Acacia mangium (brown salwood)

Pictures

Top of page

Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Mature tree

A natural stand in Papua New Guinea.

Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products

Plantation

Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Stephen Midgley/CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products

Young tree

Mission Beach, Queensland, Australia.

Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products

Bark

Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products

Inflorescence

Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products

Fruit

Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products

Seed and fruit

Maurice McDonald/CSIRO Forestry & Forest Products

Line artwork

1. habit of young tree 2. flowering twig 3. pods

©PROSEA Foundation

Identity

Top of page

Preferred Scientific Name

Acacia mangium Willd.

Preferred Common Name

brown salwood

Other Scientific Names

Racosperma mangium (Willd.) Pedley

Local Common Names

Australia/Lord Howe Is.: black wattle; hickory wattle; mangium
Indonesia: mangge hutan; Sabah salwood; tange hutan
Papua New Guinea: biar
Thailand: krathin thepha

EPPO code

ACAMG (Acacia mangium)

Trade name

brown salwood

Summary of Invasiveness

Top of page

Introduced A. mangium has been found to be associated with invasion events in Africa, Western Australia, American Samoa, Chuuk (Federated States of Micronesia), Sabah (Malaysia) and Bangladesh (Haysom and Murphy, 2003). It is also recorded as invasive in Brazil (Instituto Horus, 2011).

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page

Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Mimosoideae
Genus: Acacia
Species: Acacia mangium

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Top of page

As currently defined Acacia (family Fabaceae, subfamily Mimosoideae) represents a cosmopolitan genus of 1200-1300 species contained in three subgenera: subgenus Acacia, subgenus Aculeiferum and subgenus Phyllodinae (Maslin, 1995). Acacia mangium is in subgenus Phyllodinae, a group containing in excess of 900 species (Maslin and McDonald, 1996). Within subgenus Phyllodinae the species are grouped into seven sections with A. mangium assigned to section Juliflorae (235 species), a group characterized by having flowers in elongated spikes and phyllodes with numerous, often anastomosing, longitudinal nerves.

Pedley (1986) proposed a classification in which Acacia was formally subdivided into three genera, namely Acacia, Senegalia and Racosperma. Most botanists concerned with this group have not adopted Pedley's 1986 classification; however, there are citations for Racosperma mangium in use (Khasa et al., 1995).

This acacia was originally described as Mangium montanum Rumph. in Herbarium Amboinense 3:123, t.81 (1750) but transferred to Acacia by C.L. Willdenow in Sp. Plant 4: 1053 (1806). The specific name is an allusion to Rumphius' observation that this tree resembled 'mangge' or mangroves in Indonesia.

A. mangium may be confused with A. holosericea and A. neurocarpa but can be most readily distinguished by its arborescent habit, glabrous phyllodes and branchlets, white to cream flower spikes and seed with an orange aril (Maslin and McDonald, 1996). A. holosericea and A. neurocarpa occur naturally as shrubs or small trees on drier sites.

Description

Top of page

General

A. mangium is a large tree, to 30 m tall, with a straight bole, which may be over half the total tree height. Trees with a diameter over 50 cm are rare. It may be reduced to a small tree or large shrub of 7-10 m on adverse sites. The bark surface is rough, furrowed longitudinally, and varies in colour from pale grey-brown to brown. The lower bole is sometimes fluted.
A detailed botanical description is provided by Pedley (1975).

Foliage

Borne on very acutely angled, glabrous and stout branchlets, the mature phyllodes of A. mangium are very large, normally 11-27 cm long and 3-10 cm broad. They are dark green, glabrous on a glabrous pulvinus 0.6-1 cm long. The phyllodes are characterized by four (rarely three or five) main longitudinal nerves, basally confluent but distinct from lower margin, minor nerves strongly anastomosing to form a prominent reticulum (Maslin and McDonald, 1996).

Inflorescences, flowers and fruits

The whitish (or cream) flowers are in rather loose spikes 5-12 cm long on peduncles 0.6-1 cm long, singly or in pairs in the upper axils. The seed pods are linear, tightly coiled when ripe, sometimes tightly spirally coiled, slightly woody, 7-8 cm long and 0.3-0.5 cm wide. The seeds are black and shiny, longitudinal, ovate to oblong 3-5 x 2-3 mm with a yellow or bright orange (rarely red) funicle folded to form an oily, fleshy aril beneath the seed.

