Ludwigia octovalvis (primrose willow)
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Generate reportIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven
Preferred Common Name
- primrose willow
Other Scientific Names
- Jussiaea angustifolia Lam.
- Jussiaea linearis Willd.
- Jussiaea octovalvis Swartz
- Jussiaea pubescens L.
- Jussiaea suffruticosa L.
- Oenothena octovalvis Jacq.
International Common Names
- Spanish: clavito; hierta de Santa Cruz
- French: herbe à pique
Local Common Names
- Brazil: cruz de Malta
EPPO code
- LUDOC (Ludwigia octovalvis)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Myrtales
- Family: Onagraceae
- Genus: Ludwigia
- Species: Ludwigia octovalvis
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of page1. subsp. brevispala (Brenan) Raven
The only representative of the species present over much of Africa: sepals <6 mm long.
All other subspecies have sepals >6 mm long.
2. subsp. macropoda (Presl) Raven
The only one along the west coast of South America, from Ecuador to northern Chile.
3. subsp. sessiliflora (Mich.) Raven
With a range largely distinct from that of subsp. octovalvis within South America, but overlapping and confused in the Old World. Only subsp. sessiliflora is found in New Caledonia and southern India; it has a wider range in China, to southern Japan, but a much narrower range in the Pacific, only as far as Fiji. This subspecies is usually distinguishable from subsp. octovalvis by the presence of long erect hairs on the leaves, and ovate or subovate leaves (while subsp. octovalvis typically has few or no hairs, and lanceolate or linear leaves).
4. subsp. octovalvis
Uncommon in Africa; but nearly throughout India, to south-east China and Taiwan, and as far south as Australia, and through the Pacific to Hawaii, Tahiti and the Marquesas.
Description
Top of pageDistribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 25 Feb 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Benin | Present | ||||||
Botswana | Present | ||||||
Cabo Verde | Present | ||||||
Cameroon | Present | ||||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | ||||||
Congo, Republic of the | Present | ||||||
Gambia | Present | ||||||
Ghana | Present | ||||||
Guinea | Present | ||||||
Guinea-Bissau | Present | ||||||
Kenya | Present | ||||||
Liberia | Present | ||||||
Madagascar | Present | ||||||
Malawi | Present | ||||||
Mali | Present | ||||||
Mauritius | Present | ||||||
Mozambique | Present | ||||||
Niger | Present | ||||||
Nigeria | Present | ||||||
Senegal | Present | ||||||
Sierra Leone | Present | ||||||
South Africa | Present | ||||||
Sudan | Present | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | ||||||
Togo | Present | ||||||
Uganda | Present | ||||||
Zambia | Present | ||||||
Zimbabwe | Present | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
Bangladesh | Present | ||||||
Cambodia | Present | ||||||
China | Present | ||||||
India | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Present | ||||||
-Assam | Present | ||||||
-Odisha | Present | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Irian Jaya | Present | ||||||
-Java | Present | ||||||
-Lesser Sunda Islands | Present | ||||||
-Maluku Islands | Present | ||||||
-Sulawesi | Present | ||||||
-Sumatra | Present | ||||||
Iraq | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present | ||||||
Jordan | Present | ||||||
Laos | Present | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Present | ||||||
-Sabah | Present | ||||||
-Sarawak | Present | ||||||
Myanmar | Present | ||||||
Nepal | Present | ||||||
Philippines | Present | ||||||
Singapore | Present | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present | ||||||
Taiwan | Present | ||||||
Thailand | Present | ||||||
Vietnam | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Honduras | Present | ||||||
Jamaica | Present | ||||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-New South Wales | Present | ||||||
-Northern Territory | Present | ||||||
-Western Australia | Present | ||||||
Fiji | Present | ||||||
French Polynesia | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Brazil | Present | ||||||
-Maranhao | Present | ||||||
Chile | Present | ||||||
Colombia | Present | ||||||
Ecuador | Present | ||||||
Peru | Present | ||||||
Suriname | Present |
Habitat
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Glycine max (soyabean) | Fabaceae | Main | |
Oryza sativa (rice) | Poaceae | Main | |
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) | Malvaceae | Main |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageNatural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Altica foveicollis | Herbivore | Leaves | ||||
Mompha ludwigiae | Herbivore | Leaves |
Impact
Top of pageRaju and Reddy (1986) list L. octovalvis fourth in global-scale importance among broadleaved weeds that infest rice (out of a total of 350 weed species in rice, worldwide). This weed also affects plantation crops: for example, young cocoa plantations in Brazil (Mori et al., 1980). It is a troublesome weed of a range of irrigated crops in Africa (Cook, 1974). It has been reported as a pasture weed from the Southern Pacific region (Reynolds, 1978), and is a major broadleaved weed of legume crops, including soyabeans, in the Philippines.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
HerbicidesRice
Weed species of Ludwigia (primarily L. adscendens, L. hyssopifolia and L. octovalvis) that occur in rice are reported to be susceptible to the following herbicides (results reported as usually at least as good as standard twice-repeated hand-weeded controls).
