Dieffenbachia seguine (dumb cane)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Introductions
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Social Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott
Preferred Common Name
- dumb cane
Other Scientific Names
- Caladium seguine (Jacq.) Vent.
- Dieffenbachia grandis Engl.
- Dieffenbachia variegata Engl.
- Dieffenbachia wallisii Linden
- Arum crudele Salisb.
- Arum regnium Rodschied ex G.F.Mey.
- Arum seguine Jacq.
- Arum seguinum L.
- Caladium maculatum Lodd.
- Caladium seguinum (Jacq.) Vent.
- Dieffenbachia barraquiniana Verschaff. & Lem.
- Dieffenbachia brasiliensis H.J.Veitch
- Dieffenbachia cognata Schott
- Dieffenbachia consobrina Schott
- Dieffenbachia conspurcata Schott
- Dieffenbachia gigantea Verschaff
- Dieffenbachia gollmeriana Schott
- Dieffenbachia illustris Voss
- Dieffenbachia irrorata Schott
- Dieffenbachia jenmanii Veitch ex Regel
- Dieffenbachia lineata K.Koch & C.D.Bouché
- Dieffenbachia lingulata Schott
- Dieffenbachia liturata Schott
- Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) Sweet
- Dieffenbachia magnifica Linden & Rodigas
- Dieffenbachia mirabilis Verschaff. ex Engl.
- Dieffenbachia neglecta Schott
- Dieffenbachia nobilis Verschaff. ex Engl.
- Dieffenbachia picta Schott
- Dieffenbachia picturata L.Linden & Rodigas
- Dieffenbachia plumieri Schott
- Dieffenbachia poeppigii Schott
- Dieffenbachia robusta K. Koch
- Dieffenbachia seguine var. nobilis Engl.
- Dieffenbachia ventenatiana Schott
- Dieffenbachia verschaffeltii Engl.
- Seguinum maculatum (Lodd.) Raf.
- Spathiphyllum pictum W. Bull
International Common Names
- English: dumb-cane; mother-in-law-plant; poison arum
- Spanish: aro seguino; caña muda; chucha; cucaracho; hoja de coche; malanga de la dicha; millionaria; pataquiña; rábano; rábano cimarrón; retamo cimmarón; salon verde
- French: canne à gratter; canne madere; pédiveau vénéneux; tue belle-mère
Local Common Names
- Argentina: cuyanigua
- Brazil: aninga; bananeira d’água; canna-de-imbe
- Cuba: dicha; malanga de la dicha
- Fiji: yalu ni vavalagi
- French Polynesia: taro upu reva
- Germany: Dieffenbachie; Dieffenbachie, Schierlings-; Schweigrohrwurzel
- Guyana: donkin
- Portugal: cana marona
- Sweden: prickblad
- Tonga: talo
EPPO code
- DIFSE (Dieffenbachia seguine)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageDieffenbachia seguine, commonly called dumb cane, is a herbaceous plant native from the Caribbean and South America that is widely cultivated as an ornamental. It has invaded intact forest ecosystems in Samoa and become widely naturalized where planted as an ornamental. Plants are considered weeds in some tropical plantations within and outside the plant’s native range. The species can spread via seed and vegetatively from discarded garden waste. All parts of the plant are highly toxic to people and pets.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Monocotyledonae
- Order: Arales
- Family: Araceae
- Genus: Dieffenbachia
- Species: Dieffenbachia seguine
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThere are about 135 species of Dieffenbachia, mostly occurring in Central and South America (Croat, 2004). The genus was first described by Schott in 1860 and many of the species he described were synonymized by Engler in 1915 (Croat, 2004). D. picta and D. maculata are now synonymized under D. seguine (Croat, 2004).
Description
Top of pageD. seguine is a terrestrial herbaceous plant that grows in tropical environments. The basal stems are often thick and root at the nodes. Stems can grow to 1.5 m tall. Stems may trail along the ground long distances. Leaves and stems contain a white sap. Leaves have elongated, grooved, petioles (10-35 cm long), which are usually medium green, but may be spotted. The petioles are covered in a sheath to 2/3 or more of its length. Leaves cluster in a tight whorl at the apex of the stem. Leaves are simple, ovate-lanceolate and acuminate at the apex, acute to obtuse at the base, 17-38 cm long and 10-20 cm wide. Leaves are somewhat leathery and are often variegated with pale green or white, especially along the midribs. Midribs are slightly off-center. There are 13-19 primary lateral veins on each side. Flowers are a spathe and spadix with 1-4 inflorescences per axil. The pale green spathe is usually shorter than the leaves, 11-24 cm long, acuminate at the apex, gradually constricted above the tube (spathe tube 7-10 cm long). The spadix is slightly shorter than the spathe (10-19 cm long) and is divided into pistillate and staminate portions with the pistillate flowers basal. Flowers are naked and unisexual. Fruits mature to bright red or orange and are 2- or 3- lobed, each fruit containing 1 to 3 seeds (Croat, 2004).
