Aeschynomene indica (Indian jointvetch)

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A. indica - line drawing

a, Leaflet; b, lateral and ventral views; c, staminal tube with pistil, two views; d, pistil with tubercled ovary (enlarged); e, pod; f, one-seeded joint of pod; g, seed.

SEAMEO-BIOTROP

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Aeschynomene indica L.

Preferred Common Name

Indian jointvetch

Other Scientific Names

Aeschynomene aspera (non L.) Hassk.
Aeschynomene virginica auct.

International Common Names

English: budda pea; curly indigo; joint vetch; northern jointvetch; sensitive Malayan vetch
Spanish: anil rizado
French: eschynomene

Local Common Names

Germany: Virginische Schampflanze
Indonesia: dinding; gedeyan; katisan; lorotis; peupeuteuyan; tis
Italy: pianta modesta bastarda
Japan: kusanemu
Philippines: makahiyang lalaki
Thailand: sano haag kai

EPPO code

AESIN (Aeschynomene indica)
AESVI (Aeschynomene virginica)

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Aeschynomene
Species: Aeschynomene indica

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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A. indica L. belongs to the family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae), which includes many trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs. It belongs to the subfamily Papillionoideae, which includes the cultivated beans (Henderson, 1959).

Description

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A. indica is a slender, branched annual herb up to about 90 cm tall, leaves 3.8-5 cm long with 20 or 30 pairs of tiny, close-set, oblong, sensitive leaflets; stipules lanceolate, auricled; inflorescence yellow, 2.5-10 cm, in the leaf axils, calyx two-lipped, corolla thin, yellow, a little less than 1.3 cm long, pod up to 0.5 x 5.0 cm, the upper edge straight, the lower dented, with 8-10 almost square, rather woody joints, each containing a single kidney-shaped seed (Henderson, 1959; Noda et al., 1985).

Distribution

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A. indica originates in the Old World tropics, but now occurs sporadically also in the New World.

In addition to the records listed here, Holm et al. (1979) note A. indica as present in "West Polynesia".

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 17 Dec 2021

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	First Reported	Reference	Notes
Africa
Benin	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Botswana	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Eritrea	Present			Thulin (1989)
Ethiopia	Present			Thulin (1989)
Gambia	Present			Hutchinson and Dalziel (1972)
Ghana	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Guinea-Bissau	Present			Hutchinson and Dalziel (1972)
Madagascar	Present			CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Eliot et al., 1993
Mali	Present			Hutchinson and Dalziel (1972)
Mauritius	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Nigeria	Present			Hutchinson and Dalziel (1972)
Senegal	Present, Widespread			Holm et al. (1979)
Zimbabwe	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Asia
Afghanistan	Present, Widespread			Holm et al. (1979)
Cambodia	Present			Waterhouse (1993)
China	Present, Widespread			Anon (1990) He YunHe and Qiang Sheng (2014)
-Anhui	Present			He YunHe and Qiang Sheng (2014)
Hong Kong	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
India	Present, Localized			Sharma and Das (1993)
-Madhya Pradesh	Present, Widespread			Paradkar et al. (1989)
-Odisha	Present, Widespread			Mishra et al. (1990) Sharma and Das (1993)
Indonesia	Present			Waterhouse (1993) Kurniadie and Umiyati (2013)
-Java	Present			Kurniadie and Umiyati (2013)
Japan	Present, Localized			CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Sago et al., 1983
Laos	Present			Waterhouse (1993)
Malaysia	Present, Widespread			Henderson (1959)
Myanmar	Present			Waterhouse (1993)
Nepal	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Philippines	Present, Localized			Moody et al. (1984) Waterhouse (1993)
South Korea	Present			Ku et al. (1993) Hwang KiSeon et al. (2015)
Sri Lanka	Present, Widespread			Holm et al. (1979)
Taiwan	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Thailand	Present, Widespread			Noda et al. (1985)
Vietnam	Present			Waterhouse (1993)
Europe
Belgium	Present	Introduced	1946	Seebens et al. (2017)
North America
Guatemala	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Puerto Rico	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
United States	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Oceania
Australia	Present			CABI (Undated a)
Fiji	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Papua New Guinea	Present			CABI (Undated a)
South America
Colombia	Present			Holm et al. (1979)
Ecuador	Present, Widespread			Holm et al. (1979)

Habitat

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This plant prefers wet conditions and is often found along the borders of ditches or pools, or in wet cultivated land. It is also found in wet open places, sandy areas and along roadsides. It is distributed within the tropics and sub-tropics, in regions with or without a pronounced dry season, at altitudes from 0-1000 m (Backer and Bakhuizen, 1963; Ridley, 1967; Soerjani et al., 1987).

