Duranta erecta (golden dewdrop)

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Duranta erecta L.

Preferred Common Name

golden dewdrop

Other Scientific Names

Duranta angustifolia Salisb.
Duranta dentata Pers.
Duranta ellisiae Jacq.
Duranta inermis L.
Duranta integrifolia Tod.
Duranta latifolia Salisb.
Duranta microphylla Willd.
Duranta plumieri Jacq.
Duranta racemosa Mill.
Duranta repens L.
Duranta spinosa Mill.
Duranta turbinata Tod.
Duranta xalapensis Kunth
Ellisia acuta L.

International Common Names

English: angels whisper; Brazilian sky flower; duranta; forget-me-not tree; garden dew drop; golden eardrops; golden tears; pigeonberry; skyflower
Spanish: cuentas de oro; duranta; flor celeste; San Jacinto; tala blanco
French: durante dressée; durante; vanillier de Cayenne; vanillier marron
Chinese: jia lian qiao
Portuguese: duranta; fruta-de-jacú; pingo-de-ouro; violeteira
German: durante; taubenbeere

Local Common Names

Brazil: pingo-de-ouro; violeteira-dourada
Germany: durante
India: kata mehedi
Indonesia: sinyo nakal
Italy: duranta
Japan: deyuranta; harimatsuso; sinyo nakal; taiwan-rengiyô
Marshall Islands: jab meloklok
Mexico: pojkol che; xcambocoché
Philippines: dueanta
South Africa: vergeet-my-nie-boom
Sweden: duvbär
Thailand: thanh yod
Tonga: ‘olive; māvaetangi
Uganda: ekikomamahanga; kawololo; langwila
Vietnam: thanh quan

EPPO code

DUTPL (Duranta plumieri)

Summary of Invasiveness

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Duranta erecta is a vine-like, evergreen shrub, native to the Americas. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental and is also used as a hedge plant. The seeds of this species are dispersed naturally by birds that eat the fruits, and accidentally through garden waste disposal by humans and the nursery trade. D. erecta is naturalized in Asia, Africa and Oceania. It is an invasive weed in China, Taiwan, Hawaii, Fiji, French Polynesia, Tonga and Australia. D. erecta is allelopathic and forms dense thickets, displacing native plants and associated organisms. It is reported to invade riparian habitats and scrublands and it is listed as one of the 50 most invasive species in New South Wales and among the top 100 most invasive plants in southeastern Queensland. The leaves and fruits are also poisonous to people and animals and they are reported to have caused the poisoning of domestic cats and dogs.

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Lamiales
Family: Verbenaceae
Genus: Duranta
Species: Duranta erecta

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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The genus Duranta belongs to the family Verbenaceae and contains approximately 17 species native to the tropical Americas (Munir, 1995). The genus was named after Castore Durante, a sixteenth-century, Italian botanist (Andreu et al., 2010).

Historically, there has been a lot of confusion about the taxonomy of the species D. erecta, which has variously been known as D. erecta, D. plumieri or D. repens (Munir, 1995). D. erecta is now recognized as the accepted name, with D. plumieri and D. repens listed as synonyms (The Plant List, 2018). The common name, golden dewdrop, comes from of the appearance of the golden fruits hanging from the plant (Andreu et al., 2010).

The recognition of a number of varieties (D. erecta var. alba, D. erecta var. domingensis, D. erecta var. erecta and D. erecta var. grandiflora) suggests D. erecta has wide morphological variation (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018).

Description

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D. erecta is a sprawling or vine-like tender evergreen shrub or small tree, growing up to 7 m tall and spreading to an equal width (Munir, 1995; Floridata, 2015). It typically grows in a clump with multiple branches that droop towards the ground (Floridata, 2015). The bark is light brown and slightly furrowed (Andreu et al., 2010). The stems of mature plants usually have sharp axillary thorns, which are absent in younger plants of this species (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018). Leaves are ovate, paired, opposite, and between 2.5 and 7.6 cm long (Floridata, 2015). Flowers hang in long racemes (approx. 15 cm) and are small, tubular and range from purple and white to violet or blue (Andreu et al., 2010). The fruit is approximately 7-10 mm in diameter, subglobose or obpyriform and is orange-yellow in colour (Munir, 1995).