Phenology

A. mangium is a fast-growing, evergreen species. It is able to grow throughout the year if conditions are suitable. In Thailand, it has been observed that growth appears to slow down or cease in response to the combination of low rainfall and cool temperatures in January-February. Trees start to grow actively again in April before the start of the wet season (Atipanumpai, 1989).

Flowering phenology differs throughout its natural and planted range. In its natural habitat, flowers are present during February to May in Australia and the seed matures in October-December (Sedgley et al., 1992). Farther north the fruits mature earlier with seed available from July in Indonesia, and late September in Papua New Guinea (Skelton, 1987; Turnbull et al., 1983).

As an exotic, the normal flowering cycle may be disrupted and flowering can occur throughout the year; however, a distinct peak is usually discernible (Awang and Taylor, 1993). The peak is reported to be June-July in Peninsular Malaysia (Zakaria and Awang, 1991), January in Sabah (Sedgley et al., 1992), October-November in Taiwan (Kiang et al., 1989) and September in Thailand (Kijkar, 1992). Mature fruits occur 3-4 months after flowering.

Distribution Table

Top of page

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 25 Feb 2021

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	Invasive	Planted	Reference	Notes
Africa
Benin	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Congo, Republic of the	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Côte d'Ivoire	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Kenya	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Madagascar	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Zimbabwe	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Asia
Bangladesh	Present	Introduced	Invasive	Planted	Haysom and Murphy (2003)
China	Present			Planted	Li You et al. (2018)
-Guangdong	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Guangxi	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Hainan	Present			Planted	Li You et al. (2018)
India	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Karnataka	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Kerala	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Maharashtra	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Odisha	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Tamil Nadu	Present			Planted	CABI Data Mining (Undated)
-Uttar Pradesh	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-West Bengal	Present				CABI (Undated a)
Indonesia	Present			Planted	CABI Data Mining (Undated)
-Irian Jaya	Present				CABI (Undated a)
-Maluku Islands	Present				CABI (Undated a)
-Sumatra	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Laos	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Malaysia	Present			Planted	Maid et al. (2018)
-Peninsular Malaysia	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Sabah	Present	Introduced	Invasive	Planted	Haysom and Murphy (2003) Maid et al. (2018)
-Sarawak	Present			Planted	CABI Data Mining (Undated)
Philippines	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Sri Lanka	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Taiwan	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Thailand	Present			Planted	CABI Data Mining (Undated)
Vietnam	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
North America
Costa Rica	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Cuba	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Panama	Present				CABI Data Mining (Undated)
United States	Present				CABI (Undated)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Hawaii	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Oceania
American Samoa	Present	Introduced	Invasive		Haysom and Murphy (2003)
Australia	Present				CABI (Undated)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Northern Territory	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
-Queensland	Present			Planted	CABI Data Mining (Undated)
-Western Australia	Present	Introduced	Invasive		Haysom and Murphy (2003)
Cook Islands	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Federated States of Micronesia	Present	Introduced	Invasive		Haysom and Murphy (2003)	Chuuk
Fiji	Present			Planted	CABI (Undated a)
Papua New Guinea	Present				CABI (Undated a)
South America
Brazil	Present	Introduced	Invasive	Planted	Instituto Horus (2011) Parreira et al. (2014) Lima and Zucchi (2016)
-Maranhao	Present				Lima and Zucchi (2016)
-Roraima	Present				Parreira et al. (2014)
Venezuela	Present				Castro-Medina et al. (2014)

History of Introduction and Spread

Top of page

Large-scale plantations have already been established in Indonesia and Malaysia for the production of paper pulp. Commercial planting of A. mangium in other Asian countries such as China, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam is increasing (Awang and Taylor, 1993). The species also has potential in parts of Africa and Central and South America.

