a limited extent. On the Isla de la Juventud, pure stands, on low coastal flats, can be found in the north-west end of the island. On the rest of the island it grows mixed with other species (Poynton, 1977).
In the Bahamas, P. caribaea var. bahamensis is restricted to the four north-westerly islands of the group, namely Grand Bahama, Great Abaco, Andros and New Providence. Here at a mean altitude of approximately 6 m, it forms extensive, pure well-stocked forests. The extent of the same variety in the Caicos group is limited to the Islands of North Caicos and Pine Cay, the most easterly extension of the species' range (Poynton, 1977).
P. caribaea var. hondurensis forms the pine forests of Belize and can be found on the savannas of the same country. The open forests are most widespread on the coastal plains in the vicinity of Stann Creak. However, forests reach up to 200 km inland and occur at altitudes of between 460 and 760 m, principally in the Mountain Pine Ridge area. In Guatemala, the same variety forms open woods of very limited extent but of particular high quality at an elevation of approximately 460 m, mainly in the vicinity of Poptun. The Guatemalan occurrences represent the most westerly penetration of the species.
Pure, open forests of the hondurensis variety occupy very large areas of the Mosquito Coast of Honduras. They also occur sporadically further inland on foothills of the mountains at altitudes of up to 900 m. In Nicaragua P. caribaea forests are mainly confined to the Mosquito Coast and are a southward extension of those in the coastal savannas of Honduras (Poynton, 1977).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Feb 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Planted | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
||||||||
Angola | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Benin | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Cameroon | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Congo, Republic of the | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Eswatini | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Gambia | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Ghana | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; Original citation: Soerianegara and Lemmens (1993) | |||||
Guinea | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Guinea-Bissau | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Kenya | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Liberia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Madagascar | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Soerianegara and Lemmens (1993) | |||||
Malawi | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Mauritius | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Mozambique | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Niger | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Nigeria | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Rwanda | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Sierra Leone | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; Original citation: Soerianegara and Lemmens (1993) | |||||
South Africa | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Sudan | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; Original citation: Soerianegara and Lemmens (1993) | |||||
Tanzania | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; First reported: 1950s | |||||
-Zanzibar Island | Present | Introduced | 1976 | Cultivated | ||||
Togo | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Uganda | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; First reported: 1960s | |||||
Zambia | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Introduced | 1953 | Cultivated | ||||
Asia |
||||||||
Bangladesh | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated | ||||
China | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Fujian | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; First reported: 1961-1973 | |||||
-Guangdong | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; First reported: 1961-1973 | |||||
-Guangxi | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; First reported: 1961-1973 | |||||
-Jiangsu | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; First reported: 1961-1973 | |||||
-Jiangxi | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; First reported: 1961-1973 | |||||
-Yunnan | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; First reported: 1961-1973 | |||||
India | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
-Karnataka | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Madhya Pradesh | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Odisha | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Indonesia | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
-Java | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Iran | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Malaysia | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
-Sabah | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Sarawak | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Maldives | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Nepal | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Pakistan | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Philippines | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; Original citation: Soerianegara and Lemmens (1993) | |||||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; First reported: 1970s | |||||
Taiwan | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Thailand | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Vietnam | Present | Introduced | 1963 | Cultivated | ||||
North America |
||||||||
Bahamas | Present | Native | Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis | |||||
Belize | Present | Native | Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis | |||||
Canada | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; Original citation: Soerianegara and Lemmens (1993) | |||||
Costa Rica | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Cuba | Present | Native | Pinus caribaea var. caribaea. This species is listed as vulnerable (Berazaín et al., 2005). | |||||
Dominica | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
El Salvador | Present | |||||||
Grenada | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Guatemala | Present | Planted | ||||||
Haiti | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Honduras | Present | Native | Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis | |||||
Jamaica | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Martinique | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Mexico | Present | Native | Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis: Native to southern Mexico (i.e., Quintana Roo, Yucatán) | |||||
Nicaragua | Present | Native | Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis | |||||
Panama | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Introduced | 1959 | Cultivated: potentially invasive | ||||
Saint Lucia | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Turks and Caicos Islands | Present | Native | Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis | |||||
United States | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated | ||||
Oceania |
||||||||
Australia | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Northern Territory | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated | ||||
-Queensland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated | ||||
Cook Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated | ||||
Fiji | Present | Planted | ||||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated | ||||
Guam | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated | ||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | 1968 | Invasive | Cultivated | |||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Niue | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated | ||||
Pitcairn | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated | ||||
Samoa | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Solomon Islands | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Tonga | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Wallis and Futuna | Present | Introduced | ||||||
South America |
||||||||
Argentina | Present | Introduced | 1960 | Cultivated | ||||
Bolivia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Brazil | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Amapa | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Bahia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated. Listed as invasive by early 1990s (Simberloff et al., 2010 and references therein) | ||||
-Para | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Paraiba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Pernambuco | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated. Listed as invasive by early 1990s (Simberloff et al., 2010 and references therein) | ||||
Chile | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Easter Island | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Colombia | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Ecuador | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
French Guiana | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Guyana | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Suriname | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | |||||
Venezuela | Present | Introduced | 1969 | Cultivated |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageP. caribaea and its varieties were intentionally introduced in forestry plantations in many tropical and subtropical countries during the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries (Richardson, 1998).