The following description is from the Flora of China (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013):

Shrubs, often climbing. Branches spiny, pubescent when young. Petiole ca 1 cm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, 2-6.5 x 1.5-3.5 cm, papery, base cuneate, margin entire to distally crenate, veins 6 pairs. Calyx pubescent on both surfaces. Corolla tube ca 7 mm. Stamens included. Ovary glabrous. Drupes ca 5 mm in diameter, shorter than calyx, shiny, glabrous.

Plant Type

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Broadleaved
Perennial
Seed propagated
Shrub
Vegetatively propagated
Vine / climber
Woody

Distribution

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D. erecta is native to Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America and much of South America (USDA-ARS, 2013). According to USDA-NRCS (2018), it is also native to the states of Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana and Texas in the USA. However, other records report that it is introduced in Florida and Texas (USDA-ARS, 2013). This species is widely cultivated across the world and, as a result, has become naturalized in parts of Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean islands of Mayotte and Reunion and much of Oceania (PIER, 2013; USDA-ARS, 2013; Flora of Zambia, 2015; Flora of Zimbabwe, 2015; Hyde et al., 2015; Witt and Luke, 2017). It is reported to be invasive in China, Taiwan, Hawaii (USA), Fiji, French Polynesia, Tonga and Australia (PIER, 2013; Weeds of Australia, 2016).