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

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Plant name	Family	Context	References
Cicer arietinum (chickpea)	Fabaceae	Other
Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm)	Arecaceae	Other
Hevea brasiliensis (rubber)	Euphorbiaceae	Other
Oryza sativa (rice)	Poaceae	Main
Zea mays (maize)	Poaceae	Unknown	Kurniadie and Umiyati (2013)

Biology and Ecology

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A. indica propagates via seeds (hydro- or zoochorous), which often contaminate cover crop seeds, soil in polybags, wheels of tractors and farm implements. 61 species of weeds including A. indica were recorded as contaminants of leguminous cover crop seeds imported into Malaysia (Tasrif et al., 1991).

Sago et al. (1983) noted that despite pronounced dormancy of its seed at maturation, A. indica emerged throughout the growing season except during frost, and that saturated soil conditions favoured emergence.

Vesicular-arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi were found on A. indica plants grown under normal moisture conditions but not under waterlogged conditions. Sodium chloride, potassium nitrate and glucose at 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0% inhibited the growth of A. indica plants (Singh and Tyagi, 1989), potassium nitrate being the more toxic to plant growth. 12 hours' light exposure was found to be optimal for the growth of A. indica and for maximum mycorrhizal colonization (Singh and Tyagi, 1989).

A. indica prefers wet conditions and is often found along the borders of ditches or pools, or in wet cultivated land. It is also found in wet open places, sandy areas and along roadsides.

Natural enemies

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Natural enemy	Type	Life stages	Specificity	References	Biological control in	Biological control on
Glomerella cingulata f.sp. aeschynomene	Pathogen				Arkansas; USA
Glomerella cingulata f.sp. aeschynomene	Pathogen

Impact

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Waterhouse (1993) lists A. indica as among the major rice weeds in South-East Asia, and as widespread and important in the Philippines and Cambodia, and locally important in Thailand.

A. indica is a minor weed of rubber and oil palm in Malaysia. The reasons for its limited infestation are not clear but may be attributed to fierce competition by aggressive weeds such as Imperata cylindrica, Mikania micrantha, Paspalum conjugatum and Asystasia gangetica.

No work has been carried out to quantify its effects on crop yield.

A. indica is occasionally observed in orchards, field crops and vegetable plots. It has been recorded as an important alternative host of the pod-borer, Helicoverpa armigera, in chickpea (Cicer arietenum) in India (Patel and Patitunda, 1981).

A. indica is a promising green manure (Soerjani et al., 1987). It is reported to be harmful to horses when eaten in the fruiting stage (Soerjani et al., 1987).

Uses List

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Animal feed, fodder, forage

Fodder/animal feed
Forage

Materials

Poisonous to mammals

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

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Aeschynomene americana may be distinguished from A. indica by its obliquely topped leaflets with 2-5 nerves, its up to 2-mm-long pod stalk, and its incised dorsal pod suture (Soerjani et al., 1987). A. americana is perennial, and has pink flowers whereas those of A. indica are yellow. The peduncles and pedicels of A. americana may be viscid.

Prevention and Control

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Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Cultural Control

In rice (Soerjani et al., 1987), manual control is indicated to be the most common means of controlling A. indica in Indonesia. Sharma and Das (1993) carried out nitrogen management and tillage experiments in direct-sown rice in India, under rainfed flooded conditions. For a group of weed species including A. indica, weed dry weight increased with increasing nitrogen levels and decreased as the number of times of ploughing increased. Hand-weeding, inter-row cultivation and application of thiobencarb all decreased weed dry weight and increased rice grain yields.

Experiments carried out by Lokras et al. (1985) indicated that in soyabean, hand-weeding at 20, 35 and 50 days after sowing gave more effective control of a complex of weeds, including A. indica, than herbicide treatments.

Biocontrol

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene is a useful biological control agent of northern jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica) and is commercially available as a biocontrol agent (Templeton et al., 1990). Initial studies with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed that the fungus is highly specific to A. virginica and only slightly virulent on A. indica, no other plants from 150 crop species and weeds being affected (Smith et al., 1973; Templeton and Smith, 1974).

