Physalis angulata (cutleaf groundcherry)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Introductions
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Social Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Physalis angulata L.
Preferred Common Name
- cutleaf groundcherry
Other Scientific Names
- Physalis indica Lam.
- Physalis lanceifolia Nees
- Physalis minima L.
- Physalis parviflora R. Br.
International Common Names
- English: angular winter cherry; annual ground cherry; annual groundcherry; balloon cherry; bladder cherry; bladderberry; bush tomato; cape gooseberry; gooseberry; ground cherry; wild cape gooseberry; wild capegooseberry; wild gooseberry; winter cherry
- Spanish: capuli cimarron; huevo de tortuga; tomatillo
- French: coqueret
- Portuguese: barrilheiro; bucho-de-ra
Local Common Names
- : ku zhi
- Argentina: alkekenje
- Australia: annual groundcherry
- Brazil: bucho de ra; bucho-de-ra'; camapu; camapu; ju'a de Capote; mata-fome
- Chile: tomatillos de Brihuega
- Cook Islands: tamaru; tupera tamaru-ariki; tupere
- Cuba: huevo de gato
- Dominican Republic: tope tope
- Ecuador: popoja
- Fiji: cevucevu; kospeli; mborosousou; mborosousou ni vavalangi; mbotembote yandra; mburasu; mokoai; thevuthevu
- France: coqueret; coqueret anguleux
- French Polynesia: tamanufairi; tamaru haari
- Germany: Kantige Blasenkirsche
- Guatemala: meltonate
- Indonesia: cecendet; tjeplukan
- Japan: sennari-houzuki; sennarihozuki; sennari-hozuki
- Kiribati: te baraki; te bin
- Marshall Islands: kaoror
- Micronesia, Federated states of: tuhke wah pwonopwon duwehte tehn sele (Pohnpeian)
- Nauru: oatamo; watamo
- Nigeria: koropo
- Niue: manini
- Northern Mariana Islands: tomate chaca (Chamorro); tomates caputi (Chamorro)
- Palau: bubeubedul; pohaa
- Peru: bolsa mullaca
- Philippines: putok putokan; tino tino
- Puerto Rico: sababyche
- Samoa: magalo; magalo; vi vao
- Spain: bomba; huevillo; meltonate; mullaca; popoja; tomatillo; tomatillos de Brihuega; vejigon
- Sweden: kantig lyktört
- Tonga: polo pa
- Tuvalu: pini; te peen
- Venezuela: hueva de sapo; topotopo
EPPO code
- PHYAN (Physalis angulata)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageP. angulata is a herbaceous annual species of American origin which has been very widely introduced across many tropical, subtropical and warmer temperate regions. It is often characterized as a pantropical invasive weed of crops, gardens and plantations, although in many regions it has naturalized (such as Central America, Africa, India and Pacific islands) (Raju et al., 2007). It is a host of the causal agent of tomato bacterial spot Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, as well as viruses found in tobacco, potato, okra, capsicum pepper, lucerne, beans and several other crops, physalis mottle virus (PhyMV), and also several root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). It is used in the traditional treatment of a wide variety of disease and consequently can be an economically beneficial plant. No detailed analysis of its impacts has been conducted.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Solanales
- Family: Solanaceae
- Genus: Physalis
- Species: Physalis angulata
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThe identity of Physalis angulata L. as a distinct species is now well-established (Nicolson et alet al., 1988; Reddy et al., 1999), although it has been known by several synonyms. Two of the more commonly quoted are P. minima and P. lanceifolia, but neither is in current use.
Morphological variation in P. angulata was noted even by Linnaeus. P. lanceifolia and P. pendula were recorded by Kartesz (1994) as synonyms of P. angulata. Bean (2006) recognized two forms within P. angulata: a glabrous typical form and an antrorsely hairy form with unlobed or singly lobed leaves. The existence of numerous varieties of P. angulata suggests that there is considerable genetic variation within this species, something which has been confirmed by several genetic studies. This suggests there is potential for further selection.
The genus name Physalis, a Greek word, means bladder and refers to the inflated calyx, while the Latin species name angulata means angled and refers to the stems or the angled nature of calyx (Hall et al., 1991).