Habitat List

Top of page

Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Top of page

Latitude North (°N)	Latitude South (°S)	Altitude Lower (m)	Altitude Upper (m)
-1	-18	0	800

Air Temperature

Top of page

Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC)	0	6
Mean annual temperature (ºC)	18	28
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC)	30	40
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC)	10	24

Rainfall

Top of page

Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit	Description
Dry season duration	0	6	number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall
Mean annual rainfall	1000	4000	mm; lower/upper limits

Rainfall Regime

Top of page

Summer

Soil Tolerances

Top of page

Soil drainage

free
seasonally waterlogged

Soil reaction

acid

Soil texture

heavy
medium

Special soil tolerances

infertile

Uses List

Top of page

Animal feed, fodder, forage

Fodder/animal feed
Forage

Environmental

Agroforestry
Boundary, barrier or support
Revegetation
Soil improvement

Fuels

Charcoal
Fuelwood

Human food and beverage

Honey/honey flora
Vegetable

Materials

Carved material
Fibre
Miscellaneous materials
Wood/timber

Wood Products

Top of page

Charcoal

Containers

Boxes
Crates

Furniture

Sawn or hewn building timbers

Beams
For heavy construction

Veneers

Wood-based materials

Fibreboard
Medium density fibreboard
Particleboard

Woodware

Brushes
Industrial and domestic woodware
Tool handles
Turnery

References

Top of page

Arisman H, 1996. A tree improvement program for a pulpwood plantation project in Sumatra, Indonesia. In: Rimbawanto A, Widyatmoko AYPBC, Suhaendi H, Furukoshi T, eds. Tropical Plantation Establishment: Improving Productivity through Genetic Practices. Proceedings International Seminar, 19-21 December 1996, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute, Part IV, 20-26.

Arisman H; Havmoller P, 1994. Seed supply strategy for a pulpwood plantation project in southern Sumatra. In: Drysdale RM, John SET, Yapa AC, eds. Proceedings: International Symposium on Genetic Conservation and Production of Tropical Forest Tree Seed, 14-16 June 1993, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Saraburi, Thailand: ASEAN Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre, 225-228.

Atipanumpai L, 1989. Acacia mangium: studies on the genetic variation in ecological and physiological characteristics of a fast-growing plantation tree species. Acta Forestalia Fennica, No. 206, 92 pp.; 369 ref.

Banik RL; Mannan MA; Sharmila Das; Islam SAMN; Das S, 1995. Vegetative propagation of adult trees of acacia hybrid (Acacia auriculiformis X Acacia mangium). Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science, 24 (1): 74.

Bell TIW; Evo T, 1983. Fuelwood plantations and the Fijian village community. Fiji Pine Research Paper, Fiji Pine Commission/Fiji Forestry Department, No. 12:6 pp.

Bernhard-Reversat F; Diangana D; Tsatsa M, 1993. Biomasse, mineralomasse et productivité en plantation d' Acacia mangium et A. auriculiformis au Congo [Biomass, mineral content and productivity in an Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis plantation in Congo]. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 238:35-44.

Bhaskar P; Subhash K, 1996. Micropropagation of Acacia mangium Willd. through nodal bud culture. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 34(6):590-591

Bleeker P, 1983. Soils of Papua New Guinea. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO and Australian National University Press.

Bon MC; Monteuuis O, 1996. Biotechnologies forestières au Sabah [Forest biotechnology in Sabah]. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 248:31-42.

Booth TH; ed, 1996. Matching trees and sites. Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 27-30 March 1995. ACIAR Proceedings No. 63.

Bowen MR; Eusebio TV, 1981. Acacia mangium. Updated information on seed collection, handling and germination testing. FAO/UNDP-MAL/78/009, Forest Research Centre, Sabah, Malaysia Seed Series, No. 5.

Braza RD, 1995. Pinhole beetle infestation of Acacia mangium logs. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 13:18; 1 ref.

Braza RD, 1997. New insect pests of Acacia mangium in the Philippines. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Research Reports, 2: 24-26.

Buford Briscoe C, 1995. Four Acacia species for acid soils. In: Evans DO; Szott, LT eds. Nitrogen Fixing Trees for Acid Soils. Proceedings of a Workshop sponsored by the Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association and Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE), July 3-8, 1994, Turrialba, Costa Rica. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, Special Issue, 265-271.

Butcher PA; Moran GF; Perkins HD, 1996. Genetic resources and domestication of Acacia mangium. In: Dieters MJ, Matheson AC, Nikles DG, Harwood CE, Walker SM, eds. Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry. Proceedings QFRI-IUFRO conference, Caloundra, Queensland, Australia, 27 October-1 November 1996. Gympie: Queensland Forestry Research Institute, 467-471.

