Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Environmental Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Wood Products
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Adenanthera pavonina L., 1753
Preferred Common Name
- red-bead tree
Other Scientific Names
- Adenanthera gersenii Scheff.
- Adenanthera polita Miq.
- Corallaria parvifolia Rumph.
International Common Names
- English: bead tree; circassian seed; circassian-bean; coral bean tree; coral wood; crab's eyes; false sandalwood; false wiliwili; jumbie bead; peacock flower-fence; peacock tree; Polynesian peanut; red sandalwood; red sandalwood tree; red wood; saga bean tree
- Spanish: arbol de coral; caralillo; caralín; carolina; coral; coralitos; coralitos peonía; delicia; jumbie bread; peronía; peronías
- French: bois de condor; bois de condori; bois noir de Bourbon; bois noir rouge; église; reglisse
Local Common Names
- Australia: circassan tree; red beantree; zumbic tree
- Brazil: carolina; tento-carolina
- Cambodia: chan'trèi
- Cuba: coralillo; coralín
- Dominican Republic: peronía extranjera
- Fiji: lera; lerendamu; pomea
- French Polynesia: peacock; pitipitio
- Germany: Condoribaum; Indischer Korallenbaum
- Guam: colales; culalis; kolales
- Haiti: deleite
- India: anikundumani; bandi guruvenda; coralitos; jumble bead; kunchandana; lopa; malatanglin; manjadi; manjetti; peronias; raktakambal; saga; thorligunj
- Indonesia: kitoke laut; saga telik; segawe sabrang
- Italy: pavoncina minore; semi di corallo
- Laos: lam
- Lesser Antilles: arbre à église; corail végétal; dilmawi; graine réglisse; graine rouge; jumbi bead tree
- Malaysia: mai-chek; saga daun tumpul; saga tumpul
- Netherlands: koraal-boom; sandelhout, rood
- Philippines: malatinglin
- Puerto Rico: granate; mato colorado; palo de mato; peronías chatas
- Saint Lucia: dalmawi
- Samoa: lopa
- Thailand: ma clam ta cheng; ma clam ton; ma hok daeng; ma klam ta chang; ma klam ton
- Tonga: lopa
- United States Virgin Islands: coquelicot
- USA: legliz
- USA/Hawaii: false wili wili
EPPO code
- ADEPA (Adenanthera pavonina)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageA. pavonina is a fast-growing tree included in the Global Compendium of Weeds as a natural and agricultural weed (Randall, 2012). It was classed by Binggeli (1999) as a moderately invasive woody weed. It is commonly planted in agroforestry systems to be used as a green manure, animal forage, and for soil improvement (Orwa et al., 2009). However, it has escaped from cultivated areas and is currently colonizing new habitats including both disturbed and undisturbed forests in tropical and subtropical regions (ISSG, 2012).
Once established, this species grows forming dense thickets and competing aggressively with native vegetation (PIER, 2012). A. pavonina is listed as one of the worst invasive species in Jamaica and it has been classified as an invasive plant in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and many islands in the Pacific including American Samoa, Hawaii, French Polynesia, Micronesia and Australia (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012; USDA-ARS, 2012). It is also spreading rapidly in the Seychelles (Weber, 2003). In Florida, it is listed as an invasive category II and the commercialization and cultivation of this species is prohibited (Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2011), although Miller et al. (2002) suggest that it is not altering plant communities.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Fabales
- Family: Fabaceae
- Subfamily: Mimosoideae
- Genus: Adenanthera
- Species: Adenanthera pavonina
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThe subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae is characterized by leaves that are often bicompound and have extra-floral nectaries on the petioles. Flowers within this subfamily are small, often borne in heads, and all open more or less simultaneously. The subfamily Mimosoideae includes 82 genera and 3275 species (Stevens, 2012) distributed in tropical and warm temperate zones. Adenanthera is a genus with about 13 species distributed in Asia, Indo-China, Malesia, Papua New Guinea to SW Pacific, Australia,and Madagascar, with one species widely introduced in Africa and the Neotropics (Luckow, 2005). The name Adenanthera is derived from a combination of the Greek words “aden”, a gland, and the “anther”, anther, alluding to the anther’s characteristics of being tipped and having a deciduous gland (Orwa et al., 2009).