Description
Top of pageP. angulata is an annual herbaceous plant, branched erect, with tap-roots, angled and hollow stems growing up to 1-2 m in height, although there are reports of plants growing only up to 50 cm tall (South Australia, 2012). It is usually hairless (glabrous); however, occasional plants have short hairs, especially on the younger parts (Hall et al., 1991).
As stated by Bean (2006), in some Australian states (such as Queensland and New South Wales) the typical form of P. angulata is almost completely glabrous, and frequently the leaves have several lobes. Specimens from Top End in Northern Territory (Australia), Kimberley in Western Australia and Malesia also appear glabrous to the naked eye, but often have numerous antrorse hairs (up to 0.15 mm long) on the stems and pedicels. The leaves of this form are often entire or repand, or have at most a single pair of lobes or teeth and the calyx is moderately hairy (Bean, 2006).
The leaves are ovate to ovate-oblong leaves (or laceolate), obtuse, acute or rounded (somewhat asymmetric) at base, acute-acuminate, often repand-dentate, rather dark dull green, very short-puberulent on both sides on the nerves, 1-2 per node, usually irregularly toothed but sometimes smooth, 3-15 cm long and 2-10 cm wide. Leaf bases are unequal. The petioles are usually 3-4 cm long or sometimes longer, up to 10 cm (Stone, 1970; PIER, 2011; South Australia, 2012). A single plant can have up to 200 leaves, depending on the weed biotypes and several factors such as water and nutrient availability (Travlos, 2012).
The flowers are borne on stalks 5-40 mm in length. The flowering time is June to October in Greece and Turkey (Gönen et al., 2001; Travlos et al., 2010). The corolla is yellowish-green, usually without spots although occasionally with distinct spots, 4-12 mm long and 6-12 mm wide. The anthers are bluish or violet, up to 2.5 mm long and are borne on stalks up to 5 mm long (style 4-5 mm long). The green outer layer is 4-7 mm long with triangular lobes about as long as the tube. The fruit is an orange-coloured round berry, 1-1.8 cm long and is enclosed in the outer layer. This outer layer (a balloon-like calyx of 5 lobes with a small apical opening) is 2-6 mm long; it grows around and encloses the fruit. The fruiting calyx is pale green (pale brown when dry), inflated, 10-angled or ribbed, 23-35 mm long and 15-25 mm wide; it is borne on a stalk 1-4 cm long (Hall et al., 1991; South Australia, 2012). Seeds are disc-shaped to broadly reniform, 1-2 mm long, flat, pale yellow (Stone, 1970; Gönen et al., 2000; PIER, 2011).
Cotyledons are ovate with reddish petioles and without a distinct midvein. The first leaves are similar in shape to the cotyledons, but with an acute apex and evident venation.
Distribution
Top of pageP. angulata is a widely-distributed weed of tropical, subtropical and warmer temperate regions. It is generally considered to be native to the Americas from the USA to Argentina, though its native range is not entire clear (USDA-ARS, 2013). It may also be native to Australia, although it is possible there was a pre–1788 introduction into Australia from the earliest European-Pacific-Central American contact. It is widespread in Asia and Africa and less widely distributed in Europe.