Distribution
Top of pageD. seguine naturally ranges throughout much of the Caribbean south into Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, eastern Brazil, and west into the lowlands of Colombia, eastern Ecuador and Bolivia (Croat, 2004). It is listed as occurring in Mexico and much of Central America (HEAR, 2017), but it is not considered native to Central America, where it may have been confused with Central American and Mexican species (Croat, 2004). D. seguine is widely cultivated around the world as a houseplant, but it only survives outdoors in tropical climates (Croat, 2004). The species is cultivated and naturalized in Sri Lanka (SL Flora, 2017), Singapore (Neo et al., 2012), Malaysia (Hashim et al., 2010), Nigeria (NCF, 2017), Samoa (Space and Flynn, 2002), Fiji, Hawaii and other south Pacific islands (HEAR, 2017).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 25 Feb 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
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Burundi | Present | Introduced | |||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | Introduced | |||||
Mayotte | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Also cultivated; Original citation: INPN (2017) | |||
Nigeria | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | Niger Delta | |||
Réunion | Present | Introduced | Original citation: INPN (2017) | ||||
Rwanda | Present | Introduced | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present | Introduced | Based on regional distribution | ||||
Hong Kong | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | |||||
Malaysia | Present | Introduced | Based on regional distribution | ||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Present, Localized | Introduced | |||||
Pakistan | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | Original citation: Tropicos (2017) | ||||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | |||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Original citation: SL Flora (2017) | |||
Taiwan | Present | ||||||
Turkey | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
United Kingdom | Present | Introduced | |||||
North America |
|||||||
Antigua and Barbuda | Present | Native | |||||
British Virgin Islands | Present | Native | Tortola | ||||
Costa Rica | Present | Native | |||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Dominica | Present | Native | |||||
El Salvador | Present | Native | |||||
Guadeloupe | Present | Native | Original citation: Tela-Botanica (2017) | ||||
Guatemala | Present | Native | |||||
Honduras | Present | Native | |||||
Martinique | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Mexico | Present | Native and Introduced | Considered both native and introduced in the country | ||||
Nicaragua | Present | Native | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Lucia | Present | Native | |||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Present | Native | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | Native | |||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Native | St. John and St. Thomas | ||||
United States | Present | Introduced | Based on regional distribution | ||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Also in cultivation; Kauai, Maui | |||
Oceania |
|||||||
American Samoa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Cook Islands | Present | Introduced | Also in cultivation; Penrhyn, ‘Atiu, Mangaia, Rarotonga | ||||
Federated States of Micronesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Also in cultivation; Weno, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Yap | |||
Fiji | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Also in cultivation; Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa, Nuku Hiva, Tahuata, Ua Pou, Moorea, Raiatea, Taha’a, Tahiti, Tetiaroa Atoll, Makatea, Rurutu | |||
Guam | Present | Introduced | |||||
Marshall Islands | Present | Introduced | Also in cultivation; Kwajalein, Majuro | ||||
Nauru | Present | Introduced | Also in cultivation | ||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Île Grande Terre | |||
Niue | Present | Introduced | Also in cultivation | ||||
Northern Mariana Islands | Present | Introduced | |||||
Palau | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Babeldaob, Koror, Malakal, Ngerkebesan, Peleliu | |||
Samoa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Savai‘I, Upolu | |||
Tonga | Present | Introduced | Also in cultivation; ‘Eua | ||||
U.S. Minor Outlying Islands | Present | Introduced | Based on regional distribution | ||||
-Wake Island | Present | Introduced | Also in cultivation | ||||
South America |
|||||||
Bolivia | Present | Native | |||||
Brazil | Present | Native | Based on regional distribution | ||||
-Acre | Present | Native | |||||
-Amazonas | Present | Native | |||||
-Bahia | Present | ||||||
-Goias | Present | Native | |||||
-Para | Present | Native | |||||
Colombia | Present | Native | |||||
Ecuador | Present | Native | |||||
-Galapagos Islands | Present | Introduced | Also in cultivation; Floreana, Isabela, San Cristobal, Santa Cruz | ||||
French Guiana | Present | Native | |||||
Suriname | Present | Native | |||||
Venezuela | Present | Native |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageD. seguine was cultivated as a houseplant in England as early as 1759 (Barnes and Fox, 1955), although other sources list it as introduced to England in either 1820 or 1830 (Lowe and Howard, 1870; Lowe, 1872). The species is listed as cultivated in St. Kitts in 1901 (Alexander, 1901) and in Bermuda in 1918 (Britton, 1918).
