Galinsoga quadriradiata (shaggy soldier)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Soil Tolerances
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav.
Preferred Common Name
- shaggy soldier
Other Scientific Names
- Adventina ciliata Raf.
- Ageratum perplexans M.F. Johnson
- Baziasa urticifolia (Kunth) Steud
- Galinsoga aristulata E. P. Bicknell
- Galinsoga bicolorata St. John & D. White
- Galinsoga brachystephana Regel
- Galinsoga caracasana (DC.) Sch.Bip.
- Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F. Blake
- Galinsoga eligulata Cuatrec.
- Galinsoga hispida Benth.
- Galinsoga humboldtii Hieron.
- Galinsoga urticifolia (Kunth) Benth.
- Jaegeria urticifolia (Kunth) Spreng.
- Sabazia urticifolia (Kunth) DC.
- Stemmatella urticifolia (Kunth) O.Hoffm. ex Hieron.
- Vargasia caracasana DC.
- Wilborgia urticifolia Kunth
International Common Names
- English: hairy galinsoga
- Spanish: aceitilla; cominillo; hoja nueva; manzanilla
- French: galinsoga cilié
- Chinese: cu mao niu xi ju
Local Common Names
- Brazil: fazendeiro; picão-branco
- Denmark: almindelig timian; malbladet timian
- Ecuador: hierba de cuy
- Estonia: karvane võõrkakar
- Finland: kangasajuruoho; kirjopikarililja
- Germany: Behaartes Franzosenkraut
- Guatemala: San Nicolas
- Honduras: cominillo rosado
- Hungary: borzas gombvirág
- Lithuania: blakstienotoji galinsoga
- Mexico: aceitilla chica; chía real; estrellita
- Netherlands: harig knopkruid
- Norway: kryddertimian; rutelilje; smaltimian
- Sweden: backtimjan; kryddtimjan; kungsängslilja
- USA: quickweed
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageG. quadriradiata is a fast-growing annual herb with the capacity to invade agricultural and other disturbed areas in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world (Kagima 2000; Vibrans, 2009; Kabuce and Priede, 2010; Madsen and Wersal, 2014). It is highly competitive and can spread quickly, often being the dominant species in a field. It is causing considerable economic impact in cropping systems, greenhouses, gardens and nurseries (Madsen and Wersal, 2014). In Europe, this species is recognized as a significant problem for many growers and farmers, including in commercial greenhouses, and its presence may reduce yields up to 10-50% in fields planted with vegetables and crops (Kabuce and Priede, 2010; Madsen and Wersal, 2014).
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Asterales
- Family: Asteraceae
- Genus: Galinsoga
- Species: Galinsoga quadriradiata
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of page
The family Asteraceae is one of the most diverse groups among flowering plants, including 1620 genera and about 23,600 species (Stevens, 2012). Species in the Asteraceae are very variable vegetatively, but may be recognized by their “capitulate” and involucrate inflorescences in which numerous small flowers open first on the outside and are infrequently subtended by bracts. The anthers in this family are usually fused and form a tube through which the style extends before the two stigmatic lobes separate and become recurved. The rather small, single-seeded fruits usually have a plumose “pappus” and are frequently dispersed by wind (Stevens, 2012).
The genus Galinsoga includes approximately 14 species native to the New World (Pruski, 2014). This genus is closely related to genera Sabazia (Mexico and South America) and Alloispermum (South America), and some botanists believe that all these genera might best be treated as a single large Galinsoga genus (Canne, 1977, 1978). G. quadriradiata (native to Mexico) is a common weed in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world and is morphologically the most variable species within this genus (Canne, 1977).
Description
Top of pageG. quadriradiata is an annual herb, 8–62 cm tall. Leaf blades 20–60 × 15–45 mm. Peduncles 5–20 mm. Involucres hemispheric to campanulate, 3–6 mm diameter. Phyllaries deciduous, outer paleae deciduous, broadly elliptic to obovate, 2–3 mm; inner deciduous, linear to lanceolate, 2–3 mm, entire or 2- or 3-lobed, lobes to 1/3 total lengths, blunt. Ray florets (4 or) 5 (to 8); corollas usually white, sometimes pink, laminae 0.9–2.5 × 0.9–2 mm. Disk florets 15–35. Ray achenes 1.5–2 mm; pappus of 6–15 fimbriate scales 0.5–1 mm; pappus absent or of usually 14–20, rarely 1–5, white, lanceolate to oblanceolate, fimbriate, sometimes aristate, scales 0.2–1.7 mm (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2014).