It is now considered to be a widespread weed of disturbed areas of Australia, where it is frequently found near rivers (South Australia, 2012). It is not certain that it has naturalized in all the countries it is recorded in (see distribution table), but has already done so in India, eastern Africa and some oceanic islands with warm climates. In Turkey it is one of the most commonly distributed weeds found in summer crops (Gönen et al., 2000); similarly in Greece, wherever found, it also grows in very high densities (Travlos et al., 2010).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 25 Feb 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
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Angola | Present | ||||||
Benin | Present | Introduced | |||||
Botswana | Present | Introduced | |||||
Burkina Faso | Present | Introduced | |||||
Cabo Verde | Present | Introduced | |||||
Cameroon | Present | Introduced | |||||
Central African Republic | Present | Introduced | |||||
Chad | Present | Introduced | |||||
Comoros | Present | Introduced | |||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | Introduced | |||||
Congo, Republic of the | Present | Introduced | |||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present | Introduced | |||||
Egypt | Present | Introduced | |||||
Equatorial Guinea | Present | Introduced | |||||
Eswatini | Present | Introduced | |||||
Ethiopia | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Hedberg and Edwards (1989) | ||||
Gabon | Present | Introduced | |||||
Gambia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Ghana | Present | Introduced | |||||
Guinea | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea Island) | |||
Kenya | Present | Introduced | |||||
Liberia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Madagascar | Present | Introduced | |||||
Mali | Present | Introduced | |||||
Mauritania | Present | Introduced | |||||
Mauritius | Present | Introduced | |||||
Mozambique | Present | Introduced | |||||
Namibia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Niger | Present | Introduced | |||||
Nigeria | Present | Introduced | |||||
Réunion | Present | Introduced | |||||
Rwanda | Present | Introduced | |||||
Senegal | Present | Introduced | |||||
Seychelles | Present | Introduced | |||||
Sierra Leone | Present | Introduced | |||||
Somalia | Present | Introduced | |||||
South Africa | Present | Introduced | Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpoumalanga, North West, Northern Cape | ||||
Sudan | Present | Introduced | |||||
Tanzania | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Zanzibar Island | Present | Introduced | |||||
Togo | Present | Introduced | |||||
Uganda | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Zambia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Introduced | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
Cambodia | Present | Introduced | |||||
China | Present | ||||||
-Anhui | Present | ||||||
-Fujian | Present | ||||||
-Gansu | Present | ||||||
-Guangdong | Present | ||||||
-Hainan | Present | ||||||
-Henan | Present | ||||||
-Hubei | Present | ||||||
-Hunan | Present | ||||||
-Jiangxi | Present | ||||||
-Zhejiang | Present | ||||||
Hong Kong | Present | ||||||
India | Present | ||||||
-Andhra Pradesh | Present | Warangal District | |||||
Indonesia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Japan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Kuwait | Present | Introduced | Al-Abdali | ||||
Laos | Present | Introduced | |||||
Malaysia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Myanmar | Present | Introduced | |||||
Nepal | Present | Introduced | |||||
Philippines | Present | ||||||
South Korea | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Taiwan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Thailand | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Turkey | Present | Introduced | Sanliurfa, Cucurova region (Adana and Icel) | ||||
Vietnam | Present | Introduced | |||||
Yemen | Present | Introduced | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
France | Present | ||||||
Greece | Present, Localized | 2012 | Introduced | Invasive | It is mainly located in the western part of the country | ||
North America |
|||||||
Antigua and Barbuda | Present | Native | |||||
Bahamas | Present | Native | |||||
Barbados | Present | Native | |||||
Belize | Present | ||||||
Bermuda | Present | Native | |||||
British Virgin Islands | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Costa Rica | Present | ||||||
Cuba | Present | Native | |||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Native | |||||
El Salvador | Present | Native | |||||
Grenada | Present | Native | |||||
Guadeloupe | Present | Native | |||||
Guatemala | Present | Native | |||||
Haiti | Present | Native | |||||
Honduras | Present | Native | |||||
Jamaica | Present | Native | |||||
Martinique | Present | Native | |||||
Mexico | Present | Native | Baja California, Campeche, Chiapas, Jalisco, Michoacan, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco and Veracruz | ||||
Nicaragua | Present | Native | |||||
Panama | Present | Native | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Present | Native | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Native | St Croix and St Thomas | ||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Alabama | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Arizona | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Arkansas | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-California | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Connecticut | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Delaware | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Florida | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Georgia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Hawaii (Big), Kauai, Molokai and Oahu islands | |||
-Illinois | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Kansas | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Kentucky | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Louisiana | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Maine | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Massachusetts | Present | Native | |||||