Carron LT; Aken KM eds, 1992. Breeding technologies for tropical acacias. Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia, 1-4 July 1991. ACIAR Proceedings Series, No. 37

Clark NB; Balodis V; Fang GG; Wang JX, 1991. Pulping properties of tropical acacias. In: Turnbull JW, ed. Advances in Tropical Acacia Research. Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 11-15 February 1991. ACIAR Proceedings No. 35, 138-144.

Cole TG; Yost RS; Kablan R; Olsen T, 1996. Growth potential of twelve Acacia species on acid soils in Hawaii. Forest Ecology and Management, 80(1-3):175-186; 19 ref.

Dart P; Umali-Garcia M; Almendras A, 1991. Role of symbiotic associations in nutrition of tropical acacias. ACIAR Proceedings Series Canberra, Australia; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, No. 35:13-19

dela Cruz RE; Umali-Garcia M, 1992. Nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizae in acacias on degraded grasslands. In: Awang K, Taylor DA, eds. Tropical Acacias in East Asia and the Pacific. Proceedings of a First meeting of COGREDA held in Phuket, Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Research, 59-71.

Doran JC; Gunn BV, 1987. Treatments to promote seed germination in Australian acacias. In: Turnbull JW, ed. Australian Acacias in Developing Countries. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Gympie, Qld., Australia, 4-7 August 1986. ACIAR Proceedings No 16:57-63

Doran JC; Skelton DJ, 1982. Acacia mangium seed collections for international provenance trials. Forest Genetic Resources Information, FAO, No. 11, 47-53; 1 pl.; 7 ref.

Doran JC; Turnbull JW, 1997. Australian trees and shrubs: species for land rehabilitation and farm planting in the tropics. Australian trees and shrubs: species for land rehabilitation and farm planting in the tropics., viii + 384 pp.; [refs].

Doran JC; Turnbull JW; Boland DJ; Gunn BV, 1983. Handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias. A guide for collecting, extracting, cleaning, and storing the seed and for treatment to promote germination of dry-zone acacias. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organisation. 1983, viii + 92 pp.; 18 pl.; 8 pp. of ref.

Fisher RF, 1995. Amelioration of degraded rain forest soils by plantations of native trees. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59(2):544-549; 32 ref.

Galiana A; N'Guessan KA; Gnahoua GM; Balle P; Dupuy B; Domenach AM; Mallet B, 1996. Nitrogen fixation in Acacia mangium plantations. Bois et Fore^circumflex~ts des Tropiques, No. 249:51-62; [With extended English summary and captions]; 20 ref.

Gough DK; Bell RE; Ryan PA; Bragg CT, 1989. Drying and burning properties of the wood of some Australian tree species. In: Boland DJ, ed. Trees for the tropics. Growing Australian multipurpose trees and shrubs in Developing Countries. ACIAR-Monograph, No. 10, 177-186.

Guzman LC; Lawrence JH; Marler TE, 1997. Growth and development responses of three Acacia species to long-term light regimes. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 4(1-2):119-130; 15 ref.

Harbard J; Sedgley M, 1994. Storage of Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis pollen. In Drysdale RM, John SET, Yapa AC, eds. Proceedings: International Symposium on Genetic Conservation and Production of Tropical Forest Tree Seed, 14-16 June 1993, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 199-204; 10 ref.

Harwood CE, 1996. Recent developments in improvement strategy for tropical tree species. In: Rimbawanto A, Widyatmoko AYPBC, Suhaendi H, Furukoshi T, eds Tropical Plantation Establishment: Improving Productivity Through Genetic Practices. Proceedings international seminar, 19-21 December 1996, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute, II 1-21.

Harwood CE; Williams ER, 1992. A review of provenance variation in growth of Acacia mangium. In: Carron LT, Aken KM, eds. Breeding Technologies for Tropical Acacias. Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia, 1-4 July 1991. ACIAR Proceedings No. 37:22-30.