Description
Top of pageA. pavonina is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree, 6-15 m tall and up to 45 cm diameter, depending on location; generally erect; bark dark brown to greyish, the inner bark soft, pale brown, and the slash soft, white and fibrous; crown spreading; multiple stems common, as are slightly buttressed trunks in older trees, upper bole sometimes spirally fluted. Leaves are very large, bipinnate with a large swollen pulvinus; 2-6 opposite or sub-opposite pairs of pinnae, each with 8-21 alternate leaflets on short stalks; leaflets 2-4.3 x 1 cm, oblong to ovate, with an asymmetric base and blunt apex, dull green above, light green beneath, turning yellow with age. Flowers in narrow spike like racemes, 12-15(-25) cm long; flowers fragrant, small, petals 5, oblong or elliptic, cream or whites lightly connate at the base, stamens 10, as long as the petals, the anthers tipped with minute glands. Legumes linear, flattened, 15-22 x 1.3-1.5(-2) cm with slight constrictions between seeds, dark brown, turning black upon ripening, leathery, dehiscent from top to bottom by twisting valves to reveal 8-12 hard-coated, vivid scarlet seeds, 7.5-9 mm in diameter, lens shaped; seeds adhere to pod. Ripened fruits can remain on the tree for long periods, sometimes until the following reproductive season (Orwa et al., 2009; PROSEA, 2012).
Distribution
Top of pageA. pavonina is endemic to Southern China and India with first reports being recorded in India (Roshetko and Gutteridge, 1996). It has been widely introduced and naturalized in Malaysia, Western and Eastern Africa as well as most islands of both the Pacific and Caribbean regions (Orwa et al., 2009; Acevedo Rodríguez and Strong, 2012; ISSG, 2012; PIER, 2012).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Planted | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
||||||||
Angola | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Cameroon | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Chad | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Comoros | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Ghana | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Guinea-Bissau | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Kenya | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Mauritius | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Rodrigues | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Mozambique | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Nigeria | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Réunion | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
São Tomé and Príncipe | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Seychelles | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Aldabra Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Sierra Leone | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Tanzania | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Togo | Present | Planted | ||||||
Uganda | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Asia |
||||||||
Bangladesh | Present | Native | ||||||
Bhutan | Present | Introduced | 2011 | |||||
Brunei | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Cambodia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
China | Present | Native | ||||||
India | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Assam | Present | Native | ||||||
-Bihar | Present | Native | ||||||
-Goa | Present | Native | ||||||
-Gujarat | Present | Native | ||||||
-Karnataka | Present | Native | ||||||
-Kerala | Present | Native | ||||||
-Madhya Pradesh | Present | Native | ||||||
-Maharashtra | Present | Native | ||||||
-Meghalaya | Present | Native | ||||||
-Punjab | Present | Native | ||||||
-Sikkim | Present | Native | ||||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | Native | ||||||
-Tripura | Present | Native | ||||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | Native | ||||||
-West Bengal | Present | Native | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Irian Jaya | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Java | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Maluku Islands | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Sulawesi | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Japan | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Laos | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Sabah | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Sarawak | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Maldives | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Myanmar | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Pakistan | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Philippines | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Native | ||||||
Taiwan | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Thailand | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Vietnam | Present | Introduced | ||||||
North America |
||||||||
Antigua and Barbuda | Present, Widespread | Introduced | ||||||
Bahamas | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Barbados | Present, Widespread | Introduced | ||||||
British Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | Tortola, Virgin Gorda | |||||
Cayman Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Dominica | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Grenada | Present, Widespread | Introduced | ||||||
Guadeloupe | Present, Widespread | Introduced | ||||||
Haiti | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Jamaica | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Listed as one of the worst invasive species www.jamaica.org.jm | ||||
Martinique | Present, Widespread | Introduced | ||||||
Montserrat | Present, Widespread | Introduced | ||||||
Netherlands Antilles | Present, Widespread | Introduced | St. Barthelemy | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Present, Widespread | Introduced | ||||||
Saint Lucia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Present, Widespread | Introduced | ||||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas | |||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Invasive species category II | ||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Oceania |
||||||||
American Samoa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Australia | Present | Native | ||||||
-Northern Territory | Present | Native | ||||||
-Queensland | Present | Native | ||||||
Christmas Island | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Cook Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Federated States of Micronesia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Fiji | Present | Introduced | ||||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | 1845 | |||||
Guam | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Marshall Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Nauru | Present | Introduced | ||||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Niue | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Northern Mariana Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Palau | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Native | ||||||
Samoa | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Solomon Islands | Present | Native | ||||||
Tonga | Present | Introduced | ||||||
South America |
||||||||
Brazil | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
French Guiana | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Suriname | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Venezuela | Present | Introduced | Isla Margarita |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageA. pavonina has been widely introduced in tropical and subtropical regions to be used in agroforestry systems. This tree is a nitrogen-fixing species commonly used as animal fodder, green manure, and for soil improvement. It is cultivated in tropical Asia from the Malay peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands; Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands, through to the Mollucas and New Guinea (Nielsen and Fortune Hopkins, 1992). In the West Indies, this species was first reported in 1864 as a naturalized tree in Jamaica (Grisebach, 1864). Later, in 1879 H.F.A. Eggers reported it for the island of St. Croix. By 1905, A. pavonina is described by I. Urban as “culta et quasi spontanea” in Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, US Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, and Bequia (Grenadines) (Urban, 1905).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageA. pavonina is promoted as a useful but underutilized legume tree, and is likely to be introduced into other countries where it may naturalize or become invasive.