-Mississippi | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Missouri | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Nevada | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-New Jersey | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-New Mexico | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-North Carolina | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Oklahoma | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-South Carolina | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Tennessee | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Texas | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Virginia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
American Samoa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Ta’u, Swain’s and Tutuila islands | |||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-New South Wales | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Queensland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Cook Islands | Present | Suwarrow (Taka) Atoll, 'Atiu, Mangaia and Ma'uke islands | |||||
Federated States of Micronesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Invasive in Fais, Kosrae and Pohnpei island. Also introduced in Chuuk islands, Pis, Weno, Ant Atoll, Faraulep, Ulithi Atoll, Yap island. | |||
Fiji | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Taveuni, Vanua Levu and Viti Levu island | |||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Marquesas, Society islands, Tuamotu Archipelago, Austral Islands | |||
Guam | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Kiribati | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Phoenix, Tungaru | |||
Marshall Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Ralik Chain, Ratak Chain | |||
Nauru | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Nauru Island | |||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Including Ile Grande Terre | |||
New Zealand | Present | ||||||
Niue | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Northern Mariana Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive on Anatahan Island. Also present on Farallon de Medinilla, Pagan, Rota, Saipan, Sarigan and Tinian islands. | ||||
Palau | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Angaur, Babeldaob, Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesang, Peleliou, Pulo Ana Island | |||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Eastern New Guinea island | |||
Samoa | Present | ||||||
Solomon Islands | Present | Introduced | |||||
Tonga | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Tongatapu, Tofua, Eua and Vava'u Island | |||
Tuvalu | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Nui Atoll, Tuvalu Islands | |||
Vanuatu | Present | ||||||
Wallis and Futuna | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | Jujuy Province | |||||
Bolivia | Present | Santa Cruz and Tarija | |||||
Brazil | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Espirito Santo | Present | ||||||
-Maranhao | Present | ||||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | ||||||
Colombia | Present | Native | |||||
Ecuador | Present | Native | Galapagos Islands (Espanola, Floreana, Osborn, Campeon, Isabela), Guayas, Los Rios, Napo, Pastaza, Sucumbios | ||||
-Galapagos Islands | Present | Native | Espanola, Floreana, Pinta, Edeen, Santa Cruz, Seymour Norte, Santa Fe and Santiago islands; Oeste, Osborn, Campeon, Mosquera, Sombrero Chino, Punta Bowditch Norte and Gardner por Espanola islets; Volcan Sierra Negra | ||||
French Guiana | Present | ||||||
Guyana | Present | ||||||
Peru | Present | Native | Ayacucho, Cusco, Huanuco, Junin, La Libertad, Lima, Loreta, Piura, San Martin | ||||
Suriname | Present | ||||||
Venezuela | Present | Native | Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageThe first reports of introduced P. angulata come from tropical regions of India during the 1700s (Rydberg, 1896; Stone, 1970). It was introduced to Australia before 1788 (Bean, 2006; South Australia, 2012), and apparently aboriginally introduced to Polynesia (Whistler, 1988). It is now widespread throughout tropical, subtropical and warmer temperate regions (Raju et al., 2007).
In 2001 there was only one record of P. angulata in Greece, in a rural site in Ilia prefecture, in the Peloponnese (Greuter and Rhaus, 2001), but by 2009 it was found in summer crops (maize, cotton and soyabean) and it is now considered to be a widely distributed invader in corn fields in Greece (Travlos et al., 2010; Travlos, 2012).
Introductions
Top of pageIntroduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reason | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
Australia | USA | Before 1788 | Yes | No | Bean (2006) | Collected by R. Brown in 1802 | ||
Greece | Before 2001 | Yes | No | Greuter and Raus (2001); Travlos et al. (2010) | Specimens collected by Travlos | |||
India | No | No | Rydberg (1896) | |||||
Turkey | Before 1996 | Yes | No | Gönen et al. (2000) | Specimens collected by Gönen et al. |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThere are many countries where P. angulata has not yet been introduced, but the risk of further introductions remains high, given the cosmopolitan character of the species, its adaptability in a wide range of conditions and the lack of any wide-ranging prohibitions of its movement.
Habitat
Top of pageP. angulata is a plant of urban open spaces, disturbed areas, roadsides, croplands, orchards, nurseries and fallow land. It grows best in moist, fertile soils, prefers full sun conditions but it is also tolerant of partial shade. In general, across its wide distribution, P. angulata is considered a plant of tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate conditions. It can occasionally be a hydrophyte but also occurs in uplands (USDA-NRCS, 2013). Whistler (1988) indicated the habitat of P. angulata to be croplands and disturbed places. It infests primarily annual crops but also occurs in orchards, nurseries, fallow land, roadsides and waste areas.
Throughout Florida to eastern Texas and northward to Pennsylvania, it occurs in fields, pastures, roadsides and open woodlands, preferring disturbed sites (Hall et al., 1991).