Haysom K; Murphy S, 2003. The status of invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natural habitat: a global review and discussion paper. Rome, Italy: FAO. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/J1583E/J1583E00.htm

Ho YF; Maznah O, 1995. Insect pests of Acacia mangium sawn timber. Journal of Tropical Forest Products, 1(2):113-116; 7 ref.

Hutacharern C, 1992. Insect pests of acacias: an overview. In: Awang K, Taylor DA, eds. Tropical acacias in East Asia and the Pacific: Proceedings of the first meeting of COGREDA, Phuket, Thailand, 1-3 June, 1992. Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Research, 81-85.

Hutacharern C, 1993. Insect pests. In: Awang K, Taylor D, eds. Acacia mangium Growing and Utilisation. MPTS Monograph Series No. 3. Bangkok: Winrock International and FAO, 163-202.

Instituto Horus, 2011. Alien Invasive Species: Fact Sheets., Brazil. http://www.institutohorus.br/inf_fichas_eng

Jones N, 1983. Fast-growing leguminous trees in Sabah. In: Leucaena Research in the Asian-Pacific Region. Ottawa, Canada: IDRC, 149-154.

Kamis Awang; Taylor D; eds, 1993. Acacia mangium: growing and utilization. 1993, xiii + 280 pp.; refs at ends of chapters. MPTS Monograph Series No. 3. Jointly published with the FAO Forestry Research Support Programme for Asia and the Pacific (FORSPA) and Forest Tree Improvement Project (FORTIP).

Keating WG; Bolza E, 1982. Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers. Volume 1. South-east Asia, Northern Australia and the Pacific. xxi + 362 pp.; 24 pl. (col.); 146 ref. Melbourne, Australia: Inkata Press.

Khasa PD; Li P; Vallée G; Magnussen S; Bousquet J, 1995. Early evaluation of Racosperma auriculiforme and R. mangium provenance trials on four sites in Zaire. Forest Ecology and Management, 78(1-3):99-113; 37 ref.

Kiang T; Jeng CY; Fuh-Jiunn P; Fuh-Jing M, 1989. Peroxidase isozyme evidence for natural hybridization between Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis. In: Gibson GL, Griffin AR, Matheson AC, eds. Breeding Tropical Trees: Population Structure and Genetic Improvement Strategies in Clonal and Seedling Forestry. Oxford, UK: Oxford Forestry Institute and Winrock International, 392-393.

Kijkar S, 1992. Vegetative propagation of Acacia mangium X Acacia auriculiformis. Handbook No. 1. Muak Lek, Saraburi, Thailand. ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre. iii + 19 pp.; 18 ref.

Krisnawati H; Kallio MH; Kanninen M, 2011. Acacia mangium Willd.: ecology, silviculture and productivity. Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), vii + 15 pp. http://www.cifor.org/nc/online-library/browse/view-publication/publication/3392.html

Kurinobu S; Nirsatmanto A, 1996. Expected gain on volume productivity in seedling seed orchards of Acacia mangium established by technical cooperation project between Indonesia and Japan. In: Rimbawanto A, Widyatmoko AYPBC, Suhaendi H, Furukoshi T, eds. Tropical Plantation Establishment: Improving Productivity through Genetic Practices. Proceedings international seminar, 19-21 December 1996, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute, Part III, 1-11.

Le Dinh Kha, 1996. Studies on natural hybrids of Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis in Vietnam. In: Dieters MJ, Matheson AC, Nikles DG, Harwood CE, Walker SM, eds. Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry. Proceedings QFRI-IUFRO conference, Caloundra, Queensland, Australia, 27 October-1 November 1996. Gympie, Australia: Queensland Forestry Research Institute, 328-332.

Lee SS, 1993. Diseases. In: Awang K, Taylor D, eds. Acacia mangium Growing and Utilisation. MPTS Monograph Series No. 3. Bangkok: Winrock International and FAO, 203-223.

Leksono B; Susilowati S; Rosiawan H, 1996. Provenance trial of Acacia mangium and Acacia crassiocarpa in Riau Province, Indonesia. In: Rimbawanto A, Widyatmoko AYPBC, Suhaendi H, Furukoshi T, eds. Tropical Plantation Establishment: Improving Productivity through Genetic Practices. Proceedings International Seminar, 19-21 December 1996, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute: 1-8.

Lemmens RHMJ; Soerianegara I; Wong WC, eds. 1995. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5 (2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. 655 pp.; Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers.