Distribution
Top of pageG. quadriradiata is native to Mexico (Pruski, 2014), but has become widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of the world where it is one of the most common weeds in gardens, greenhouses, and arable land (DAISIE, 2014; USDA-ARS, 2014).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Cameroon | Present | Introduced | |||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | Introduced | |||||
Eritrea | Present | Introduced | |||||
Eswatini | Present | Introduced | |||||
Ethiopia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Kenya | Present | Introduced | |||||
Morocco | Present | Introduced | Not established | ||||
Nigeria | Present | Introduced | |||||
South Africa | Present | Introduced | |||||
Tanzania | Present | Introduced | |||||
Uganda | Present | Introduced | |||||
Zambia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Introduced | 1934 | ||||
Asia |
|||||||
Bhutan | Present | Introduced | 2001 | ||||
Cambodia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Jiangxi | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Sichuan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Georgia | Present | Introduced | |||||
India | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Arunachal Pradesh | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Assam | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Himachal Pradesh | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Jammu and Kashmir | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Manipur | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Meghalaya | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Mizoram | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Nagaland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Sikkim | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Tripura | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Uttarakhand | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Japan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Nepal | Present | Introduced | |||||
North Korea | Present | Introduced | 1984 | ||||
Philippines | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
South Korea | Present | Introduced | First reported: 1978-80 | ||||
Taiwan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Turkey | Present | Introduced | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Austria | Present | Introduced | Very common | ||||
Belgium | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Very common | |||
Bulgaria | Present | Introduced | 1950 | ||||
Croatia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Cyprus | Present | Introduced | Not established | ||||
Czechia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Common | |||
Denmark | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Common | |||
Estonia | Present | Introduced | Locally abundant | ||||
Finland | Present | Introduced | Rare | ||||
France | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Germany | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Very common | |||
Greece | Present | Introduced | |||||
Hungary | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Ireland | Present | Introduced | Not established | ||||
Italy | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Latvia | Present | Introduced | Common | ||||
Liechtenstein | Present | Introduced | |||||
Lithuania | Present | Introduced | Common | ||||
Luxembourg | Present | Introduced | |||||
Moldova | Present | Introduced | |||||
Netherlands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Very common | |||
North Macedonia | Present | Introduced | Not established | ||||
Norway | Present | Introduced | Locally abundant | ||||
Poland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Very common | |||
Portugal | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Azores | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Madeira | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Romania | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Russia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Central Russia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Common | |||
-Southern Russia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Common | |||
Slovakia | Present | Introduced | 1936 | Invasive | |||
Slovenia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Spain | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Canary Islands | Present | Introduced | First reported: 1960's | ||||
Sweden | Present | Introduced | Common | ||||
Switzerland | Present | Introduced | |||||
Ukraine | Present | Introduced | 1946 | ||||
United Kingdom | Present | Introduced | England, Scotland, Wales | ||||
-Channel Islands | Present | Introduced | |||||
North America |
|||||||
Bahamas | Present | Introduced | |||||
Canada | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Alberta | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-British Columbia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Manitoba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-New Brunswick | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Nova Scotia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Ontario | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Prince Edward Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Quebec | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Saskatchewan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
Costa Rica | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Dominica | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
El Salvador | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Guadeloupe | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Guatemala | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Honduras | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Jamaica | Present | Introduced | |||||
Martinique | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Mexico | Present | Native | Invasive | Listed as a native weed | |||
Nicaragua | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Panama | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Alabama | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Arkansas | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-California | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Colorado | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Connecticut | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Delaware | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-District of Columbia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Georgia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Illinois | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Indiana | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Iowa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Kansas | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Kentucky | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Louisiana | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Maine | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Maryland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Massachusetts | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Michigan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Minnesota | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Missouri | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Montana | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Nebraska | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-New Hampshire | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-New Jersey | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-New York | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-North Carolina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-North Dakota | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Ohio | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Oregon | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Pennsylvania | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Rhode Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-South Carolina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Tennessee | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Vermont | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Virginia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Washington | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-West Virginia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
-Wisconsin | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weedy/invasive | |||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Bolivia | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Brazil | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Parana | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Santa Catarina | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Chile | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Colombia | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Ecuador | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
-Galapagos Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Paraguay | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Peru | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Uruguay | Present | Introduced | Weed | ||||
Venezuela | Present | Introduced | Weed |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageG. quadriradiata was reported in North America in the 1830s. It was recorded as “naturalized” in 1836 in Philadelphia, where it was growing in the Bartram Botanical Garden (Kagima 2000; Madsen and Wersal, 2014). In Europe, G. quadriradiata was first recorded at the end of the nineteenth century, and it is now established in many European countries (Kabuce and Priede, 2010). In Germany, G. quadriradiata was first found in Hamburg in 1892, and it was first reported in 1925 in the Netherlands (Reinhardt et al., 2003). In the Baltic countries, G. quadriradiata was first found in Estonia in 1921 and in Lithuania in 1924 (Kuusk et al., 2003). In the Nordic countries the first reports of G. quadriradiata are from Norway in 1900, Sweden in 1926, Denmark in 1927, and Finland in 1928 (Kabuce and Priede, 2010). In Russia, G. quadriradiata was found in 1842 as escaped from the St-Petersburg Botanical Garden and occasionally it has been found in the European part of Russia since the 1920s.