In Hawaii, Wagner et al. (1999) characterized it as ‘sparingly naturalized in disturbed sites’, and in Fiji it is ‘often locally abundant as a weed in villages, waste places, pastures, plantations, and canefields, along roads, on open slopes, and in forest along creeks from near sea level to about 600 m’ (Smith, 1991). In Niue, it is ‘a fairly common to very common weed of plantations in many areas, particularly the Basin’ (Sykes, 1970). In New Guinea, it occurs in gardens, waste land and cultivated fields, from low altitudes up to 1000 m (Henty and Pritchard, 1975). In Tonga it is ‘an occasional plantation weed’ (Yuncker, 1959; PIER, 2011). In India, P. angulata is an adventive weed, growing in nutrient-rich and garbage soils (Raju et al., 2007). In Australia, it is frequently found near rivers (South Australia, 2012). In Greece, it is mainly found amongst several summer crops (maize, cotton and soybean), especially in the western (more humid) part of the country (Travlos et al., 2010).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Principal habitat | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Secondary/tolerated habitat | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Secondary/tolerated habitat | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Secondary/tolerated habitat | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Secondary/tolerated habitat | |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Secondary/tolerated habitat | |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Secondary/tolerated habitat | |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Secondary/tolerated habitat |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageP. angulata has been found growing in maize, cotton and soybean fields and is now considered to be a widely-distributed invader in corn fields in Greece (Travlos et al., 2010; Travlos, 2012).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Glycine max (soyabean) | Fabaceae | Main | |
Gossypium (cotton) | Malvaceae | Main | |
Zea mays (maize) | Poaceae | Main |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
Most sources suggest a basic chromosome number of n = 12, although Raju et al. (2007) and Mairura (2008) refer to it being a tetraploid species (2n = 48). Bean (2006) commented on the high genetic diversity in Australia, including two forms within P. angulata: a glabrous typical form with leaves with several lobes and an antrorsely hairy form with unlobed or singly lobed leaves. Worldwide, there are numerous varieties of P. angulata, which also suggests a high genetic diversity.
Reproductive Biology
P. angulata reproduces naturally by seed. In field conditions or under cultivation plants may yield up to about 200 fruit and more than 4000 seeds (Travlos et al., 2010; Travlos, 2012). Hall et al. (1991) reports that maximum germination occurred at 21°C with 10 hours of alternating temperatures and 30°C with 14 hours of alternating temperatures. Planting depth directly affected emergence, with a decrease from 89% to 0% germination with a corresponding increase of depth from 0 to 10 cm. Moreover, de Souza et al. (2013) found that osmotic seed priming improved seed germination and emergence of P. angulata.
Environmental Requirements
In general, across its wide distribution, P. angulata is considered a plant of tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate conditions. P. angulata is hardy to USDA hardiness zones 9 to 11. It is a plant of frost-free areas; it is damaged by frost but may recover from short exposures down to -7 oC. It needs full sunlight, although it can tolerate partial shade. P. angulata grows best in moist, well-drained sandy loam soil.
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
BS - Steppe climate | Preferred | > 430mm and < 860mm annual precipitation | |
BW - Desert climate | Preferred | < 430mm annual precipitation | |
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) | |
Ds - Continental climate with dry summer | Preferred | Continental climate with dry summer (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry summers) | |
Dw - Continental climate with dry winter | Preferred | Continental climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry winters) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
40 | 35 |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
Soil reaction
- neutral
Soil texture
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- infertile
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heliothis subflexa | Inflorescence | |||||
Physalis mottle virus | No |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageThe inflated calyx of P. angulata provides the moth Heliothis subflexa with a refuge from parasites (Sisterson and Gould, 1999). P. angulata is sensitive to many fungal diseases and is a host of the causal agent of tomato bacterial spot Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. P. angulata hosts viruses found in tobacco, potato, okra, capsicum pepper, beans and several other crops, as well as physalis mottle virus (PhyMV), and several root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) (Mairura, 2008).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageNatural Dispersal and Vector Transmission (Biotic)
Natural dispersal of P. angulata by water is likely (Travlos et al., 2010). There is presumed to be dispersal by birds and mammals eating the fruit, but no documentation exists (Travlos, personal observations).