Between the 1950s and 1970s, P. caribaeawas introduced in forestry plantations in tropical Africa in countries such as Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe (Khiari and Iddi, 1991; Richardson, 1998, 1998b). P. caribaea var. caribaea from Cuba was introduced to southern China in 1961 with P. caribaea var. hondurensis from Guatemala and P. caribaea var. bahamensis following in 1973 (Wang et al., 1999). In 1955 the species was introduced in Fiji and in 1968 in New Caledonia: at present it is listed as an invasive species on both islands (PIER, 2013). In Puerto Rico, P. caribaea var. hondurensis was introduced in 1959 (Francis, 1992), and it is currently known to spread spontaneously (Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pers. Comm.).
Intentional Introduction
For the period between the 1880s and 1900s large scale commercial forestry plantations were established in many tropical and subtropical countries in both northern and southern hemispheres. Later, large-scale forestry pine plantations became widespread globally by the second half of the twentieth century (Richardson, 1998). During this period, one of the most important species introduced was P. caribaea. This species has also been introduced intentionally to be used for erosion control, as windbreaks and as ornamentals (Richardson, 1998b).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageP. caribaea is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world to commercialize its wood. P. caribaea spreads by seeds which can be dispersed long-distance by wind, but also by animals and humans. Because this species is highly commercialized and it has been repeatedly introduced worldwide, the probability of colonizing new habitats remains high.
Habitat
Top of pageWithin its native distribution range, P. caribaea and its varieties can be found growing at low elevation from the sea level to 850 metres. It is very common in habitats such as coastal flats, hills and mountain slopes in tropical and subtropical wet forests (Francis, 1992).
Outside its native ranges, P. caribaeae has been planted in tropical dry forests, tropical wet forests, tropical premontane wet forests, and tropical montane wet forests in elevations from sea level up to 1500 metres (Francis, 1992; Oteng-Amako and Brink, 2008).
P. caribaea has escaped from plantations into natural areas and can be found colonizing disturbed forests, open grounds along roadsides, open pastures and seasonally waterlogged areas (Barrett and Golfari, 1962; Francis, 1992; Oteng-Amako and Brink, 2008).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Principal habitat | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
Chromosome number in P. caribaea is 2n = 24 and the capability for hybridization among pine species is very high (Ohri and Khoshoo, 1986). For example, the variety P. caribaea var. hondurensis forms natural hybrids with the species Pinus oocarpa (Francis, 1992; Oteng-Amako and Brink, 2008).
Reproductive Biology
P. caribaea is a monoecious species in which male and female cones occur on the same plant. In plantations, individuals usually start to produce female cones when they are 3-4 years old and the production of male cones starts later (Francis, 1992; Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993; Oteng-Amako and Brink, 2008). The female cones are the equivalent of long shoots whereas the male cones are the equivalent of needle bundles (short shoots). There is a variation in the proportion of male to female cones, with some trees producing almost entirely male cones and others almost entirely female cones (Barrett and Golfari, 1962; Francis, 1992; Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993; Oteng-Amako and Brink, 2008). Pollination in this species is by wind and the time between pollination and ripening of the female cones is 18-21 months. Cones are readily shed from the branches, but sometimes they persist for over one year (Oteng-Amako and Brink, 2008).