Habitat
Top of pageA. pavonina can be found growing in primary and secondary forests, including evergreen forests, seasonally dry forests, open savannahs, agricultural land, forest edges, woodlands, and coastal areas. Adkins (1993) describes it as a secondary forest tree, common in the lowland tropics up to 300-400 m. Weber (2003) reports that it is common throughout the lowland forests of its native range, occurring mainly on neutral soils. This species is also used as an ornamental in gardens and urban forests (Orwa et al., 2009; ISSG, 2012; PIER, 2012).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageReproductive Biology
A. pavonina is cultivated from seeds (Adkins, 1993) which are produced in large quantities (PIER, 2002). It flowers and fruits almost throughout the year, for short periods (Orwa et al., 2009), and the ripened pods may remain on the tree until the following spring (Adkins, 1993). Seeds are probably eaten and dispersed by birds. Propagation from large cuttings is reported in India (World Agroforestry Centre, 2002). There are approximately 3500 seeds per kg (Little and Wadsworth, 1964).
Physiology and Phenology
Seedling growth is slow at first, but height and diameter increase rapidly from the second year (Adkins 1993). Trees planted 1 × 2 m apart for windbreaks and at 2 × 2 m in plantations can be thinned in 3-5 years to provide fuelwood and construction materials. Trees resprout easily, allowing for coppice management with good survival. Trees are susceptible to breakage in high winds, with most of the damage occurring in the crown (Orwa et al., 2009; PROSEA, 2012; PIER, 2012). Most Adenanthera species are deciduous but are leafless for only a few days (World Agroforestry Centre, 2002).
Associations
Adkins (1993) collates earlier reports on the mechanism of nitrogen fixation which is reported to occur through association with Rhizobium.
Environmental Requirements
A. pavonina grows best in wet environments, mainly in tropical areas with mean annual rainfall ranging from 3000 mm to 5000 mm and mean annual temperatures around 25-30°C, with the mean maximum of the hottest month being 28-35°C and the mean minimum of the coolest month being 14-22°C. It is not at all frost tolerant. This species is adapted to grow on a variety of soils from deep, well-drained to shallow and rocky soils. However, it prefers neutral to slightly acidic soils (Sosef et al., 1998; Orwa et al., 2009).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
20 | -15 | 300 | 1200 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | 12 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 28 | 32 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 28 | 35 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 14 | 22 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 2 | 6 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 3000 | 5000 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
Soil reaction
- acid
- neutral
Soil texture
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- infertile
- shallow
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageA. pavonina is susceptible to the pest Xylosandrus ater and to sapstain. The sapwood is susceptible to dry wood termites but the heartwood is resistant.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageA. pavonina spreads by seeds that allow this species to easily escape cultivated areas. Seeds are probably eaten and dispersed by birds, but they can also be dispersed by water, adhered to animals or adhered to agriculture machinery (Orwa et al., 2009, ISSG, 2012; PIER, 2012). Long distance dispersal has been intentional, as A. pavonina has been widely planted outside its native range for its agroforestry and ornamental services and its wood, and is known to have naturalised in many countries.