LennT JM, 1992. Diseases of multipurpose woody legumes in the tropics: a review. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 10:13-29; 5 pp. of ref.

Liyanage M de S; Jayasundara HPS; Perera KCP, 1990. Effect of leaf mulches from several nitrogen fixing tree species on soil microclimate. In: Gunasena HPM, ed, Multipurpose Tree Species in Sri Lanka: Research and Development. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop organized by National Research Committee on Multipurpose Tree Species and Winrock International F/FRED, held 22-24 March 1990 at Kandy, Sri Lanka. 18-26.

Logan AF, 1987. Australian acacias for pulpwood. In: Turnbull JW, ed. Australian Acacias in Developing Countries. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Gympie, Qld., Australia, 4-7 August 1986. ACIAR Proceedings No. 16:89-94

Manubag J; Laureto B; Nicholls J; Cannon P, 1995. Acacia mangium response to nitrogen and phosphorous in the Philippines. In: Evans DO, Szott LT, eds. Nitrogen Fixing Trees for Acid Soils. Proceedings of a Workshop Sponsored by the Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association and Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza, July 3-8, 1994, Turrialba, Costa Rica. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, Special Issue, 32-34.

Maslin BR, 1995. Systematics and phytogeography of Australian species of Acacia: an overview. IFA Newsletter, 36(2):2-5.

Maslin BR; McDonald MW, 1996. A key to useful Australian acacias for the seasonally dry tropics. 80 pp. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.

Mead DJ; Miller RR, 1991. The establishment and tending of Acacia mangium. In:Turnbull JW, ed. Advances in Tropical Acacia Research. Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 11-15 February 1991. ACIAR Proceedings No. 35, 116-122; 12 ref.

Mehrotra MD; Pandey PC; Chakrabarti K; Suresh Sharma; Hazra K, 1996. Root and heart rots in Acacia mangium plantations in India. Indian Forester, 122(2):155-160; 6 ref.

Moncur MW; Kleinschmidt G; Somerville D, 1991. The role of acacia and eucalypt plantations for honey production. ACIAR Proceedings Series, No. 35:123-127; 18 ref.

Monteuuis O, 1995. In vivo grafting and in vitro micrografting of Acacia mangium: impact of ortet age. Silvae Genetica, 44(4):190-193; 18 ref.

Moran GF; Muona O; Bell JC, 1989. Acacia mangium: a tropical forest tree of the coastal lowlands with low genetic diversity. Evolution, 43(1):231-235; 23 ref.

National Academy of Sciences, 1979. Tropical legumes: resources for the future. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, 1983. Mangium and other acacias of the humid tropics. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

Nguyen Hoang Nghia; Le Dinh Kha, 1996. Acacia species and provenance selection for large-scale planting in Vietnam. In: Dieters MJ, Matheson AC, Nikles DG, Harwood CE, Walker SM, eds. Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry. Proceedings QFRI-IUFRO conference, Caloundra, Queensland, Australia, 27 October-1 November 1996. Gympie: Queensland Forestry Research Institute, 443-448.

Old KM; Lee SS; Sharma JK; eds, 1997. Diseases of tropical acacias. Proceedings of an International Workshop , Subanjeriji (South Sumatra), 28 April - 3 May 1996. Jakarta: Center for International Forestry Research.

Otsamo A; Adjers G; Hadi TS; Kuusipalo J; Tuomela K; Vuokko R, 1995. Effect of site preparation and initial fertilization on the establishment and growth of four plantation tree species used in reforestation of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. dominated grasslands. Forest Ecology and Management, 73(1-3):271-277; 27 ref.

Otsamo AO; Nikles DG; Vuokko RHO, 1996. Species and provenance variation of candidate acacias for afforestation of Imperata cylindrica grasslands in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Dieters MJ, Matheson AC, Nikles DG, Harwood CE, Walker SM, eds. Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry. Proceedings QFRI-IUFRO conference, Caloundra, Queensland, Australia, 27 October-1 November 1996. Gympie, Australia: Queensland Forestry Research Institute, 46-50.

Paijmans K, 1976. New Guinea vegetation. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University Press.

