Aeschynomene indica (Indian jointvetch)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Impact
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Aeschynomene indica L.
Preferred Common Name
- Indian jointvetch
Other Scientific Names
- Aeschynomene aspera (non L.) Hassk.
- Aeschynomene virginica auct.
International Common Names
- English: budda pea; curly indigo; joint vetch; northern jointvetch; sensitive Malayan vetch
- Spanish: anil rizado
- French: eschynomene
Local Common Names
- Germany: Virginische Schampflanze
- Indonesia: dinding; gedeyan; katisan; lorotis; peupeuteuyan; tis
- Italy: pianta modesta bastarda
- Japan: kusanemu
- Philippines: makahiyang lalaki
- Thailand: sano haag kai
EPPO code
- AESIN (Aeschynomene indica)
- AESVI (Aeschynomene virginica)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Fabales
- Family: Fabaceae
- Subfamily: Faboideae
- Genus: Aeschynomene
- Species: Aeschynomene indica
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageDistribution
Top of pageIn addition to the records listed here, Holm et al. (1979) note A. indica as present in "West Polynesia".
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Benin | Present | ||||||
Botswana | Present | ||||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | ||||||
Eritrea | Present | ||||||
Ethiopia | Present | ||||||
Gambia | Present | ||||||
Ghana | Present | ||||||
Guinea-Bissau | Present | ||||||
Madagascar | Present | Original citation: Eliot et al., 1993 | |||||
Mali | Present | ||||||
Mauritius | Present | ||||||
Nigeria | Present | ||||||
Senegal | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Zimbabwe | Present | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
Afghanistan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Cambodia | Present | ||||||
China | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Anhui | Present | ||||||
Hong Kong | Present | ||||||
India | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Madhya Pradesh | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Odisha | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | ||||||
-Java | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present, Localized | Original citation: Sago et al., 1983 | |||||
Laos | Present | ||||||
Malaysia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Myanmar | Present | ||||||
Nepal | Present | ||||||
Philippines | Present, Localized | ||||||
South Korea | Present | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Taiwan | Present | ||||||
Thailand | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Vietnam | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Belgium | Present | Introduced | 1946 | ||||
North America |
|||||||
Guatemala | Present | ||||||
Puerto Rico | Present | ||||||
United States | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | ||||||
Fiji | Present | ||||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Colombia | Present | ||||||
Ecuador | Present, Widespread |
Habitat
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Cicer arietinum (chickpea) | Fabaceae | Other | |
Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) | Arecaceae | Other | |
Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) | Euphorbiaceae | Other | |
Oryza sativa (rice) | Poaceae | Main | |
Zea mays (maize) | Poaceae | Unknown |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageSago et al. (1983) noted that despite pronounced dormancy of its seed at maturation, A. indica emerged throughout the growing season except during frost, and that saturated soil conditions favoured emergence.
Vesicular-arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi were found on A. indica plants grown under normal moisture conditions but not under waterlogged conditions. Sodium chloride, potassium nitrate and glucose at 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0% inhibited the growth of A. indica plants (Singh and Tyagi, 1989), potassium nitrate being the more toxic to plant growth. 12 hours' light exposure was found to be optimal for the growth of A. indica and for maximum mycorrhizal colonization (Singh and Tyagi, 1989).
A. indica prefers wet conditions and is often found along the borders of ditches or pools, or in wet cultivated land. It is also found in wet open places, sandy areas and along roadsides.
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glomerella cingulata f.sp. aeschynomene | Pathogen | Arkansas; USA | ||||
Glomerella cingulata f.sp. aeschynomene | Pathogen |
Impact
Top of pageA. indica is a minor weed of rubber and oil palm in Malaysia. The reasons for its limited infestation are not clear but may be attributed to fierce competition by aggressive weeds such as Imperata cylindrica, Mikania micrantha, Paspalum conjugatum and Asystasia gangetica.
No work has been carried out to quantify its effects on crop yield.
A. indica is occasionally observed in orchards, field crops and vegetable plots. It has been recorded as an important alternative host of the pod-borer, Helicoverpa armigera, in chickpea (Cicer arietenum) in India (Patel and Patitunda, 1981).
A. indica is a promising green manure (Soerjani et al., 1987). It is reported to be harmful to horses when eaten in the fruiting stage (Soerjani et al., 1987).