Physiology and Phenology
P. caribaea is a fast-growing species. In forestry plantations, 3-year old trees may reach heights of 6 to 8 metres, while 40 year-old trees may grow up to 35 m tall. Trees with diameters greater than 40 cm may be found in plantations after 25 years (Barrett and Golfari, 1962; Francis, 1992).
The period of maximum cone production occurs in May-June in Nicaragua, July in Belize and Honduras, June-July in Cuba, August in the Bahamas, and September in Puerto Rico (Francis, 1992).
Longevity
P. caribaeae is a long-lived tree and individuals may survive for 25-40 years (Francis, 1992).
Population Size
The varieties P. caribaea var. bahamensis and P. caribaea var. caribaea have been assessed as Vulnerable Species by the IUCN. These two varieties have a restricted native distribution range and factors such as habitat loss and climate change are affecting the conservation of these varieties in their natural habitats (Berazaín et al., 2005). In addition, large numbers of pine trees have been killed in the Turks and Caicos Islands in recent years due to an infestation by an accidentally introduced exotic scale insect (Toumeyella parvicornis).
Associations
Within its native distribution range, P. caribaea grows associated with vegetation characteristic of tropical and subtropical wet forests. The variety P. caribaea var. hondurensis commonly grows associated with Haemathoxylum sp. Curatella sp. Byrsonima crassifolia, Pinus oocarpa var. ochoterenai, Quercus spp., Curatella americana, Crescentia cujete, Calophyllum brasiliense, and Vochysia hondurensis and fern species in the genus Pteridium (Barrett and Golfari, 1962; Francis, 1992).
In the Bahamas, the variety P. caribaea var. bahamensis grows associated with Sabal palmetto, Thrinax spp., Coccothrinax argentata, Duranta repens, Metopium toxiferum, Tetrazygia bicolor, Cordia bahamensis, Ascyrum linifolium, Randia aculeata and Turnera ulmifolia (Francis, 1992).
Environmental Requirements
P. caribaea prefers to grow in wet climates at elevations from sea level to 850 metres, (but it has been planted in elevations up to 1500 metres) in areas with mean annual temperatures ranging from 20°C to 27°C, a mean maximum temperature of the warmest month of 28–34°C, a mean minimum temperature of the coldest month of 8–23°C, and average annual rainfalls ranging from 600 to 4000 mm. This species is moderately drought resistant (up to 6 months), but does not tolerate frost conditions. P. caribaea trees are moderately tolerant to wind and salt-spray, so that they can be planted near coastal areas. The species has the capability to grow in a great variety of soils but does best on well-drained, deep, fertile soils with pH ranging from 5 to 5.5. It tolerates seasonally waterlogged soils. The variety P. caribaea var.caribaea grows in Cuba on deep oxisols derived from serpentine rocks (Francis, 1992).
Young trees are highly susceptible to fire damage, but older trees are moderately fire resistant. P. caribaea is strongly light-demanding (Francis, 1992; Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993; Oteng-Amako and Brink, 2008).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Tolerated | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Tolerated | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
27 | 12 | 0 | 1500 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | 5 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 20 | 27 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 28 | 34 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 8 | 23 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 0 | 6 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 660 | 4000 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
- seasonally waterlogged
Soil reaction
- acid
- alkaline
- neutral
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- infertile
- saline
- shallow
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armillaria mellea | Pathogen | All Stages | not specific | |||
Atta | Herbivore | All Stages | not specific | |||
Cylindrocladium | Pathogen | All Stages | not specific | |||
Dendroctonus frontalis | Herbivore | Adults | not specific | |||
Dendroctonus mexicanus | Herbivore | Adults | not specific | |||
Heterobasidion annosum | Pathogen | All Stages | not specific | |||
Ips avulsus | Herbivore | Adults | not specific | |||
Ips calligraphus | Herbivore | Adults | not specific | |||
Macrophomina phaseolina | Pathogen | All Stages | not specific | |||
Mycosphaerella gibsonii | Pathogen | All Stages | not specific | |||
Phytophthora cinnamomi | Pathogen | All Stages | not specific | |||
Thanetophorus cucumeris | Pathogen | Seedlings | not specific | |||
Toumeyella parvicornis | Herbivore | All Stages | not specific |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageAn extensive range of pests and diseases has been recorded as affecting P. caribaea trees, mostly in forestry plantations. Most are not specific, but affect pine trees in general. The accidentally introduced exotic scale insect (Toumeyella parvicornis) has been recorded as affecting the species in its native range in the Turks and Caicos Islands in recent years.