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Yes | ISSG (2012) | ||
Forage | Leaves and fruits are used as animal fodder | Yes | Yes | Orwa et al. (2009) |
Forestry | Yes | Yes | Orwa et al. (2009) | |
Timber trade | Yes | Yes | Orwa et al. (2009) |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Consumables | Seeds are used for human consumption | Yes | Yes | Orwa et al. (2009) |
Host and vector organisms | Seeds dispersed by birds | Yes | Yes | Orwa et al. (2009) |
Seeds sold online | Yes | Yes | ||
Soil, sand and gravel | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Orwa et al. (2009) |
Water | Seeds | Yes | Orwa et al. (2009) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | Negative |
Crop production | None |
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Forestry production | None |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | None |
Native fauna | None |
Native flora | Negative |
Rare/protected species | None |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Environmental Impact
Top of pageA. pavonina is a fast growing species with the potential to invade both undisturbed and disturbed forests. It can grow quickly forming dense thickets which can displace and prevent the establishment of native vegetation (ISSG, 2012; PIER, 2012). In the Seychelles, A. pavonina has spread rapidly in secondary forests and has prevented the regeneration of native trees and shrubs (Weber, 2003).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Highly mobile locally
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Long lived
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Altered trophic level
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Modification of nutrient regime
- Monoculture formation
- Negatively impacts animal health
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - shading
- Competition (unspecified)
- Poisoning
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Uses
Top of pageA. pavonina is extensively cultivated as a valuable multipurpose agroforestry species which acts as a windbreak, a source of fodder, green manure, and for improving soil nitrogen content through its rhizobial associations (Norani, 1983; Orwa et al., 2009; PROSEA, 2012). Its wood is hard and has been used for constructing decorative wood products as well as for bridge and household construction (beams, posts, joists and rafters), flooring, paving blocks and vehicle bodies. It may also be suitable for furniture and cabinet work and turnery (Benthal, 1946; Clark and Thaman, 1993; Zarnowski et al., 2004). It can be used as a substitute for true red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus). It is a popular fuelwood in the Pacific Islands as the wood burns readily and produces significant amounts of heat.
In several islands in the Pacific (i.e., Melanesia and Polynesia), this species is known as a ‘food tree’. Seeds are roasted and eaten by humans and young leaves are eaten as a vegetable (Orwa et al., 2009). Nutritional studies show the seed oil contains a high percentage of protein and fatty acids (Burkill 1966; Balogun and Fetuga, 1985). In India, Malaysia and Indonesia, this species is used in traditional medicine against rheumatism, migraines, headaches; and dysentery. The red, glossy seeds are used for necklaces and decorative ornaments (Roshetko and Gutteridge, 1996) and are also used for making rosaries (Nielsen and Fortune Hopkins, 1992). Historically, the seeds were used as weight measures for jewellery and goldsmithing, due to their small variation in weight (Benthal, 1946; Burkill, 1966).
In Indonesia and Malaysia, trees are planted for shade in coffee, clove and rubber plantations. It is planted along field borders as a windbreak. In many tropical countries, A. pavonina has been planted as a nitrogen fixing species and as a soil improver. The small leaves break down easily, making the species a good green manure. It is also extensively cultivated as an ornamental for planting along roadsides and in common areas, notably for its red, glossy seeds (Orwa et al., 2009; PROSEA, 2012).
Uses List
Top of pageAnimal feed, fodder, forage
- Fodder/animal feed
Environmental
- Agroforestry
- Soil improvement
- Windbreak
Fuels
- Fuelwood
General
- Ornamental
- Ritual uses
- Sociocultural value
- Souvenirs
Human food and beverage
- Emergency (famine) food
- Seeds
Materials
- Dyestuffs
- Essential oils
- Miscellaneous materials
- Wood/timber
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Ornamental
- Seed trade
Wood Products
Top of pageFurniture
Roundwood
- Posts
Sawn or hewn building timbers
- Beams
- Bridges
- Flooring
- Gates
Vehicle bodies
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Seedlings and small plants of A. pavonina can be pulled up by hand. Large plants should be cut at ground level using special machinery and the stumps and stems (i.e., re-sprouts) treated with glyphosate or triclopyr. Follow-up treatment and repeated applications of herbicide might be necessary. Because dead trees still carry large numbers of seeds in their leafless canopies, and seeds may remain in the ground, continued control is essential (Swarbrick, 1997; PIER, 2012).
References
Top of pageAbadie C; Baudouin L; Daugrois JH; Dollet M; Vuillaume C; Wicker E; Teycheney PY, 2008. CIRAD invasive species initiatives in the Caribbean Basin. 44th Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crop Society, Miami, USA, 13-17 July, 2008. http://publications.cirad.fr/une_notice.php?dk=548105
Acevedo-Rodríguez P; Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm
Adams CD, 1972. Flowering Plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies, 267.