Introductions
Top of pageIntroduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reason | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
UK | South America | 1759 | Horticulture (pathway cause) | No | No | Barnes and Fox (1955) |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageD. seguine is widely cultivated as a houseplant and used as an outdoor ornamental plant in tropical areas (Croat, 2004; USDA-ARS, 2017). Plants may spread vegetatively by the dumping of garden waste (Space and Flynn, 2002).
Habitat
Top of pageIn Brazil, herbarium specimens have been collected along roadsides, riverbanks and in forested areas (Reflora, 2017). In French Guiana, plants have been most commonly found growing on large stream boulders (Gibernau, 2015). In Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, D. seguine is found in swamps, moist forests and wet seepage areas, in sun to part sun conditions (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2005). In Sri Lanka, D. seguine occurs along roadsides and in forested areas (SL Flora, 2017). In Fiji, it is considered a minor weed in waste places, along roadsides and in coconut plantations (HEAR, 2017). It has invaded intact forest ecosystems in Samoa (Space and Flynn, 2000), it is found in riparian secondary forests in Malaysia (Hashim et al., 2010) and in the Cook Islands it thrives in stream bottoms and moist areas in forests (Space and Flynn, 2002).
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The chromosome number for D. seguine is 2n = 34 (Croat, 2004). Genetic diversity is relatively high, compared to that of other clonal species (Cuartas-Hernández and Núñez-Farfán, 2006). In forest fragments, populations have reduced arrays of multilocus genotypes and reduced seed production, due to lack of pollen flow (Cuartas-Hernández and Núñez-Farfán, 2006), although this data may refer to D. oerstedii instead (Croat, 2004). A complete chloroplast sequence for D. seguine has been published (Wang Bin et al., 2016).
Reproductive Biology
D. seguine reproduces vegetatively from rhizomes (Space and Flynn, 2000). Flowers are pollinated by small beetles (Cuartas-Hernández et al., 2010). Female flowers are receptive one to two days before male flowers and inflorescences are thermogenic on the first night of female flower receptivity (Gibernau, 2015). Plants with more leaves have a greater number of inflorescences (Gibernau, 2015).
Physiology and Phenology
D. seguine can flower and mature fruit year-round, but most flowering takes place at the beginning and end of the dry season, between March and September (Croat, 2004).
Population Size and Structure
In Veracruz, Mexico, populations are dense, but patchily distributed, with only a few individuals flowering at any time (Cuartas-Hernández et al., 2010).
Associations
Flowers are pollinated by beetles (Croat, 2004). In French Guiana, the beetles Cyclocephala rustica and Erioscelis proba visited flowers of D. seguine (Gibernau, 2015). Seeds are bird-dispersed (Cuartas-Hernández and Núñez-Farfán, 2006).
Environmental Requirements
D. seguine grows in sun to part shade, in moist soils (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2005).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Tolerated | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
22 | 20 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | 1.7 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 26 | 27 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 31 | 33 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 21 | 22 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 2 | 0 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 1574 | 2899 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
- impeded
Soil reaction
- neutral
Special soil tolerances
- shallow
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dickeya dadantii | Pathogen | Roots/Stems | not specific | |||
Glomerella cingulata | Pathogen | Leaves | not specific | |||
Hoplolaimus seinhorsti | Parasite | Roots | not specific | |||
Meloidogyne | Parasite | Roots | not specific | |||
Myrothecium roridum | Pathogen | Leaves | not specific | Kirk, 2017 | ||
Rotylenchulus reniformis | Parasite | Roots | not specific |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageMost information on natural enemies comes from house plant disease research (Balestra and Impiglia, 1996; Caliman et al., 2013; Hong et al., 2013) and research on parasitic nematodes that also affect banana trees (Quénéhervé et al., 2006).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageNatural Dispersal
Seeds have been reported to be bird-dispersed (Cuartas-Hernández and Núñez-Farfán, 2006), although this report may refer to D. oerstedii instead (Croat, 2004).
Accidental Introduction
The species has repeatedly escaped from cultivation (Space and Flynn, 2002; SL Flora, 2017; HEAR, 2017; NCF, 2017).