The Agroforestry Tree Database from the World Agroforestry Centre says: “One of the most important insect pests is a bark beetle, the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), found in the southern USA and Central America. A related species is D. mexicana, whose outbreak caused damage to several hectares of P. caribaea var. hondurensis in Honduras. Other bark beetles include Ips calligraphus, which is widely distributed in Canada and Central America to West Indies. Aphids such as the pine aphid (Pineus laevis [P. pini]) and Cinara carolina [C. atlantica] (North American aphid), leaf cutting insects such as Atta spp., and termites also attack the tree.”
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageP. caribaea spreads by seeds. Each tree is able to produce thousands of seeds which can be dispersed over long distances by the wind. Even when wind is the main seed dispersal factor, birds, rodents, and people, who gather the seeds for food, also disperse them. Seed will remain viable in the soil for about three years, although it can remain viable in cones for much longer (Barrett and Golfari, 1962; Francis, 1992; Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993; Oteng-Amako and Brink, 2008).
Intentional Introduction
For the period between the 1880s and 1900s large scale commercial forestry plantations were established in many tropical and subtropical countries in both northern and southern hemispheres. Later, large-scale forestry pine plantations became widespread globally by the second half of the twentieth century (Richardson, 1998). During this period, one of the most important species introduced was P. caribaea. This species has also been introduced intentionally to be used for erosion control, as windbreaks and as ornamentals (Richardson, 1998b).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Francis, 1992 |
Forestry | Widely cultivated in forestry plantations | Yes | Yes | Francis, 1992 |
Habitat restoration and improvement | Frequently used to cover infertile eroded lands | Yes | Yes | Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993 |
Industrial purposes | Used in the production of resin, fibre, paper, charcoal, and woodware | Yes | Yes | Francis, 1992 |
Timber trade | Yes | Yes | Francis, 1992 |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wind | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Oteng-Amoako and Brink, 2008 |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Environmental Impact
Top of pageThe main impacts of invasive pines result from the increased abundance of trees in habitats where they were previously absent or less common (Richardson, 1998). Many pine species are exceptional colonizers, with a wide range of adaptations that enable them to become invaders (Richardson, 1998, 1998b). P. caribaea has escaped from plantations and grows forming dense stands excluding native vegetation and altering hydrology, nutrient cycling, and fire regimes. This species also has the potential to displace native species due to the production of large amounts of litter that results in the acidification ofsoils on areas beneath pine trees (Richardson, 1998, 1998b; Simberloff et al., 2010).
Pine forest habitats generally offer fewer benefits to native wildlife than native vegetation, and contribute to an overall reduction in native biodiversity in many of the areas invaded (Richardson, 1998, 1998b).
Social Impact
Top of pagePine plantations as well as areas dominated by invasive pines can have impacts on humans by causing reductions in water supplies, affecting recreation, and altering the character of landscapes (Richardson, 1998, 1998b).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Highly mobile locally
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Long lived
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has high genetic variability
- Altered trophic level
- Conflict
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Modification of fire regime
- Modification of nutrient regime
- Modification of successional patterns
- Monoculture formation
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Soil accretion
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Allelopathic
- Causes allergic responses
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - shading
- Competition - smothering
- Pest and disease transmission
- Hybridization
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
- Highly likely to be transported internationally illegally
- Difficult/costly to control
Uses
Top of pageThe wood of P. caribaea is commonly used in the construction of houses, light flooring, carpentry, furniture, boxes, pallets, turnery, and toys. After treatment with preservatives, it is used in poles, posts, railway sleepers and mine props. Resin-soaked wood is popular for boat decking, because of its high durability. The wood is also suitable for interior trim, veneer, plywood, piles, vats, particle board and fibre board. P. caribaea is used as fuelwood and for the production of charcoal and paper.