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 10 Feb 2022

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	First Reported	Invasive	Reference	Notes
Africa
Botswana	Present	Introduced			Witt and Luke (2017)
Ethiopia	Present	Introduced			Witt and Luke (2017)
Kenya	Present	Introduced			Witt and Luke (2017)
Malawi	Present	Introduced			Witt and Luke (2017)
Mayotte	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	USDA-ARS (2013)	Naturalized
Mozambique	Present	Introduced			CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Hyde et al (2015)
Réunion	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	USDA-ARS (2013)	Naturalized
Rwanda	Present	Introduced			Witt and Luke (2017)
South Africa	Present	Introduced	1858		Seebens et al. (2017)
Tanzania	Present	Introduced			Witt and Luke (2017)
Uganda	Present	Introduced			Witt and Luke (2017)
Zambia	Present	Introduced			Witt and Luke (2017) Flora of Zambia (2015)
Zimbabwe	Present	Introduced	1905	Invasive	Seebens et al. (2017) Flora of Zimbabwe (2015) Witt and Luke (2017)
Asia
Bhutan	Present	Introduced	1999		Seebens et al. (2017)
China	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2016) Flora of China Editorial Committee (2013) USDA-ARS (2013) Zhang et al. (2018)
-Fujian	Present	Introduced			Flora of China Editorial Committee (2013)
-Guangdong	Present	Introduced			Flora of China Editorial Committee (2013) Zhang et al. (2018)
-Guangxi	Present	Introduced			Flora of China Editorial Committee (2013)
-Hainan	Present	Introduced			Flora of China Editorial Committee (2013)
-Hunan	Present	Introduced			Flora of China Editorial Committee (2013)
-Jiangxi	Present	Introduced			Flora of China Editorial Committee (2013)
-Zhejiang	Present	Introduced			Flora of China Editorial Committee (2013)
Hong Kong	Present, Only in captivity/cultivation	Introduced			PIER (2013)
India	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	USDA-ARS (2013) Sakthivel et al. (2012) Jaidi et al. (2015) Seebens et al. (2017)	Naturalized
-Tamil Nadu	Present				Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Pakistan	Present				Mustujab et al. (2015) Abbas et al. (2010)
Philippines	Present, Only in captivity/cultivation	Introduced			PIER (2013)	Cultivated for ornamental purposes
Saudi Arabia	Present				El-Sherbiny (2011)
Singapore	Present, Only in captivity/cultivation	Introduced			Chong et al. (2009)
Taiwan	Present	Introduced		Invasive	PIER (2013) Flora of China Editorial Committee (2013) USDA-ARS (2013)
Turkey	Present				Keçe and Ulusoy (2017)
North America
Antigua and Barbuda	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Bahamas	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Barbados	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Belize	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Bermuda	Present				Missouri Botanical Garden (2018)
British Virgin Islands	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)	Virgin Gorda
Cayman Islands	Present				Missouri Botanical Garden (2018)
Costa Rica	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Cuba	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Dominican Republic	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
El Salvador	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Guadeloupe	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Guatemala	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Haiti	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Honduras	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Jamaica	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Martinique	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Mexico	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Montserrat	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Nicaragua	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Panama	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Puerto Rico	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Saint Lucia	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
U.S. Virgin Islands	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)	St. Croix, St. Thomas
United States	Present	Introduced			CABI (Undated a) Gumtow et al. (2013)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Arizona	Present	Native			USDA-NRCS (2018)
-California	Present	Native			USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Florida	Present	Native and Introduced			Gumtow et al. (2013) USDA-ARS (2013) USDA-NRCS (2018)	Recorded as both native and introduced in this state
-Hawaii	Present	Introduced		Invasive	PIER (2013) USDA-ARS (2013)	Kaua‘i Island, O‘ahu Island
-Louisiana	Present	Native			USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Texas	Present	Native and Introduced			USDA-ARS (2013) USDA-NRCS (2018)	Recorded as both native and introduced in this state
Oceania
American Samoa	Present	Introduced			PIER (2013)	Ta‘u Island, Tutuila Island. Also cultivated
Australia	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2016) PIER (2013) USDA-ARS (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)
-New South Wales	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2016)
-Queensland	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2016) PIER (2013)
Cook Islands	Present	Introduced			PIER (2013)	Rarotonga Island
Federated States of Micronesia	Present	Introduced			PIER (2013) USDA-ARS (2013)	Weno (Moen) Island, Kosrae Island, Pohnpei Island. Also cultivated
Fiji	Present	Introduced		Invasive	PIER (2013) USDA-ARS (2013)	Vanua Levu Island, Vanua Mbalavu Island, Viti Levu Island. Also cultivated
French Polynesia	Present	Introduced		Invasive	PIER (2013) USDA-ARS (2013)	Mangareva (Gambier) Island, Hiva Oa Island, Ua Huka (Huahuna, Uahuka) Island, Moorea Island, Raiatea (Havai) Island, Tahiti Island. Also cultivated
Guam	Present	Introduced			PIER (2013) USDA-ARS (2013)	Also cultivated
Marshall Islands	Present	Introduced			PIER (2013) USDA-ARS (2013)	Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll, Arno Atoll . Also cultivated
Nauru	Present	Introduced			PIER (2013)	Also cultivated
New Caledonia	Present	Introduced			PIER (2013) USDA-ARS (2013)	Île Lifou, Île Grande Terre. Also cultivated
Northern Mariana Islands	Present	Introduced			PIER (2013) USDA-ARS (2013)	Aguijan (Agiguan, Aguihan) Island, Rota Island
Palau	Present	Introduced			PIER (2013)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island, Babeldaob Island, Koror (Oreor) Island, Malakal (Ngemelachel) Island, Ngercheu Island, Ngerkebesang Island, Peleliu (Beliliou) Island, Sonsorol Island. Also cultivated
Papua New Guinea	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	USDA-ARS (2013)	Naturalized
Samoa	Present	Introduced			PIER (2013)	Savai‘i Island, Upolu Island. Also cultivated
Tonga	Present	Introduced		Invasive	PIER (2013) USDA-ARS (2013)	Lifuka and Foa Islands, ‘Eua Island, Tongatapu Island. Also cultivated
Vanuatu	Present				PIER (2013)
Wallis and Futuna	Present	Introduced			PIER (2013)	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island. Also cultivated
South America
Argentina	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)	Buenos Aires, Chaco, Entre Rios, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fe
Bolivia	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Brazil	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013) Marsaro Júnior et al. (2015)
-Bahia	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
-Espirito Santo	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
-Minas Gerais	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
-Paraiba	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
-Rio de Janeiro	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
-Rio Grande do Sul	Present				Marsaro Júnior et al. (2015)
-Sao Paulo	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Colombia	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Ecuador	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
-Galapagos Islands	Present	Native			Jaramillo Díaz et al. (2018)
French Guiana	Present				Missouri Botanical Garden (2018)
Guyana	Present				Missouri Botanical Garden (2018)
Paraguay	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Peru	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)	Cajamarca, Cuzco, Lambayeque, Lima, Piura, Puno
Suriname	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)
Venezuela	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2013)