After 1945, this species has expanded to Ukraine, Belarus and to the north-western and central districts of Russia where it was registered in the 1970s. In 1991 it was recorded in Siberia (Schultz, 1984; Kabuce and Priede, 2010). For most of the European countries where G. quadriradiata is now naturalized, it has been hypothesized that this species was introduced unintentionally, probably transported as a contaminant in imported seeds and seedlings of ornamental plants, soil, grains, crop seeds, or other agricultural products (Reinhardt et al., 2003; Kabuce and Priede, 2010). In the Caribbean, G. quadriradiata was first collected in Jamaica in 1903, in Bermuda in 1908, and in Puerto Rico in 1915 (US National Herbarium).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe risk of introduction of G. quadriradiata is very high. It is a cosmopolitan weed in gardens, agricultural and waste areas and its seeds can be easily dispersed by wind and as a contaminant in soil, crop seeds, machinery, and adhered to animal fur and human clothes (Kagima 2000; Vibrans, 2009; Kabuce and Priede, 2010; Madsen and Wersal, 2014). Consequently, the species has the potential to spread much further and colonize more territories than it has to date.
Habitat
Top of pageG. quadriradiata is listed as a weed even in its native range. It grows in gardens, greenhouses, agricultural land, roadsides, railways, open fields, and other disturbed areas, essentially in association with any form of human development.
It also has been found in natural riparian habitats, mountain slopes, margins in mixed coniferous and deciduous woodlands, and pine-oak forests (Wagner et al., 1999; Kagima 2000; Vibrans, 2009; Kabuce and Priede, 2010; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014; Madsen and Wersal, 2014).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageG. quadriradiata is considered to be a common weed in several crops of major importance, such as wheat, maize, coffee, cotton, tobacco, sugarbeet, tomato, pepper, potato, beans, onions, cabbages, garlic, citrus, banana, apple, and strawberry. It is also a common weed in gardens, greenhouses, and nurseries (Damalas, 2008; Vibrans, 2009; Kabuce and Priede, 2010; Madsen and Wersal, 2014).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Allium cepa (onion) | Liliaceae | Main | |
Allium sativum (garlic) | Liliaceae | Main | |
Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet) | Chenopodiaceae | Main | |
Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers) | Brassicaceae | Main | |
Capsicum spp. | Solanaceae | Main | |
Citrus | Rutaceae | Main | |
Coffea arabica (arabica coffee) | Rubiaceae | Main | |
Fragaria (strawberry) | Rosaceae | Main | |
Gossypium (cotton) | Malvaceae | Main | |
Malus domestica (apple) | Rosaceae | Main | |
Musa (banana) | Musaceae | Main | |
Nicotiana | Solanaceae | Main | |
Phaseolus (beans) | Fabaceae | Main | |
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) | Solanaceae | Main | |
Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Solanaceae | Main | |
Triticum spp. | Poaceae | Main | |
Zea mays (maize) | Poaceae | Main |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The chromosome number reported for G. quadriradiata is 2n = 32 (Strother and Panero, 2001). However, it is a tetraploid species and can hybridize with G. parviflora (Gopinathan and Babu, 1982).