P. caribaea trees also yield a good quality of oleoresin which is distilled to give turpentine and rosin (a solid form of resin). Turpentine is used in paint and batik industries, and rosin is used in the production of paper, soap, and glue. The oleoresin products are often termed “naval stores” because of their historic use for ship caulking.
P. caribaea is planted as windbreaks and as an ornamental and shade tree. The mat of needles (litter) on the ground is considered valuable for protection against soil erosion. The seeds are also consumed. The species has been used to rehabilitate chemically degraded soils in areas where mining activities were performed (Barrett and Golfari, 1962; Francis, 1992; Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993; Oteng-Amako and Brink, 2008). The Agroforestry Tree Database from the World Agroforestry Centre reports that in Sri Lanka a massive reforestation programme was undertaken with plantations of P. caribaea to convert heavily eroded lands on which nothing else could be grown.
Uses List
Top of pageEnvironmental
- Erosion control or dune stabilization
- Revegetation
- Soil conservation
- Soil improvement
Fuels
- Charcoal
- Fuelwood
General
- Ornamental
Materials
- Carved material
- Essential oils
- Fibre
- Gum/resin
- Miscellaneous materials
- Resins
- Wood/timber
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
Wood Products
Top of pageBoats
Charcoal
Containers
- Boxes
- Cases
- Pallets
Furniture
Pulp
- Long-fibre pulp
Roundwood
- Building poles
- Posts
- Transmission poles
Sawn or hewn building timbers
- Beams
- Carpentry/joinery (exterior/interior)
- Flooring
- For heavy construction
- For light construction
- Wall panelling
Wood extractives (including oil)
Wood-based materials
- Flakeboard
- Particleboard
- Plywood
- Wood cement
Woodware
- Industrial and domestic woodware
- Pencils
- Toys
- Turnery
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry from Queensland (Australia: http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Caribbean-Pine-PP129.pdf) suggests the following treatments:
- Stem injections of N-phosphonomethyl-glycine (glyphosate), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid (triclopyr) or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picloram). The cut of the injection must be through the bark and deep enough to place the chemical in contact with the sapwood.
- Basal bark treatment with 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid (triclopyr) or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picloram). To increase the uptake of herbicide, remove the bark of the part of the tree trunk to be treated with an axe prior to basal barking
References
Top of pageAcevedo-Rodríguez P; Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm
Afrin S; Sharmin S; Mowla QA, 2010. The environmental impact of alien invasive plants species in Bangladesh. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB), September 2010. 62-64. http://www.benjapan.org/iceab10/
Ashton PMS; Gamage S; Gunatilleke IAUN; Gunatilleke CVS, 1997. Restoration of a Sri Lankan rainforest: using Caribbean pine Pinus caribaea as a nurse for establishing late-successional tree species. Journal of Applied Ecology. 34: 4, 915-925.
Berazaín IR; Areces-Berazaín FA; Lazcano JC; González LR, 2005. [English title not available]. (Lista roja de la flora vascular de Cubana.) Documentos del Jardin Botánico Atlántico (Gijón), 4:1-86.
Billings RF; Schmidtke PJ, 2002. Central America southern pine beetle/fire management assessment. Report submitted to U.S. Agency for International Development under a technical services agreement with USDA Foreign Agriculture Service/International Cooperation and Development, 41 pp.
Booth TH; Jovanovic T, 2000. Improving descriptions of climatic requirements in the CABI Forestry Compendium. A report for the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. CSIRO - Forestry and Forest Products, Client Report No. 758.