Further studies are needed on fungi pathogenic to A. indica in the Asia-Pacific region.

Chemical Control

In rice, herbicides that have been used against weed complexes involving A. indica include thiobencarb in direct-sown rice (Sharma and Das, 1993); pendimethalin in upland rice (Mishra et al., 1990); and a number of diphenyl ether, 1,3,5-triazine and phenoxy herbicides applied pre- and post-emergence (Sago et al., 1983).

In soyabean, Lokras et al. (1985) found that bentazone gave poor control of weeds including A. indica; better control was achieved with metribuzin, oxadiazon, fluchloralin or metolachlor.

References

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Anon, 1990. Farmland weeds in China. Agricultural Publishing House.

Barnes DE; Chan LG, 1990. Common Weeds of Malaysia and their Control. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Ancom Berhad Persiaran Selangor.

Henderson MR, 1959. Malayan wild flowers, Part 1: Dicotyledons. Kuala Lumpur: Caxton Press.

Holm LG; Pancho JV; Herberger JP; Plucknett DL, 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 391 pp.

Hutchinson J; Dalziel JM, 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Volume 3. 2nd edition. London, UK: Crown Agents.

Ku YC; Park KH; Oh YJ, 1993. Changes of weed flora under direct seeded rice cultivation in dry paddy field. Korean Journal of Weed Science, 13(2):159-163.

Kurniadie, D., Umiyati, U., 2013. Weed mapping in two corn (Zea mays) production centers in West Java province of Indonesia. In: The role of weed science in supporting food security by 2020. Proceedings of the 24th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Bandung, Indonesia, October 22-25, 2013 [The role of weed science in supporting food security by 2020. Proceedings of the 24th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Bandung, Indonesia, October 22-25, 2013], [ed. by Bakar, B. H., Kurniadie, D., Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.]. Bandung, Indonesia: Weed Science Society of Indonesia. 184-190.

Lokras VG; Sinii VK; Bisen CR; Tiwari JP, 1985. Chemical weed control in Soybean. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 17(4):45-48.

Mishra SS; Jena SN; Nanda SS; Garnayak LM, 1990. Chemical weed control in upland rice. Orissa Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(3-4):218-220

Moody K; Lubigan RT; Munroe CE; Paller EC, 1984. Major weeds of the Philippines. Weed Science Society of the Philippines. Los Ba±os, Laguna, Philippines: University of the Philippines.

Noda K; Teerawatsakul M; Prakongvongs C; Chaiwiratnukul L, 1985. Major Weeds in Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Agriculture.

Paradkar NR; Tiwari JP; Kurchania SP, 1989. Survey of kharif weeds in Rewa division of Madhya Pradesh (India). Indian Journal of Weed Science, 21(1-2):31-36

Ridley HN, 1967. The Flora of the Malay Peninsula: Polypetalae.

Sago R; Ohnishi S; Tanaka F, 1983. Ecology and control of jointvetch in rice cultivation. Weed Research, Japan, 28(2):100-105

Sharma AR; Das KC, 1993. Weed and nitrogen management in direct-sown rice (Oryza sativa L.) under rainfed flooded condition. Integrated weed management for sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of an Indian Society of Weed Science International Symposium, Hisar, India, 18-20 November 1993., Vol. III:1-5.

Singh CS; Tyagi SP, 1989. Study on the occurence of VAM fungi in the root of Aeschynomene indica under the influence of various ecological factors. Zentralblatt-fur-Mikrobiologies, 144:241-48

Smith RJ; Fox WT; Daniel JT; Templeton GE, 1973. Can plant diseases be used to control weeds? Arkansas Farm Research, 22:4, 12.

Soerjani M; Kostermans AJGH; Tjitrosoepomo G, 1987. Weeds of Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Balai Pustaka, 716 pp.

Tasrif A; Sahid IB; Sastroutomo SS; Latiff A, 1991. Purity study of imported leguminous cover crops. Plant Protection Quarterly, 6(4):190-193.

Templeton GE; Smith RJ Jr; TeBeest DO, 1990. Perspectives on mycoherbicides two decades after discovery of the Collego pathogen. Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds Rome, Italy; Istituto Sperimentale per la Patologia Vegetale, Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste, 553-558

Templeton GE; Smith RJ, 1974. Bio-control of northern joinvetch. Rice Journal, 77(7):29-30.