Standard treatments include MCPA and 2,4-D as post-emergence treatments (Raju and Reddy, 1986). Others are quinclorac + bensulfuron or molinate + 2,4-D. More recently, pretilachlor (often in combination with other active ingredients; see, for example, Llorente and Evangelista, 1990) has emerged as an effective herbicide for use against Ludwigia spp. Good results have been observed in recent years with a range of these and other products and mixes, in varying situations as summarized below.
Post-emergence application of piperophos + propanil was reported to be very effective in direct-seeded and transplanted lowland rice in Nigeria, with oxadiazon + propanil, and fluorodifen [now superseded] + propanil also reasonable. Tank-mixed post-emergence application of thiobencarb + propanil + fenoprop [now superseded] or butachlor + propanil was effective against L. octovalvis. Pre-emergence treatments were less effective because of crop phytotoxicity or poor weed control efficacy (using pretilachlor + dimethametryn, or oxadiazon) (Imeokparia et al., 1992; Imeokparia, 1994).
Pre-emergence thiobencarb plus one hand-weeding was slightly better than butachlor plus one hand weeding in dry and wet-sown rice in Tamil Nadu, India: in these trials, post-emergence treatments were not effective in either crop - using thiobencarb + 2,4-D, butachlor + 2,4-D, fluchloralin + 2,4-D, pendimethalin + 2,4-D or piperophos + 2,4-D (Kandasamy and Palaniappan, 1990).
Other workers have studied herbicide use against other Ludwigia spp. (L. adscendens: Allard and Zoschke,1990; L. hyssopifolia: Azmi and Supaad, 1992).
Pasture
In the South Pacific region, L. octovalvis is reported as one of 14 problem bushy or woody weed species: it is susceptible to control by 2,4-D or glyphosate (Reynolds, 1978).
Biological Control
The chrysomelid beetle Altica foveicollis has been considered as a possible biocontrol agent against L. octovalvis, for example in Bangladesh (Alam and Karim, 1980). Larvae of the lepidopteran Mompha ludwigiae will feed on L. octovalvis, though these larvae primarily provide biocontrol against L. adscendens (Bradley et al., 1973).
Cultural Methods
Soil solarization, using clear polythene sheeting, has been reported to reduce the abundance of broadleaved weeds, including L. octovalvis, in Western Samoa (Ragone and Wilson, 1988).
References
Top of pageAngeles G, 1992. The periderm of flooded and non-flooded Ludwigia octovalvis (Onagraceae). IAWA Bulletin, 13:195-200.
Brenan JPM, 1954. Onagraceae. In: Keay RWJ, ed. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol I, Part I, 2nd edition. London, UK: Crown Agents, 166-170.
Cook CDK, 1974. Water Plants of the World. The Hague, The Netherlands: Junk.
Kim SC; Moody K, 1989. Growth dynamics of rice and several weed species under density and fertiliser stress. Proceedings 12th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, 1:47-56.
Llorente JL; Evangelista CC, 1990. Efficacy of pretilachlor for weed control in transplanted rice (IR 74). University of Southern Mindanao College of Agriculture Research Journal, 1:9-17.
Munz PA, 1942. Studies in Onagraceae XII A revision of the New World species of Jussiaea. Darwiniana, 4(2-3):179-284.
Raven PH, 1963. The old world species of Ludwigia (including Jussiaea), with a synopsis of the genus (Onagraceae). Reinwardtia, 6(3):327-427.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Raven PH, 1963. The old world species of Ludwigia (including Jussiaea), with a synopsis of the genus (Onagraceae). In: Reinwardtia, 6 (3) 327-427.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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