Chong KY; Tan HTW; Corlett RT, 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Singapore: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, 273 pp. http://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/nus/pdf/PUBLICATION/LKCNH%20Museum%20Books/LKCNHM%20Books/flora_of_singapore_tc.pdf
Cibrián Tovar D; Tulio Mendez Montiel J; Campos Bolanos R; Yates HO; Flores Lara J, 1985. Insectos forestales de Mexico/Forest Insects of Mexico. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, North American Forestry Commission. [In English and Spanish].
Dieters MJ; Thinh HH; Huong PT; Nhan HD, 2006. Review of the performance and suitability of Pinus caribaea in Vietnam. Report prepared for CARD project 033/05VIE: Field evaluation and advanced vegetative mass-propagation technology for scaling up high-value plantations of Pinus caribaea and related hybrids in Vietnam. http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/review-of-the-performance-and-suitability-of-pinus-caribaea-in-vietnam.1104001.html
Dos Santos PET; Kageyama PY; Ferreira M, 1996. Genetic conservation and breeding strategy of Pinus caribaea Morelet: results of progeny trials established in Brazil and in Argentina. In: Dieters MJ, Matheson AC, Nikles DG, Harwood CE, Walker SM, eds, Tree improvement for sustainable tropical forestry. QFRI-IUFRO Conference, Caloundra, Queensland, Australia, 27 October-1 November 1996. Volume 2.: 338-341; 7 ref.
FAO, 2001. Mean annual volume increment of selected industrial forest plantation species by L Ugalde & O Pérez. Forest Plantation Thematic Papers, Working Paper 1. Rome, Italy: Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division, FAO. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/ac121e/ac121e00.pdf
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2012. Flora of China Web. Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Herbaria. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/
Florence J; Chevillotte H; Ollier C; Meyer JY, 2011. [English title not available]. (Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP).) . http://www.herbier-tahiti.pf
Francis JK, 1992. Pinus caribaea Morelet. Caribbean pine. Pinaceae. Pine family. SO-ITF-SM-53. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Forestry, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Govaerts R, 2013. World Checklist of Pinaceae. Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
Halos SC; Go NE, 1990. Micropropagation of two tropical pines: Pinus caribaea and Pinus kesiya. Montreal, Canada. IUFRO 9th World Congress 5-11 August 1990 vol. 2: 28-39.
Hancock IR; Henderson CP, 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Honiara, Solomon Islands: Dodo Creek Research Station.
Hawksworth FG; Wiens D, 1996. Dwarf Mistletoes: Biology, Pathology, and Systematics. Agriculture Handbook 709. Washington DC, USA: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
Hokche O; Berry PE; Huber O, 2008. Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela (New catalogue of the vascular flora of Venezuela). Caracas, Venezuela: Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela, 860 pp.
I3N-Brasil, 2013. Invasive alien species database. Florianópolis - SC, Brazil: Horus Institute for Environmental Conservation and Development. http://i3n.institutohorus.org.br
Kadeba O; Aduayi EA, 1983. Biomass production in Pinus caribaea of different ages in the savanna zone of Nigeria. IUFRO Symposium on Forest Site and Continuous Productivity, December 1983: 53-57.
Luna RK, 1996. Plantation trees. Delhi, India: International Book Distributors.
Meyer JY, 2008. Report of the expert mission to Rapa Nui, 2-11 June 2008. Strategic action plan to control invasive alien plants on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) (Rapport de mission d'expertise a Rapa Nui du 02 au 11 Juin 2008: Plan d'action strategique pour lutter contre les plantes introduites envahissantes sur Rapa Nui (Île de pâques)). Papeete, Tahiti: Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement supérieur et la Recherche, 62 pp. http://www.li-an.fr/jyves/Meyer_2008_Rapport_Expertise_Rapa_Nui.pdf
Nikles DG, 1996. The first 50 years of the evolution of forest tree improvement in Queensland. In: Dieters MJ, Matheson AC, Nikles DG, Harwood CE, Walker SM, eds, Tree improvement for sustainable tropical forestry. QFRI-IUFRO Conference, Caloundra, Queensland, Australia, 27 October-1 November 1996. Volume 1.: 51-64.
Ohri D; Khoshoo TN, 1986. Genome size in gymnosperms. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 153:119-132.