Adkins RVC, 1993. Adenanthera pavonina - an underutilised tree of the humid tropics. NFTA 96-01, FACT Net. Morrilton, USA: Winrock International. http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/a_pavonina.html.
Adkins RVC, 1994. The role of agroforestry in the sustainability of South Pacific Islands: Species trials in American Samoa. MSc. Thesis, Utah State University. Logan, Utah. 133 p.
Anon, 1986. The useful plants of India. New Delhi, India: Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR.
Basu D and Chakraverty RK, 1986. Dormancy viability and germination of Adenanthera pavonina seeds. Acta Botanica Indica, 14 (1): 68-72.
Benthal AP, 1946. The Trees of Calcutta and its neighbourhood. Calcutta, India: Thacker Spink & Co. Ltd. 513 p.
Binggeli P, 1999. Invasive woody plants. http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/invasive/index.html.
Broome R; Sabir K; Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database. Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
Clark WC; Thaman RR; eds, 1993. Agroforestry in the Pacific Island: Systems for sustainability. Tokyo, Japan: United National University Press. 279 p.
Correll DS; Correll HB, 1982. Flora of the Bahama Archipelago. Vaduz, Germany: J. Cramer, 1692 pp.
Cowan RS, 1998. Adenanthera pavonina. Flora of Australia Online. http://biodiversity.org.au/apni.reference/178102.html
Eggers HFA, 1879. The Flora of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands. Washington, USA: Washington Government Printing Office, 148 pp.
Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2011. Florida EPPC's 2011 Invasive Plant Species List. http://www.fleppc.org/list/11list.html
González-Torres LR; Rankin R; Palmarola A (eds), 2012. Invasive plants in Cuba. (Plantas Invasoras en Cuba.) Bissea: Boletin sobre Conservacion de Plantad del Jardin Botanico Nacional, 6:1-140.
Graveson R, 2012. The Plants of Saint Lucia (in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean). The Plants of Saint Lucia (in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean). http://www.saintlucianplants.com
Grisebach AHR, 1864. Flora of the British West Indian Islands. London, UK: Lovell Reeve & Co., 806 pp.
IABIN, 2003. Listado de expertos y especies invasivas de Dominican Republic. United States Node of the Inter-American Biodiversity Information Net (IABIN). http://www.iabin-us.org/projects/i3n/i3n_documents/catalog_dominicanrep.html.
IABIN, 2003. Preliminary List of Alien Invasive Species occuring in Jamaica. The United States Node of the Inter-American Biodiversity Information Net (IABIN). http://www.iabin-us.org/projects/i3n/i3n_documents/catalogs/catalog_jamaica.html.
ILDIS, 2002. International Legume Database and Information Service. University of Southampton, UK. http://www.ildis.org/database/.
ISSG, 2012. Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). Invasive Species Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. http://www.issg.org/database
Josekutty PC; Wakuk EE; Joseph MJ, 2002. Invasive weedy angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. Micronesica Supplement, 6:61-65. [Invasive species and their management.]
Luckow M, 2005. Tribe Mimoseae. In: Legumes of the World [ed. by Lewis, G.]. Richmond, UK: Kew Gardens.
Miller JH; Chambliss EB; Bargeron CT, 2002. Invasive Plants of the Thirteen Southern States. http://www.invasive.org/seweeds.cfm.
Orwa C; Mutua A; Kindt R; Jamnadass R; Simons A, 2009. Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4. Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/
PIER, 2002. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (3.3). Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Hawaii, USA. http://www.hear.org/pier
PIER, 2012. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Proctor GR, 1984. Flora of the Cayman Islands. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XI. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 340-341.
PROSEA, 2012. Plant Resources of South East Asia. http://www.prosea.nl/
Randall RP, 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Perth, Australia: Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 1124 pp. http://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2013/20133109119.pdf
Sosef MSM; Hong LT; Prawirohatmodjo S; eds, 1998. Plant resources of southeast Asia. Timber trees: lesser-known timbers. Leiden, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 5(3).
Southon IW; 1994 Phytochemical dictionary of the Leguminosae, Vol. 1. London: Chapman and Hall.
Space J; Flynn T, 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern. Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 146.
Space JC; Flynn T, 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu, 51.
Space JC; Flynn T, 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service.
Space JC; Flynn T, 2002a. Report to the Government of Samoa on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service, 83 pp.