Risk of Introduction

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The risk of introduction of D. erecta is high because it is widely cultivated for ornamental use in gardens.

Habitat

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According to Floridata (2015), D. erecta occurs in scrub, open woodlands and disturbed areas. It is also associated with riparian habitats, coastal hills, grasslands, densely forested areas and roadsides (Little et al., 1974; Flora of Zimbabwe, 2015; Weeds of Australia, 2016).

Habitat List

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Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial	Managed	Managed grasslands (grazing systems)	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Managed grasslands (grazing systems)	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Rail / roadsides	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Rail / roadsides	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Urban / peri-urban areas	Present, no further details	Productive/non-natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural forests	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural forests	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural grasslands	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural grasslands	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Riverbanks	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Riverbanks	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Scrub / shrublands	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Scrub / shrublands	Present, no further details	Natural
Littoral		Coastal areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Littoral		Coastal areas	Present, no further details	Natural

Biology and Ecology

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Genetics

Various chromosome numbers have been reported for D. erecta, ranging from 2n = 16 to 2n = 36 (Munir, 1995).

Reproductive Biology

D. erecta reproduces by seed but can also be propagated by cuttings (Floridata, 2015).

Physiology and Phenology

In Puerto Rico, it flowers and fruits in Northern spring and summer (Little et al., 1974). However, ornamental plants flower and fruit throughout the year, with both flowers and fruit being present on the shrubs at the same time (Nelson, 1996).

Environmental Requirements

D. erecta tolerates acidic to slightly alkaline soils and is moderately salt tolerant (Floridata, 2015). It prefers well drained, fertile soils and partial shade (Floridata, 2015). Annual rainfall is usually between 800 mm and 1800 mm (IPlantz, 2019). In Puerto Rico, it grows from sea level to approximately 120 m (Little et al., 1974). According to Adams (1972), it can grow up to approximately 1600 m above sea level. However, specimens collected from Dominican Republic have been recorded at elevations of 3600 m (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018).

Climate

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Climate	Status	Description
A - Tropical/Megathermal climate	Preferred	Average temp. of coolest month > 18°C, > 1500mm precipitation annually
Af - Tropical rainforest climate	Preferred	> 60mm precipitation per month
Am - Tropical monsoon climate	Preferred	Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25]))
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer	Preferred	< 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate	Preferred	< 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

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Latitude North (°N)	Latitude South (°S)	Altitude Lower (m)	Altitude Upper (m)
		0	3600

Rainfall

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Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit	Description
Mean annual rainfall	800	1800	mm; lower/upper limits

Soil Tolerances

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Soil drainage

free

Soil reaction

acid
alkaline
neutral

Special soil tolerances

saline

Means of Movement and Dispersal

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Natural Dispersal

The seeds are most commonly dispersed by birds that eat the brightly coloured fruit (Weeds of Australia, 2016).