Intentional Introduction
D. seguine is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant (Croat, 2004).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Botanical gardens and zoos | Found in at least 33 botanical garden collections | Yes | Yes | BGCI, 2017 |
Breeding and propagation | Yes | Yes | Croat, 2004 | |
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Accidental | Yes | Space and Flynn, 2002 | |
Garden waste disposal | Accidental | Yes | Space and Flynn, 2002 | |
Horticulture | Yes | Yes | Croat, 2004 | |
Internet sales | Yes | Dave's Garden, 2017 | ||
Landscape improvement | Yes | Space and Flynn, 2002 | ||
Nursery trade | Yes | Croat, 2004 | ||
Ornamental purposes | Yes | Yes | Croat, 2004 | |
Seed trade | Yes | Dave's Garden, 2017 |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Yes | Space and Flynn, 2002 | ||
Yes | Dave’s Garden, 2017 |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive |
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Human health | Positive and negative |
Economic Impact
Top of pageThe species is considered a minor weed in coconut plantations in Fiji (HEAR, 2017). It is also a weed of banana plantations in Martinique and host to several species of parasitic nematodes (Quénéhervé et al., 2006).
Environmental Impact
Top of pageImpact on Biodiversity
D. seguine crowds out species in moist forested areas and stream sides in Samoa (Space and Flynn, 2002).
Social Impact
Top of pageAll parts of D. seguine are highly poisonous to people and animals (Arditti and Rodriguez, 1982; NCF, 2017). When ingested, sap causes blistering and swelling in the mouth that can be severe enough to prevent speaking and swallowing (NCF, 2017). Contact with sap can cause blistering (Arditti and Rodriguez, 1982).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Tolerant of shade
- Reproduces asexually
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Negatively impacts forestry
- Negatively impacts human health
- Negatively impacts animal health
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Causes allergic responses
- Pest and disease transmission
- Poisoning
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Uses
Top of pageEconomic Value
D. seguine is sold as an ornamental plant all around the world (USDA-ARS, 2017). The genus Dieffenbachia is among the top 10 foliage plants with the highest annual sales volume in the USA (Croat, 2004).
Social Benefit
D. seguine is used as poison for arrows in Brazil (Arditti and Rodriguez, 1982; NCF, 2017) and is also used in traditional medicine (Arditti and Rodriguez, 1982; Duke, 2009; USDA-ARS, 2017).
Uses List
Top of pageEnvironmental
- Amenity
- Landscape improvement
General
- Botanical garden/zoo
- Sociocultural value
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Ornamental
- garden plant
- Potted plant
- Propagation material
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageD. seguine can be confused with other species of Dieffenbachia. In this species, petioles are shorter than the leaf blade and sharply sulcate (ribbed) on the free portion (Croat, 2004). The spadix of D. seguine is cylindrical and protrudes from the spathe, compared to Central American species of Dieffenbachia (for example, D. oerstedii and D. wendlandii), which have spathes tapered to the apex. D. seguine’s spathe is “caught in the protruded position when the spathe re-closes” (Croat, 2004). The spathe also has large, bicarpellate ovaries in D. seguine (Croat, 2004).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Prevention
Public awareness
An important measure is to discourage further planting of this species in areas where it can become invasive (Space and Flynn, 2002).
Control
Cultural control and sanitary measures
Given that D. seguine may spread by the dumping of garden waste, Space and Flynn (2002) suggest inter-island quarantine on the movement of this species in the Cook Islands.
Chemical control
The closely related D. oerstedii is controlled in banana plantations by using herbicides (Brenes-Prendas and Aguero-Alvarado, 2012).
Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
Top of pageLittle information is available on the impact of this species where it has naturalized.
References
Top of pageAlexander, W. H., 1901. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, 33. 207-219.
Barnes BA, Fox LE, 1955. Poisoning with “Dieffenbachia”. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 10(2), 173-181.
BGCI, 2017. Dieffenbachia seguine. Richmond, UK: Botanic Gardens Conservation International. https://www.bgci.org/plant_details.php?plantID=10997
Britton, N. L., 1918. Flora of Bermuda, New York, USA: C. Scribner's Sons.
Croat TB, 2004. Revision of Dieffenbachia (Araceae) of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 91, 668-772. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27275321#page/682/mode/1up
Dave’s Garden, 2017. Dave’s Garden. Online resources. California, USA: Internet Brands. http://davesgarden.com/
Duke JA, 2009. Duke’s handbook of medicinal plants of Latin America, New York, USA: CRC Press.
Flora of Central Africa, 2017. The Checklist Flore d'Afrique Centrale. http://floreafriquecentrale.org/
Fosberg FR, Sachet MH, Royce O, 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. Micronesica : Journal of the University of Guam, 20, 1-126.