Space JC; Waterhouse B; Denslow JS; Nelson D, 2000. Invasive plant species on Rota, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. 10 pp.
Space JC; Waterhouse BM; Miles JE; Tiobech J; Rengulbai K, 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service.
Space JC; Waterhouse BM; Newfield M; Bull C, 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. 80 pp. [UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity.] http://www.hear.org/pier/reports/niue_report_2004.htm
Stevens PF, 2012. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
Swarbrick JT, 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Report to Parks Australia. J.T. Swarbrick, Weed Science Consultancy, 131 pp.
Urban I, 1905. Symbolae Antillanae. Volumen IV. Berlin, Germany: Fratres Borntraeger, 771 pp.
USDA-ARS, 2012. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
World Agroforestry Centre, 2002. Agroforestree Database. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/AFT/AFT.htm.
Zarnowski R; Jaromin A; Certik M; Czabany T; Fontaine J; Jakubik T; Iqbal MCM; Grandmougin-Ferjani A; Kozubek A; Pietr SJ, 2004. The oil of Adenanthera poavovina L. seeds and its emulsions. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences, 59:321-326.
Distribution References
Abadie C, Baudouin L, Daugrois JH, Dollet M, Vuillaume C, Wicker E, Teycheney PY, 2008. CIRAD invasive species initiatives in the Caribbean Basin. In: 44th Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crop Society, Miami, USA, 13-17 July, 2008, http://publications.cirad.fr/une_notice.php?dk=548105
Adams C D, 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica. Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies. 848 pp.
Anon, 2012. Invasive plants in Cuba. (Plantas Invasoras en Cuba). In: Bissea: Boletin sobre Conservacion de Plantad del Jardin Botanico Nacional, 6 [ed. by González-Torres LR, Rankin R, Palmarola A]. 1-140.
Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean., Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Correll DS, Correll HB, 1982. Flora of the Bahama Archipelago., Vaduz, Germany: J Cramer. 1692 pp.
Cowan RS, 1998. Adenanthera pavonina. In: Flora of Australia Online, http://biodiversity.org.au/apni.reference/178102.html
Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, 2011. Florida EPPC's 2011 Invasive Plant Species List., http://www.fleppc.org/list/11list.html
Graveson R, 2012. The Plants of Saint Lucia (in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean)., http://www.saintlucianplants.com
IABIN, 2003. (Listado de expertos y especies invasivas de Dominican Republic)., United States Node of the Inter-American Biodiversity Information Net (IABIN). http://www.iabin-us.org/projects/i3n/i3n_documents/catalog_dominicanrep.html
IABIN, 2003a. Preliminary List of Alien Invasive Species occuring in Jamaica. In: The United States Node of the Inter-American Biodiversity Information Net (IABIN), http://www.iabin-us.org/projects/i3n/i3n_documents/catalogs/catalog_jamaica.html
ILDIS, 2002. International Legume Database and Information Service., UK: University of Southampton. http://www.ildis.org/database/
ISSG, 2012. Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). In: Invasive Species Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, http://www.issg.org/database
Josekutty PC, Wakuk EE, Joseph MJ, 2002. Invasive weedy angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Micronesica Supplement, 6 61-65.
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A, 2009. Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4., http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/
PIER, 2002. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (3.3)., Hawaii, USA: Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. http://www.hear.org/pier
PIER, 2012. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk., Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Proctor GR, 1984. Flora of the Cayman Islands. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XI., London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 340-341.
Space J, Flynn T, 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern., Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. 146.
Space JC, Flynn T, 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa. In: USDA Forest Service, Honolulu, USDA Forest Service. 51.
Space JC, Flynn T, 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Space JC, Waterhouse BM, Miles JE, Tiobech J, Rengulbai K, 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern., Honolulu, USA: USDA Forest Service.
Space JC, Waterhouse BM, Newfield M, Bull C, 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. In: UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity, 80 pp. http://www.hear.org/pier/reports/niue_report_2004.htm
USDA-ARS, 2012. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
World Agroforestry Centre, 2002. Agroforestree Database., Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/AFT/AFT.htm
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
Flora of the West Indies | http://botany.si.edu/antilles/WestIndies/ | |
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF WAC) | http://www.worldagroforestry.org/ |
Contributors
Top of page07/03/13 Updated by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Distribution Maps
Top of pageSelect a dataset
Map Legends
-
CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/