Accidental Introduction
The seeds of P. angulata can be carried short distances on people’s clothing or footwear (Travlos et al., 2010).
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clothing, footwear and possessions | Very often with their seeds | Yes | Travlos et al., 2010 | |
Water | Yes |
Economic Impact
Top of pageP. angulata has rarely been reported as an invasive weed of crops and data on crop losses caused by it are only common at the local level (e.g. Travlos et al., 2010). Conversely, it has been, and continues to be, an economically useful plant, mainly because of its use in traditional treatment of malaria, asthma, hepatitis, dermatitis, rheumatism, fever and many other diseases (Chiang et al., 1992; Lin et al., 1992; Caceres et al., 1995; Freiburghaus et al., 1996; Ankrah et al., 2003; Choi and Hwang, 2003). Moreover, P.angulata extracts act against human cancer cells (Lee et al., 2009), roots have shown anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties (Bastos et al., 2008) and the stems have demonstrated anti-neoplastic activity (Ribeiro et al., 2002).
In larger quantities the plant is poisonous to cattle and sheep, and it gives the meat a musk-like smell (Mairura, 2008).
Environmental Impact
Top of pageP. angulata is a weed of cropland, gardens and plantations. It is a host of the causal agent of tomato bacterial spot Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria, as well as viruses found in tobacco, potato, okra, capsicum pepper, lucerne, beans and several other crops, physalis mottle virus (PhyMV), and also several root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) (Mairura, 2008).
Although P. angulata is reported as naturalized and invasive in a number of countries, especially in India and the Pacific region, no detailed analysis of its impacts has been conducted.
Social Impact
Top of pageIn tropical Africa the fruit is eaten as a snack, but eating too much of the fruit may cause dizziness. The leaves are eaten in salads, although they taste bitter. In larger quantities the plant is poisonous to cattle and sheep, and it gives the meat a musk-like smell (Mairura, 2008).
Garcia et al. (2006) have shown that that physalin B from P. angulata is a potent immunomodulatory substance for the bloodsucking insect Rhodnius prolixus and its parasitism by Trypanosoma rangeli, a protozoan parasite of triatomines and mammals. Moreover, physalin B extracted by P. angulata seems an excellent compound to reduce parasite transmission and control Chagas disease by reducing parasitism of R. prolixus with T. cruzi (Castro et al., 2012). It is already used in several countries by local people against asthma, bacterial infections, skin diseases, fever, inflammation, kidney and liver problems, malaria and cancer (Bastos et al., 2006; Hsieh et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2009; Hseu et al., 2011; Hsu et al., 2012). P.angulata extracts act against human cancer cells (Lee et al., 2009), roots have shown anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties (Bastos et al., 2008) and the stems have demonstrated anti-neoplastic activity (Ribeiro et al., 2002).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Tolerant of shade
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Has high genetic variability
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Negatively impacts animal health
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Negatively impacts animal/plant collections
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Poisoning
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Uses
Top of pageThe many-seeded fruit is edible when ripe (Hall et al., 1991). Its berries are often used as food by Aborigines in several regions of Australia (South Australia, 2012). In tropical Africa the fruit is eaten as a snack, but eating too much of the fruit may cause dizziness. The leaves are eaten in salads, although they taste bitter.
Extracts or infusions from this plant have been used in various countries in popular medicine as a treatment for a variety of illnesses, such as malaria, asthma, hepatitis, dermatitis and rheumatism (Chiang et al., 1992; Lin et al., 1992; Santos et al., 2003; Soares et al., 2003; Mairura, 2008). In Brazil, the juice of P. angulata is considered to be a sedative and to relieve rheumatism and earache. The leaves are sometimes used against inflammations of the bladder, spleen and liver. The whole plant cooked is recommended in baths for inflammatory processes, such as rheumatism (Lorenzi, 1982; Bastos et al., 2006).
P.angulata extracts act against human cancer cells (Lee et al., 2009), its roots have shown anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties (Bastos et al., 2008) and the stems have demonstrated anti-neoplastic activity (Ribeiro et al., 2002).