Oppenheimer HL, 2003. New plant records from Maui and Hawai'i Counties. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 73:3-30. [Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2001-2002. Part 1: Articles.] http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op73.pdf
Oteng-Amoako AA; Brink M, 2008. Pinus caribaea Morelet. Record from PROTA4U. PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l'Afrique tropicale) [ed. by Louppe, D. \Oteng-Amoako, A. A. \Brink, M.]. Wageningen, Netherlands. http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp
PIER, 2013. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Poynton RJ, 1977. Report to the Southern African Regional Commission for the Conservation and Utilisation of the Soil (SARCCUS) on Tree planting in southern Africa, Vol. 1, The Pines. Department of Forestry, Republic of South Africa.
Queensland Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, 2010. Biosecurity Control Fact Sheet for Pinus caribaea. http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Caribbean-Pine-PP129.pdf
Richardson DM, 1998. Forestry trees as invasive aliens. Conservation Biology, 12(1):18-26; 37 ref.
Space JC; Flynn T, 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service.
Space JC; Flynn T, 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service, 146 pp,.
Space JC; Flynn T, 2002a. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service, 83 pp.
Space JC; Waterhouse BM; Newfield M; Bull C, 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. 80 pp. [UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity.] http://www.hear.org/pier/reports/niue_report_2004.htm
Stevens PF, 2012. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
Distribution References
Afrin S, Sharmin S, Mowla QA, 2010. The environmental impact of alien invasive plants species in Bangladesh. [Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB), September 2010], 62-64. http://www.benjapan.org/iceab10/
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Dieters MJ, Thinh HH, Huong PT, Nhan HD, 2006. Review of the performance and suitability of Pinus caribaea in Vietnam. In: Report prepared for CARD project 033/05VIE: Field evaluation and advanced vegetative mass-propagation technology for scaling up high-value plantations of Pinus caribaea and related hybrids in Vietnam, http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/review-of-the-performance-and-suitability-of-pinus-caribaea-in-vietnam.1104001.html
FAO, 2001. Mean annual volume increment of selected industrial forest plantation species by L Ugalde & O Pérez. In: Forest Plantation Thematic Papers, Working Paper 1, Rome, Italy: Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division, FAO. http://ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/ac121e/ac121e00.pdf
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2012. Flora of China Web., Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Herbaria. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/
Florence J, Chevillotte H, Ollier C, Meyer JY, 2011. [English title not available]. (Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP))., http://www.herbier-tahiti.pf
Francis JK, 1992. Pinus caribaea Morelet. In: Caribbean pine. Pinaceae. Pine family. SO-ITF-SM-53, New Orleans, LA, USA: USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Forestry.
Govaerts R, 2013. World Checklist of Pinaceae., Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
Hokche O, Berry PE, Huber O, 2008. New catalogue of the vascular flora of Venezuela. (Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela)., Caracas, Venezuela: Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela. 860 pp.
I3N-Brasil, 2013. Invasive alien species database., Florianópolis - SC, Brazil: Horus Institute for Environmental Conservation and Development. http://i3n.institutohorus.org.br
Meyer JY, 2008. Report of the expert mission to Rapa Nui, 2-11 June 2008. Strategic action plan to control invasive alien plants on Rapa Nui (Easter Island). ((Rapport de mission d'expertise a Rapa Nui du 02 au 11 Juin 2008: Plan d'action strategique pour lutter contre les plantes introduites envahissantes sur Rapa Nui (Île de pâques)))., Papeete, Tahiti, Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement supérieur et la Recherche. 62 pp. http://www.li-an.fr/jyves/Meyer_2008_Rapport_Expertise_Rapa_Nui.pdf
Oppenheimer HL, 2003. New plant records from Maui and Hawai'i Counties. Part 1: Articles. In: Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2001-2002, 73 3-30. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op73.pdf
Space JC, Flynn T, 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Space JC, Flynn T, 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern., Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service. 146 pp.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
Flora of the West Indies | http://botany.si.edu/antilles/WestIndies/ | |
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF WAC) | http://www.worldagroforestry.org/ |
Contributors
Top of page04/04/13 Updated by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Distribution Maps
Top of pageSelect a dataset
Map Legends
-
CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/