Paijmans K; Blake DJ; Bleeker P; McAlpine JR, 1971. Land resources of the Morehead-Kiunga area, Territory of Papua and New Guinea. CSIRO Land Research Series No. 29, 19-45.

Pedley L, 1975. Revision of extra-Australian species of Acacia - subg. Heterophyllum. Contrib. Qd. Herb. No. 18:1-24.

Pedley L, 1986. Derivation and dispersal of Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to Australia, and the recognition of Senegalia and Racosperma. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 92(3):219-254; 143 ref.

Poupard C; Chauviere M; Monteuuis O, 1994. Rooting Acacia mangium cuttings: effects of age, within-shoot position and auxin treatment. Silvae Genetica, 43(4):226-231; 16 ref.

Prin Y; Galiana A; Ducousso M; Dupuy B; Lajudie Pde; Neyra M, 1993. Rhizobia of Acacia spp.: biodiversity and taxonomy. Bois et Fore^circumflex~ts des Tropiques, No. 238:5-20; [With extended English summary, figures and tables]; 68 ref.

Razali AK; Hamami SM, 1992. Processing and utilisation of acacias, focusing on Acacia mangium. In: Awang K, Taylor DA, eds. Tropical Acacias in East Asia and the Pacific: Proceedings of a first meeting of COGREDA, Phuket, Thailand, 1-3 June, 1992. Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Research, 86-91.

Sanginga N; Vanlauwe B; Danso SKA, 1995. Management of biological N2 fixation in alley cropping systems: estimation and contribution to N balance. In: Ladha JK, Peoples MB, eds. Management of biological nitrogen fixation for the development of more productive and sustainable agricultural systems. Extended versions of papers presented at the symposium on biological nitrogen fixation for sustainable agriculture at the 15th. World Congress of Soil Science, Acapulco, Mexico, 1994. Plant and Soil, 174(1-2):119-141; 94 ref.

Sedgley M; Harbard J; Smith RMM; Wickneswari R; Griffin AR, 1992. Reproductive biology and interspecific hybridisation of Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Australian Journal of Botany, 40(1):37-48; 32 ref.

Sim BL, 1987. Research on Acacia mangium in Sabah: a review. In: Turnbull JW, ed. Australian Acacias in Developing Countries. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Gympie, Qld., Australia, 4-7 August 1986. ACIAR Proceedings No. 16: 164-166

Sim BL, 1992. Overview of acacia research in Sabah. In: Awang K, Taylor DA, eds. Tropical Acacias in East Asia and the Pacific: Proceedings of a first meeting of COGREDA, Phuket, Thailand, 1-3 June, 1992. Bangkok: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Research, 28-33.

Skelton DJ, 1987. Distribution and ecology of Papua New Guinea acacias. In: Turnbull JW, ed. Australian Acacias in Developing Countries. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Gympie, Qld., Australia, 4-7 August 1986. ACIAR Proceedings No. 16: 38-44

Tham CK, 1979. Trials of Acacia mangium Willd. as a plantation species in Sabah. Food and Agriculture Organization: Forest genetic resources information No. 9. FAO-Forestry-Occasional-Paper, No. 1, 32-35; 2 pl.; 2 ref.

Tracey JG, 1982. The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO.

Tuen AA, 1994. Chemical composition and rumen degradability of forages and browse for goats and sheep in Sarawak. Sustainable animal production and the environment. Proceedings of the 7th AAAP Animal Science Congress, Bali Indonesia, 11-16 July, 1994. Volume 2: contributed papers., 503-504; 5 ref.

Tuomela K; Otsamo A; Kuusipalo J; Vuokko R; Nikles G, 1996. Effect of provenance variation and singling and pruning on early growth of Acacia mangium Willd. plantation on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. dominated grassland. Forest Ecology and Management, 84(1/3):241-249; 32 ref.

Turnbull JW; Awang K, 1997. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. In: Faridah Hanum I, van der Maesen LJG, eds. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 11. Auxiliary plants. Leiden, the Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 52-56.

Turnbull JW; Skelton DJ; Subagyono M; Hardiyanto EB, 1983. Seed collections of tropical acacias in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia. Forest Genetic Resources Information, FAO, No. 12, 2-15; 15 ref.