Uses List
Top of pageAnimal feed, fodder, forage
- Fodder/animal feed
- Forage
Materials
- Poisonous to mammals
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Cultural ControlIn rice (Soerjani et al., 1987), manual control is indicated to be the most common means of controlling A. indica in Indonesia. Sharma and Das (1993) carried out nitrogen management and tillage experiments in direct-sown rice in India, under rainfed flooded conditions. For a group of weed species including A. indica, weed dry weight increased with increasing nitrogen levels and decreased as the number of times of ploughing increased. Hand-weeding, inter-row cultivation and application of thiobencarb all decreased weed dry weight and increased rice grain yields.
Experiments carried out by Lokras et al. (1985) indicated that in soyabean, hand-weeding at 20, 35 and 50 days after sowing gave more effective control of a complex of weeds, including A. indica, than herbicide treatments.
Biocontrol
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene is a useful biological control agent of northern jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica) and is commercially available as a biocontrol agent (Templeton et al., 1990). Initial studies with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed that the fungus is highly specific to A. virginica and only slightly virulent on A. indica, no other plants from 150 crop species and weeds being affected (Smith et al., 1973; Templeton and Smith, 1974).
Further studies are needed on fungi pathogenic to A. indica in the Asia-Pacific region.
Chemical Control
In rice, herbicides that have been used against weed complexes involving A. indica include thiobencarb in direct-sown rice (Sharma and Das, 1993); pendimethalin in upland rice (Mishra et al., 1990); and a number of diphenyl ether, 1,3,5-triazine and phenoxy herbicides applied pre- and post-emergence (Sago et al., 1983).
In soyabean, Lokras et al. (1985) found that bentazone gave poor control of weeds including A. indica; better control was achieved with metribuzin, oxadiazon, fluchloralin or metolachlor.
References
Top of pageAnon, 1990. Farmland weeds in China. Agricultural Publishing House.
Barnes DE; Chan LG, 1990. Common Weeds of Malaysia and their Control. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Ancom Berhad Persiaran Selangor.
Henderson MR, 1959. Malayan wild flowers, Part 1: Dicotyledons. Kuala Lumpur: Caxton Press.
Hutchinson J; Dalziel JM, 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Volume 3. 2nd edition. London, UK: Crown Agents.
Lokras VG; Sinii VK; Bisen CR; Tiwari JP, 1985. Chemical weed control in Soybean. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 17(4):45-48.
Moody K; Lubigan RT; Munroe CE; Paller EC, 1984. Major weeds of the Philippines. Weed Science Society of the Philippines. Los Ba±os, Laguna, Philippines: University of the Philippines.
Noda K; Teerawatsakul M; Prakongvongs C; Chaiwiratnukul L, 1985. Major Weeds in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Agriculture.
Ridley HN, 1967. The Flora of the Malay Peninsula: Polypetalae.
Singh CS; Tyagi SP, 1989. Study on the occurence of VAM fungi in the root of Aeschynomene indica under the influence of various ecological factors. Zentralblatt-fur-Mikrobiologies, 144:241-48
Smith RJ; Fox WT; Daniel JT; Templeton GE, 1973. Can plant diseases be used to control weeds? Arkansas Farm Research, 22:4, 12.
Templeton GE; Smith RJ, 1974. Bio-control of northern joinvetch. Rice Journal, 77(7):29-30.
Thulin M, 1989. Fabaceae. In: Hedberg I, Edwards S, eds. Flora of Ethiopia, Volume 3. Pittosporaceae to Araliaceae. Addis Abbaba, Ethiopia/Uppsala University, Sweden: National Herbarium, 97-251.
Distribution References
Anon, 1990. Farmland weeds in China., Agricultural Publishing House.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Henderson MR, 1959. Malayan wild flowers, Part 1: Dicotyledons., Kuala Lumpur, Caxton Press.
Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM, 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa., 3 (2nd) London, UK: Crown Agents.
Moody K, Lubigan RT, Munroe CE, Paller EC, 1984. Major weeds of the Philippines. In: Weed Science Society of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines: University of the Philippines.
Noda K, Teerawatsakul M, Prakongvongs C, Chaiwiratnukul L, 1985. Major Weeds in Thailand., Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Agriculture.
Thulin M, 1989. Fabaceae. In: Flora of Ethiopia, 3 [ed. by Hedberg I, Edwards S]. Addis Abbaba, Ethiopia/Uppsala University, Sweden: National Herbarium. 97-251.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Distribution Maps
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