Accidental Introduction

D. erecta can be spread via dumped garden waste (Weeds of Australia, 2016).

Intentional Introduction

It is deliberately introduced into new areas as an ornamental plant.

Pathway Causes

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Cause	Long Distance	Local	References
Garden waste disposal		Yes	Weeds of Australia (2016)
Landscape improvement	Yes	Yes
Nursery trade	Yes	Yes
Ornamental purposes	Yes	Yes

Pathway Vectors

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Vector	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Debris and waste associated with human activities	Spreads via dumped garden waste	Yes	Yes	Weeds of Australia (2016)

Impact Summary

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Category	Impact
Cultural/amenity	Positive
Environment (generally)	Negative
Human health	Negative

Environmental Impact

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D. erecta is a weed that is reported to invade riparian habitats and scrublands, causing changes to natural ecosystems (Weeds of Australia, 2016). It also allelopathic and forms dense thickets, displacing native plants and associated organisms (Witt and Luke, 2017). Thickets also restrict access to land and are reported to limit the productivity of managed grasslands (Weeds of Australia, 2016). In Australia it was listed as one of the 50 most invasive species in an environmental weed survey in New South Wales and one of the 100 most invasive plants in southeastern Queensland (Weeds of Australia, 2016).

Social Impact

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The leaves and fruits of D. erecta are poisonous to both people and animals (Weeds of Australia, 2016). They are reported to have caused poisoning in a number of domestic animals including dogs and cats (Scanlan et al., 2006).

Risk and Impact Factors

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Invasiveness

Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Abundant in its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Is a habitat generalist
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Tolerant of shade
Reproduces asexually

Impact outcomes

Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
Modification of successional patterns
Monoculture formation
Negatively impacts human health
Negatively impacts animal health
Reduced native biodiversity
Threat to/ loss of native species

Impact mechanisms

Allelopathic
Competition - shading
Competition - smothering
Poisoning
Produces spines, thorns or burrs

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately

Uses

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D. erecta is cultivated as an ornamental and as a plant used in hedges and windbreaks (Floridata, 2015). It also has medicinal uses in China (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013).

Uses List

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Environmental

Amenity
Landscape improvement
Windbreak

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

Traditional/folklore

Ornamental

garden plant

Prevention and Control

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Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Prevention

A Weed Risk Assessment was carried out for D. erecta in the Hawaii-Pacific region, resulting in a score of 13 (HPWRA, 2003). This high score suggests that the species presents a high risk and is likely to be an invasive plant. This information can be used in decision making with regard to importation and planting of the species outside its native range.

Control

In Australia, recommendations for control outlined by the Queensland Government (DAF, 2016) include:

Hand pulling of smaller plants, ensuring all the roots are fully removed.
Treating cut stumps immediately with an appropriate herbicide to prevent regrowth.
Limiting seed set until invaded sites can be treated with herbicides.
Ongoing monitoring of treated sites to detect any regrowth or seedlings.

Herbicides for the control of D. erecta include metsulfuron-methyl, 2,4-D + picloram and fluroxypyr (for spot spraying) and triclopyr + picloram and fluroxpyr (for basal bark or cut stumps) (DAF, 2016).

References

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Adams, C. D., 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica, Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies.848 pp.

Andreu MG, Friedman MH, McKenzie M, Quintana HV, Northrop RJ, 2010. Duranta erecta, Golden Dewdrop. Florida, USA: IFAS Extension, University of Florida.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FR/FR32700.pdf

Chong KY, Tan HTW, Corlett RT, 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Singapore: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore.273 pp. https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/04/flora_of_singapore_tc.pdf

DAF, 2016. Duranta (Duranta erecta). Queensland, Australia: Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government.https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/74924/IPA-Duranta-PP123.pdf

Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013. Flora of China. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria.http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2

Flora of Zambia, 2015. Flora of Zambia. https://www.zambiaflora.com/

Flora of Zimbabwe, 2015. Flora of Zimbabwe. http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/