Turvey ND, 1995. Afforestation of Imperata grasslands in Indonesia: Results of industrial tree plantation research trials at Teluk Sirih on Pulau Laut, Kalimantan Selatan. ACIAR Technical Reports No. 33.

Udarbe MP; Hepburn AJ, 1987. Development of Acacia mangium as a plantation species in Sabah. In: Turnbull JW, ed. Australian Acacias in Developing Countries. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Gympie, Qld., Australia, 4-7 August 1986. ACIAR Proceedings No. 16: 157-159

Vercoe TK, 1989. Fodder value of selected Australian tree and shrub species. ACIAR Monograph, No. 10:187-192; [refs. at end of book].

Wong CY; Haines RJ, 1992. Multiplication of families of Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis by cuttings from young seedlings. In: Carron LT, Aken KM, eds. Breeding Technologies for Tropical Acacias. Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia, 1-4 July 1991. ACIAR Proceedings No. 37, 112-114

Yan H; Booth TH; Zuo H, 1996. GREEN - A climatic mapping program for China and its use in forestry. In: Booth TH, ed. Matching Trees and Sites. Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 27-30 March 1995. ACIAR Proceedings No. 63:24-29.

Yantasath K; Anusontpornperm S; Utistham T; Soontornrangson W; Watanatham S, 1993. Acacias for fuelwood and charcoal In: Awang K, Taylor DA, eds. Acacias for Rural, Industrial and Environmental Development. Proceedings of the Second meeting of Consultative Group for Research and Development of Acacias (COGREDA). Udorn Thani, Thailand: Winrock International and FAO, 144-152.

Zakaria Ibrahim; Kamis Awang, 1991. Comparison of floral morphology, flower production and pollen yield of Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis. In: Turnbull JW ed. Advances in Tropical Acacia Research. Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 11-15 February 1991. ACIAR Proceedings No. 35, 26-29; 27 ref.

Zakra N; Domenach AM; Sangare A, 1996. Positive results of coconut/acacia intercropping for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium restoration. Plantations, Recherche, Developpement, 3(1):39-48; 8 ref.

Distribution References

CABI Data Mining, Undated. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,

CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Castro-Medina F, Mohali S R, Ürbez-Torres J R, Gubler W D, 2014. First report of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae causing trunk cankers in Acacia mangium in Venezuela. Plant Disease. 98 (5), 686. DOI:10.1094/PDIS-02-13-0160-PDN

Haysom K, Murphy S, 2003. The status of invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natural habitat: a global review and discussion paper. In: The status of invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natural habitat: a global review and discussion paper, Rome, Italy: FAO. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/J1583E/J1583E00.htm#TopOfPage

Instituto Horus, 2011. Alien Invasive Species: Fact Sheets. In: Alien Invasive Species: Fact Sheets. Brazil: http://www.institutohorus.br/inf_fichas_eng.htm

Li You, Zhou Xiang, Lai ShengChang, Yin Tao, Ji YingChao, Wang ShuPing, Wang JianGuo, Hulcr J, 2018. First record of Euplatypus parallelus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in China. Florida Entomologist. 101 (1), 141-143. DOI:10.1653/024.101.0127

Lima É F B, Zucchi R A, 2016. Thrips on fabaceous plants and weeds in an ecotone in northeastern Brazil. Ciência Rural. 46 (3), 393-398. DOI:10.1590/0103-8478cr20150613

Maid M, Latif A A, Gan E, Najjah Salfinas, Kitingan C, Maycock C R, Wickneswari Ratnam, 2018. First report of stem canker disease on acacia mangium induced by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae species in Sabah, Malaysia. Malaysian Applied Biology Journal. 47 (3), 147-151. http://www.mabjournal.com/images/47_3_June_2018/47_03_19.pdf

Parreira D S, Zanuncio J C, Mielke O H H, Wilcken C F, Serrão J E, Zanuncio T V, 2014. Periphoba hircia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) defoliating plants of Acacia mangium in the state of Roraima, Brazil. Florida Entomologist. 97 (1), 325-328. http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/ DOI:10.1653/024.097.0153

Distribution Maps

Top of page

You can pan and zoom the map

Save map

Unsupported Web Browser:

One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.

Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.

More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/

Datasheet

Acacia mangium (brown salwood)

Toolbox