Thulin M, 1989. Fabaceae. In: Hedberg I, Edwards S, eds. Flora of Ethiopia, Volume 3. Pittosporaceae to Araliaceae. Addis Abbaba, Ethiopia/Uppsala University, Sweden: National Herbarium, 97-251.

Waterhouse DF, 1993. The Major Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 21. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 141 pp.

Distribution References

Anon, 1990. Farmland weeds in China., Agricultural Publishing House.

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

He YunHe, Qiang Sheng, 2014. Analysis of farmland weeds species diversity and its changes in the different cropping systems. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 20 (4), 786-794. http://agrojournal.org/20/04-09.pdf

Henderson MR, 1959. Malayan wild flowers, Part 1: Dicotyledons., Kuala Lumpur, Caxton Press.

Holm L, Pancho J V, Herberger J P, Plucknett D L, 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. New York, Chichester (), Brisbane, Toronto, UK: John Wiley and Sons. xlix + 391 pp.

Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM, 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa., 3 (2nd) London, UK: Crown Agents.

Hwang KiSeon, Eom MinYong, Park SuHyuk, Won OkJae, Lee InYong, Park KeeWoong, 2015. Occurrence and distribution of weed species on horticulture fields in Chungnam province of Korea. Journal of Ecology and Environment. 38 (3), 353-360. DOI:10.5141/ecoenv.2015.036

Ku Y C, Park K H, Oh Y J, 1993. Changes of weed flora under direct seeded rice cultivation in dry paddy field. Korean Journal of Weed Science. 13 (2), 159-163.

Kurniadie D, Umiyati U, 2013. Weed mapping in two corn (Zea mays) production centers in West Java province of Indonesia. In: The role of weed science in supporting food security by 2020. Proceedings of the 24th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Bandung, Indonesia, October 22-25, 2013 [The role of weed science in supporting food security by 2020. Proceedings of the 24th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Bandung, Indonesia, October 22-25, 2013.], [ed. by Bakar B H, Kurniadie D, Tjitrosoedirdjo S]. Bandung, Indonesia: Weed Science Society of Indonesia. 184-190.

Mishra S S, Jena S N, Nanda S S, Garnayak L M, 1990. Chemical weed control in upland rice. Orissa Journal of Agricultural Research. 2 (3-4), 218-220.

Moody K, Lubigan RT, Munroe CE, Paller EC, 1984. Major weeds of the Philippines. In: Weed Science Society of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines: University of the Philippines.

Noda K, Teerawatsakul M, Prakongvongs C, Chaiwiratnukul L, 1985. Major Weeds in Thailand., Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Agriculture.

Paradkar N R, Tiwari J P, Kurchania S P, 1989. Survey of kharif weeds in Rewa division of Madhya Pradesh (India). Indian Journal of Weed Science. 21 (1-2), 31-36.

Seebens H, Blackburn T M, Dyer E E, Genovesi P, Hulme P E, Jeschke J M, Pagad S, Pyšek P, Winter M, Arianoutsou M, Bacher S, Blasius B, Brundu G, Capinha C, Celesti-Grapow L, Dawson W, Dullinger S, Fuentes N, Jäger H, Kartesz J, Kenis M, Kreft H, Kühn I, Lenzner B, Liebhold A, Mosena A (et al), 2017. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nature Communications. 8 (2), 14435. http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14435

Sharma A R, Das K C, 1993. Weed and nitrogen management in direct-sown rice (Oryza sativa L.) under rainfed flooded condition. In: Integrated weed management for sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of an Indian Society of Weed Science International Symposium, Hisar, India, 18-20 November 1993. [Integrated weed management for sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of an Indian Society of Weed Science International Symposium, Hisar, India, 18-20 November 1993.], Hisar, Haryana, India: Indian Society of Weed Science. 1-5.

Thulin M, 1989. Fabaceae. In: Flora of Ethiopia, 3 [ed. by Hedberg I, Edwards S]. Addis Abbaba, Ethiopia/Uppsala University, Sweden: National Herbarium. 97-251.

Waterhouse D F, 1993. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. Canberra, Australia: ACIAR. v + 141 pp.

Links to Websites

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Website	URL	Comment
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway	https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS)	http://griis.org/	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.

Distribution Maps

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Datasheet

Aeschynomene indica (Indian jointvetch)

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