Floridata, 2015. Floridata. https://floridata.com/home

HPWRA, 2003. Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment. Duranta erecta. www.hpwra.org

Hyde MA, Wursten BT, Ballings P, Coates Palgrave M, 2015. Flora of Mozambique. http://www.mozambiqueflora.com/index.php

IPlantz, 2019. IPlantz: useful plants for warm climates. https://www.iplantz.com/

Jaramillo Díaz P, Guézou A, Mauchamp A, Tye A, 2018. CDF Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants. (FCD Lista de especies de Plants con flores Galápagos). In: Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist [ed. by Bungartz F, Herrera H, Jaramillo P, Tirado N, Jiménez-Uzcátegui G, Ruiz D, Guézou A, Ziemmeck F]. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation.https://www.darwinfoundation.org/en/datazone/checklists/

Little, E. L., Jr., Woodbury, R. O., Wadsworth, F. H., 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Second volume. In: Agriculture Handbook, US Department of Agriculture , (No. 449) . xiv + 1024 pp.

Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018. Tropicos database. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden.http://www.tropicos.org/

Munir, A. A., 1995. A taxonomic revision of the genus Duranta L. (Verbenaceae) in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, 16, 1-16.

Nelson G, 1996. The Shrubs and Woody Vines of Florida: A Reference and Field Guide, Sarasota, Florida, USA: Pineapple Press Inc.391 pp.

PIER, 2013. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii.http://www.hear.org/pier/index.htm

Scanlan, S. N. A., Eagles, D. A., Vacher, N. E., Irvine, M. A., Ryan, C. J., McKenzie, R. A., 2006. Duranta erecta poisoning in nine dogs and a cat. Australian Veterinary Journal, 84(10), 367-370. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/avj doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00039.x

The Plant List, 2018. The Plant List: a working list of all plant species. Version 1.1. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.http://www.theplantlist.org

USDA-ARS, 2013. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory.http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl

USDA-NRCS, 2018. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center.http://plants.usda.gov/

Weeds of Australia, 2016. Weeds of Australia, Biosecurity Queensland Edition. http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/search.html?zoom_query=

Witt, A., Luke, Q., 2017. Guide to the naturalized and invasive plants of Eastern Africa, [ed. by Witt, A., Luke, Q.]. Wallingford, UK: CABI.vi + 601 pp. http://www.cabi.org/cabebooks/ebook/20173158959 doi:10.1079/9781786392145.0000

Distribution References

Abbas G, Arif M J, Muhammad Ashfaq, Muhammad Aslam, Shafqat Saeed, 2010. Host plants distribution and overwintering of cotton mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis; Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 12 (3), 421-425. http://www.fspublishers.org/ijab/past-issues/IJABVOL_12_NO_3/20.pdf

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Chong K Y, Tan H T W, Corlett R T, 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Singapore: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp. https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/04/flora_of_singapore_tc.pdf

El-Sherbiny A A, 2011. Phytoparasitic nematodes associated with ornamental shrubs, trees and palms in Saudi Arabia, including new host records. Pakistan Journal of Nematology. 29 (2), 147-164.

Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2013. Flora of China., St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2

Flora of Zambia, 2015. Flora of Zambia., https://www.zambiaflora.com/

Flora of Zimbabwe, 2015. Flora of Zimbabwe., http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/

Gumtow R L, Khan A A, Bocsanczy A M, Yuen J M F, Palmateer A J, Norman D J, 2013. First report of a leaf spot disease of golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta) caused by Pseudomonas cichorii and a Xanthomonas species in Florida. Plant Disease. 97 (6), 836. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-12-12-1117-PDN

Jaidi M, Kumar S, Srivastava A, Raj S K, 2015. First report of Clerondendron yellow mosaic virus on golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta) in India. New Disease Reports. 12. DOI:10.5197/j.2044-0588.2015.032.012