Reproductive Biology
G. quadriradiata has been described as either self- or insect-pollinated (Reinhardt et al., 2003). Flower anthesis is diurnal and flowers can be cross-pollinated by insects, otherwise they are self-fertile. Both the disk and ray florets are fertile, producing oblanceoloid achenes. At the apex of each achene, there is a pappus of several membranous scales which spread outward as the achenes mature and assist in their distribution by wind and water (Kabuce and Priede, 2010, Hilty, 2013).
Physiology and Phenology
G. quadriradiata is an annual fast growing herb. An 8- to 9-week-old plant can produce 3000 flower heads and up to 7500 seeds (Kagima, 2000). Seeds are able to germinate immediately upon contact with warm moist soil; therefore plants can achieve 2-3 generations each growing season (Reinhardt et al., 2003).
In Mexico (within its native distribution range), G. quadriradiata flowers and fruits all year long (Vibrans, 2009). It has been reported flowering from June until late autumn in Europe (Kabuce and Priede, 2010) and from December to May in India (Bhatt et al., 2012).
Environmental Requirements
G. quadriradiata is adapted to warm climates and can grow in heavy, nitrogen-rich and clayey soils (Bhatt et al., 2012). It is sensitive to frost, and its seeds require high temperatures to germinate (Reinhardt et al., 2003; Kabuce and Priede, 2010, Hilty, 2013).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Tolerated | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Tolerated | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Tolerated | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Tolerated | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) | |
Ds - Continental climate with dry summer | Tolerated | Continental climate with dry summer (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry summers) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
60 | 34 |
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageG. quadriradiata spreads by seeds. Seeds are enclosed in an achene and are small (1.5 mm long) and adapted to wind-dispersal. Seeds may also be secondarily dispersed as a contaminant in imported seeds and seedlings of ornamental plants, soil, grains, crop seeds, agricultural machinery or adhered to cattle, animal fur and human clothes (Reinhardt et al., 2003; Kabuce and Priede, 2010). Seeds are viable for only a few years under field conditions (Huffman, 2004).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Botanical gardens and zoos | Planted in botanical gardens | Yes | Yes | Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Yes | Yes | Kabuce and Priede (2010) | |
Garden waste disposal | Common weed in gardens | Yes | Yes | Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
Nursery trade | Common weed in nurseries | Yes | Yes | Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Common weed in gardens and arable lands | Yes | Yes | Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
Land vehicles | Seeds as a contaminant | Yes | Yes | Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
Livestock | Seeds can be dispersed adhered to fur | Yes | Yes | Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
Machinery and equipment | Seeds as a contaminant | Yes | Yes | Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
Soil, sand and gravel | Seeds as a contaminant | Yes | Yes | Kabuce and Priede (2010) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Economic/livelihood | Negative |
Environment (generally) | Negative |
Economic Impact
Top of pageG. quadriradiata is one of the most common weeds in North America and Europe where it causes important economic damage to agriculture and the nursery trade. The species is a strong competitor in weedy plant communities and it is a permanent problem for many farmers including commercial greenhouses. G. quadriradiata may reduce yields by up to 10-50% in fields planted with vegetables and crops (Kabuce and Priede, 2010; Madsen and Wersal, 2014). It has the potential to outcompete other plants in taking up nutrients and it may also shade out cultivated and native plants (Reinhardt et al., 2003).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Highly mobile locally
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Modification of successional patterns
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Reduced amenity values
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
- Difficult to identify/detect in the field
Uses
Top of pageIn Africa and Southeast Asia, the young stems and leaves of G. quadriradiata are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. In America, dried leaves are used as an essential flavouring for certain dishes (Kagima 2000; Kabuce and Priede, 2010). In Mexico, it is used as animal forage (Vibrans, 2009).
Uses List
Top of pageGeneral
- Botanical garden/zoo
Human food and beverage
- Food additive
- Spices and culinary herbs
- Vegetable
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageG. quadriradiata can be confused with Galinsoga parviflora. These two species can be distinguished by the following taxonomic characters (Pruski, 2014):
- G. quadriradiata: inner paleae subentire to moderately trifid, usually deciduous after fruit fall; ray and disk cypselae typically with a more or less isomorphic pappus or similarly epappose; outer sterile phyllaries 1-2(-3); phyllaries often stipitate-glandular, usually all deciduous after fruit fall
- G. parviflora: inner paleae usually deeply trifid and persistent after fruit fall; ray and disk cypselae with obviously heteromorphic pappus; outer sterile phyllaries 2-4; phyllaries nearly always glabrous, a few usually persistent after fruit fall.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Infestations of G. quadriradiata outside cultivation can be treated using the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D). When this species grows as a weed with vegetables and intercrops, herbicide use has to be limited and will depend upon the crop planted (Madsen and Wersal, 2014). No biological control methods are currently recommended.