It has been demonstrated that some of the extracts or active componants obtained from P. angulata have a broad range of biological activities, including antibacterial, molluscicidal, antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities (Kastelein and Camargo, 1990; Lee et al., 1991; Chiang et al., 1992; Lin et al., 1992; Cáceres et al., 1995; Freiburghaus et al., 1996; Pietro et al., 2000; Ismail and Alam, 2001; Januario et al., 2002; Santos et al., 2003; Soares et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2009).
Phytochemical studies of P. angulata have demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, steroids known as physalins (D, I, G, K, B, F, E), physagulins (E, F and G), anolides and flavonoids (Row et al., 1978, 1980; Lee et al., 1991; Chiang et al., 1992; Shingu et al., 1992; Ismail and Alam, 2001; Damu et al., 2007).
Garcia et al. (2006) have shown that that physalin B from P. angulata is a potent immunomodulatory substance for the bloodsucking insect Rhodnius prolixus and its parasitism by Trypanosoma rangeli, a protozoan parasite of triatomines and mammals and the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Moreover, physalin B extracted by P. angulata seems an excellent compound to reduce parasite transmission and control Chagas disease by reducing parasitism of R. prolixus with T. cruzi (Castro et al., 2012). It is already used in several countries by local people against bacterial infections, skin diseases, fever and kidney and liver problems (Bastos et al., 2006; Hsieh et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2009; Hseu et al., 2011; Hsu et al., 2012).
Uses List
Top of pageEnvironmental
- Host of pest
Human food and beverage
- Fruits
- Vegetable
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageP. angulata and P. minima are distinguished from its highly invasive relative P. peruviana (the cape gooseberry) as they are annual, not perennial, and have anthers less than 3 mm long (Flora of China, 2012). The corollas of P. angulata, P. pubescens and P. minima are less than 1 cm diameter, whereas the corolla of P. peruviana is more than 1.3 cm in diameter (Ganapathji et al., 1991). P. viscosa (sticky Cape gooseberry), P. alkekengi (Chinese lantern) and P. virginiana (= P. longifolia) can all be distinguished by their fully rhizomatous rootstock (South Australia, 2012). P. angulata may be also confused with P. ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem, but can be distinguished by its longer pedicels, creamy-yellow corolla and angular fruiting calyx (South Australia, 2012). P. philadelphia has anthers 3-4 mm long but is annual, has bright yellow flowers, fruits up to 3 cm diameter and is only sparsely pubescent.
In India, there are some distinguishing morphological characters of the tetraploid taxon P. angulata and the diploid taxon P. lagascae: P. angulata plants are erect, robust, smooth, with bigger flowers (>7 mm across), bluish anthers and purple fruiting calyces, whereas P. lagascae plants are diffuse to erect, relatively smaller, with smaller flowers <6 mm across), yellow anthers and green fruiting calyces (Raju et al., 2007). Raju et al. (2007) reported that the tetraploid P. minima so reported by Ganapathi et al. (1991) and Sudhakaran and Ganapathi (2001), and earlier by Bhaduri (Menzel, 1951) and others are likely to be variants of P. angulata.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Physical/Mechanical Control
P. angulata can be readily uprooted or hoed out when young but requires deeper digging once established.
Biological Control
No attempts at biological control have been reported.
Chemical Control
Glyphosate is considered as a suitable herbicide for the control of P. angulata (at young growth stages), but it is likely to damage surrounding crops or vegetation (Travlos et al., 2010). P. angulata (like other Physalis species) is resistant to dinitroalanine herbicides and 2,4-D. However, mesotrione, sulcotrione and nicosulfuron are used and registered in some countries for the control of this plant.
Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
Top of pageThere is a particular need for information on the susceptibility of P. angulata to herbicides and the degree of competition between P. angulata and other weeds and crops. Additionally, the beneficial effects of this plant need to be further studied, in order to reveal any potential interest for further use and cultivation. More information on the impacts of P. angulata are also needed.
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Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Plantwise Knowledge Bank | http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=40711 | |
PROTA | http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp | |
South Australia | http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/efsa/lucid/Solanaceae/Solanaceae%20species/key/Australian%20Solanaceae%20species/Media/Html/Physalis_ | |
USDA-NRCA | http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=phan5 |
Contributors
Top of page09/09/13 Original text by:
Ilias Travlos, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece
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