Gibernau M, 2015. Pollination ecology of two Dieffenbachia in French Guiana. Aroideana, 38(2), 38-66. http://www.aroid.org/aroideana/supplement/Aroideana38EN2.pdf#page=38
Graveson R, 2012. The Plants of Saint Lucia (in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean). http://www.saintlucianplants.com/
HEAR, 2017. Alien species in Hawaii. Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/
Herrera K, Lorence DH , Flynn T, Balick MJ , 2010. Allertonia, in press, Lawai, Hawaii, USA: National Tropical Botanical Garden.146 pp.
INPN, 2017. National Inventory of Natural Heritage. (Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel). Paris, France: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. https://inpn.mnhn.fr/accueil/recherche-de-donnees/especes/
Keng H, Chin SC, Tan HTW, 1998. The Concise Flora of Singapore Vol. II Monocotyledons, Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Lowe EJ, 1872. Beautiful leaved plants, London, England: Bell and Daldy. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50167090#page/9/mode/1up
Lowe EJ, Howard W, 1870. [English title not available]. (Les plantes a feuillage coloré : histoire, description, culture, emploi des espèces les plus remarquables pour la décoration des parcs, jardins, serres, appartements précédé d'une introduction par Charles Naudin), Paris, France: Rothschild. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16490584#page/98/mode/1up
Missouri Botanical Garden, 2017. Tropicos database. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/
NCF, 2017. Beware of the dumb cane plant (Dieffenbachia seguine). Lagos, Nigeria: Nigerian Conservation Foundation. http://www.ncfnigeria.org/membership/item/113-beware-of-the-dumb-cane-plant-dieffenbachia-seguine
Neo L, Yee ATK, Chong KY, Tan HTW, 2012. The vascular plant flora of abandoned plantations in Singapore I: Clementi forest. Nature in Singapore, 5, 275-283.
Oviedo Prieto R, Herrera Oliver P, Caluff MG, et al., 2012. National list of invasive and potentially invasive plants in the Republic of Cuba - 2011. (Lista nacional de especies de plantas invasoras y potencialmente invasoras en la Republica de Cuba - 2011). Bissea, 6(Special Issue 1), 22-96.
Reflora, 2017. Brazilian Flora Virtual Herbarium. http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/ConsultaPublicoHVUC/ConsultaPublicoHVUC.do
SL Flora, 2017. Flowers and plants in Sri Lanka. http://slflora.blogspot.com/
Space JC, Flynn T, 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service. http://www.hear.org/pier/reports/asreport.htm#m-native
Space JC, Flynn T, 2002. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. . Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service. 146 pp. http://www.hear.org/pier/pdf/cook_islands_report.pdf
Space JC, Waterhouse B, Denslow JS, Nelson D, 2000. Invasive plant species on Rota, commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry.
Tela Botanica, 2017. eFlore, L'encyclopédie botanique collaborative. Montpellier, France: Association Tela Botanica. http://www.tela-botanica.org/
Distribution References
Barnes BA, Fox LE, 1955. Poisoning with “Dieffenbachia”. In: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 10 (2) 173-181.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Croat TB, 2004. Revision of Dieffenbachia (Araceae) of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 91 668-772. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27275321#page/682/mode/1up
Flora of Central Africa, 2017. The Checklist Flore d'Afrique Centrale., http://floreafriquecentrale.org/
Fosberg FR, Sachet MH, Royce O, 1987. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian monocotyledonae. In: Micronesica : Journal of the University of Guam, 20 1-126.
Graveson R, 2012. The Plants of Saint Lucia (in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean)., http://www.saintlucianplants.com/
Herrera K, Lorence DH, Flynn T, Balick MJ, 2010. Allertonia., Lawai, Hawaii, USA: National Tropical Botanical Garden. 146 pp.
Keng H, Chin SC, Tan HTW, 1998. The Concise Flora of Singapore. Monocotyledons., II Singapore: Singapore University Press.
NCF, 2017. Beware of the dumb cane plant (Dieffenbachia seguine)., Lagos, Nigeria: Nigerian Conservation Foundation. http://www.ncfnigeria.org/membership/item/113-beware-of-the-dumb-cane-plant-dieffenbachia-seguine
Reflora, 2017. Brazilian Flora Virtual Herbarium., http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/ConsultaPublicoHVUC/ConsultaPublicoHVUC.do
Space JC, Flynn T, 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service. http://www.hear.org/pier/reports/asreport.htm#m-native
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Contributors
Top of page27/02/17 Original text by:
Sylvan Kaufman, Sylvan Green Earth Consulting, Santa Fe, USA
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