References
Top of pageAcevedo-Rodríguez P; Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm
Broome R; Sabir K; Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database. Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
Canne JM, 1978. Circumscription and generic relationships of Galinsoga (Compositae: Heliantheae). Madroño, 25:81-93.
Charles Darwin Foundation, 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation.
DAISIE, 2014. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. European Invasive Alien Species Gateway. www.europe-aliens.org/default.do
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014. Flora of China. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2014. Flora of North America North of Mexico. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1
Gopinathan MC; Babu CR, 1982. Cytogenetics of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. and Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake, and their natural hydrids (Asteraceae). New Phytologist, 91:531-539.
Hilty J, 2013. Illinois Wildflowers. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/index.htm
Huffman L, 2004. Problem Weed of the Month: Hairy Galinsoga., Canada: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.
Kabuce N; Priede N, 2010. NOBANIS - Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet - Galinsoga quadriradiata. http://www.nobanis.org/
Kagima D, 2000. Bibliography and Biology of Galinsoga spp. USA: The ISU Weed Biology Library, Iowa State University.
Kuusk V; Tabaka L; Jankeviciene R, 2003. Flora of the Baltic countries 3. Tartu, Estonia.
Madsen JD; Wersal RM, 2014. Datasheet: Galinsoga quadriradiata Cav. Invasive Plant Atlas of the MidSouth., USA: Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University. http://www.gri.msstate.edu/ipams/species.php?CName=Hairy%20galinsoga
Mito T; Uesugi T, 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research, 8(2):171-191.
Mondin CA, 2014. Galinsoga in Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil (Galinosoga in the list of species of the flora of Brazil). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB104151
PIER, 2014. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Pruski JF, 2014. Asteraceae. Flora Mesoamericana [ed. by Davidse, G. \Sousa Sánchez, M. \Knapp, S. \Chiang Cabrera, F.]., Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. http://www.tropicos.org/docs/meso/asteraceae.pdf
Randall RP, 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Perth, Australia: Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 1124 pp. http://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2013/20133109119.pdf
Schultz DL, 1984. [English title not available]. (Zur Aubreitungsgeschichte der Galinsoga-Arten in Europa.) Acta Botanica Slov. Acad. Sci. Slocacae, 1:285-296.
Stevens PF, 2012. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
Strother JL; Panero JL, 2001. Chromosome studies: Mexican Compositae. American Journal of Botany, 88:499-502.
USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2014. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov/
Vibrans H, 2009. Malezas de México. Listado alfabético de las especies, ordenadas por género (Weeds of Mexico. Alphabetical list of species, ordered by genera). http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/2inicio/paginas/lista-plantas-generos.htm
Wagner WI; Herbst DR; Sohmer SH, 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii, revised edition. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: University of Hawaii Press.
Distribution References
Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean., Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Charles Darwin Foundation, 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos., Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation.
DAISIE, 2014. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. http://www.europe-aliens.org/
Kabuce N, Priede N, 2010. NOBANIS - Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet - Galinsoga quadriradiata., http://www.nobanis.org/
Martin R, Pol C, 2009. Weeds of upland crops in Cambodia. Australia: ACIAR. 81 pp.
Mito T, Uesugi T, 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and new regulations for prevention of their adverse effects. In: Global Environmental Research, 8 (2) 171-191.
Mondin CA, 2014. Galinosoga in the list of species of the flora of Brazil. (Galinsoga in Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil)., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB104151
USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2014. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
Wagner WI, Herbst DR, Sohmer SH, 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii, revised edition., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: University of Hawaii Press.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventory for Europe (DAISIE) | http://www.europe-aliens.org/default.do | |
Global Compositae Checklist | http://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/Default.aspx | |
Plant Resources for Tropical Africa | http://www.prota.org/ |
Contributors
Top of page07/03/14 Original text by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Distribution Maps
Top of pageSelect a dataset
Map Legends
-
CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/