Jaramillo Díaz P, Guézou A, Mauchamp A, Tye A, 2018. CDF Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants. (FCD Lista de especies de Plants con flores Galápagos). In: Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist, [ed. by Bungartz F, Herrera H, Jaramillo P, Tirado N, Jiménez-Uzcátegui G, Ruiz D, Guézou A, Ziemmeck F]. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation. https://www.darwinfoundation.org/en/datazone/checklists/

Keçe A F Ç, Ulusoy M R, 2017. Armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Diaspididae) on ornamental plants in Adana, Turkey. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi. 41 (3), 333-346. https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/354688

Marsaro Júnior A L, Racca Filho F, Raga A, Costa V A, 2015. New records of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. IDESIA. 33 (1), 143-145. http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-34292015000100015&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en DOI:10.4067/S0718-34292015000100015

Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018. Tropicos database. In: Tropicos database. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/

Mustujab A, Briddon R W, Tahir M, 2015. First report of Catharanthus yellow mosaic virus infecting Duranta repens in Pakistan. Journal of Plant Pathology. 97 (1), 210. http://sipav.org/main/jpp/index.php/jpp/article/view/3279

PIER, 2013. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk., Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.htm

Sakthivel P, Karuppuchamy P, Kalyanasundaram M, Srinivasan T, 2012. Host plants of invasive papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Williams and Granara de Willink) in Tamil Nadu. Madras Agricultural Journal. 99 (7/9), 615-619. https://doc-00-7g-docsviewer.googleusercontent.com/viewer/securedownload/dsn1aovipa7l846lsfcf94nedj8q2p4u/qo3phtufamvk9q39umu888pbj4t4kkc6/1348647300000/c2l0ZXM=/AGZ5hq8BgbJY1gwaOYx83cPOdNw6/WkdWbVlYVnNkR1J2YldGcGJud3hNWFJvWlcxaFpISmhjMkZuY21samRXeDBkWEpoYkdwdmRYSnVZV3g4WjNnNk56WmpPREk1WXpBd01XWTNZelZrWkE=?a=gp&filename=99-7-9-615-619.pdf&chan=EQAAAOqeu1nfMdjbyOfMSElqQCfRbAOx1kCMBqnRUfeLUnjy&docid=0508176bd4abbdc3e7017b1a89751bc3%7C9c9df36583445f1fe402a841b5e1963b&sec=AHSqidZmGWqJKVKwfKsaqtFstCH

Seebens H, Blackburn T M, Dyer E E, Genovesi P, Hulme P E, Jeschke J M, Pagad S, Pyšek P, Winter M, Arianoutsou M, Bacher S, Blasius B, Brundu G, Capinha C, Celesti-Grapow L, Dawson W, Dullinger S, Fuentes N, Jäger H, Kartesz J, Kenis M, Kreft H, Kühn I, Lenzner B, Liebhold A, Mosena A (et al), 2017. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nature Communications. 8 (2), 14435. http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14435

USDA-ARS, 2013. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database., Beltsville, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl

USDA-NRCS, 2018. The PLANTS Database. In: The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov

Weeds of Australia, 2016. Weeds of Australia, Biosecurity Queensland Edition., http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/search.html?zoom_query=

Witt A, Luke Q, 2017. Guide to the naturalized and invasive plants of Eastern Africa. [ed. by Witt A, Luke Q]. Wallingford, UK: CABI. vi + 601 pp. http://www.cabi.org/cabebooks/ebook/20173158959 DOI:10.1079/9781786392145.0000

Zhang W, Liu J X, Huo P H, 2018. First report of Corynespora leaf spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola on Duranta repens in China. Plant Disease. 102 (7), 1456. DOI:10.1094/pdis-10-17-1639-pdn

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20/04/15 Original text by:

Esther Arengo, National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kampala, Uganda

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Duranta erecta (golden dewdrop)

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