Bromus sterilis (barren brome)

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Infestation

B. sterilis infestation.

Abdelkader Taleb

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Bromus sterilis L.

Preferred Common Name

barren brome

Other Scientific Names

Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski
Genea sterilis (L.) Dumort.

International Common Names

English: barren bromegrass; poverty brome; sterile brome
Spanish: bromo esteril
French: brome stérile

Local Common Names

Denmark: gold hejre
Finland: hietakattara
Germany: Taube Trespe
Italy: forasacco rosso
Japan: arechi-no-cha-hiki
Netherlands: ijle dravik
Spain: barbas de macho estéril
Sweden: sandlosta

EPPO code

BROST (Bromus sterilis)

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledonae
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Bromus
Species: Bromus sterilis

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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The synonym Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski has been used until quite recently in Europe (e.g., Stace, 1991), this genus name being applied to species otherwise included in Bromus sect. Genea Dumort., differing from Bromus sensu stricto in having spikelets almost straight-sided, widening towards the top, rather than ovate to lanceolate, and having glumes with only one to three veins.

A modern re-assessment of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the annual taxa within the mainly Mediterranean/southwestern Asiatic Bromus section Genea is given by Sales (1993) in which B. sterilis, B. diandrus and B. rigidus are considered as varieties of one species while recognizing that they have often been treated as separate species in recent floras. For the purposes of this Compendium, these three taxa are covered by separate species datasheets.

Description

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B. sterilis is an annual or biennial plant, 30-80 cm high. Stem (culms) erect, smooth, sometimes rough at the very top. Leaves smooth, pale green, leaf blade hairy, glossy underneath, leaf sheath hairy and closed. Leaves without auricles; ligule 2-4 mm long, white, membranous, fringed with hairs. Lamina and leaf sheath abundantly hairy, purplish/rose veins. Inflorescence a purplish or green panicle, lax, drooping, up to 15 cm long. Spikelet branches usually much longer than the spikelets. Spikelets 20-25 mm long, 6- to 13-flowered, strongly compressed, glumes slightly unequal, glabrous with 1-3 veins. Lemma 13-20 mm with a dorsal awn 15-35 mm long. Disarticulating above the persistent glumes. Grain 10 mm long. For further information see Clapham et al. (1952), Hubbard (1959), Hoechst Schering AgrEvo (1995).

Plant Type

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Annual
Grass / sedge
Herbaceous
Seed propagated

Distribution

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Native records are based on USDA-ARS (2004) and Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004).

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 17 Feb 2021

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	First Reported	Invasive	Reference	Notes
Africa
Algeria	Present	Native			Jahandiez and Maire (1931) Maire (1955) Quezél and Santa (1963) USDA-ARS (2004)
Egypt	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Jahandiez and Maire (1931) Maire (1955)
Libya	Present	Native			Jahandiez and Maire (1931) Maire (1955) Ali et al. (1989)
Morocco	Present	Native			Jahandiez and Maire (1931) Maire (1955) Valdes et al. (2002) USDA-ARS (2004)
Tunisia	Present	Native		Invasive	Jahandiez and Maire (1931) Maire (1955) USDA-ARS (2004)
Asia
Afghanistan	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2004)
Armenia	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2004)
Azerbaijan	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2004)
Georgia	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2004)
Iran	Present	Native			Maire (1955) USDA-ARS (2004)
Iraq	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2004)
Israel	Present	Native			Weinstein and Karschon (1981) USDA-ARS (2004)
Jordan	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2004)
Lebanon	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2004)
Syria	Present	Native			Maire (1955) USDA-ARS (2004)
Turkey	Present	Native			Jahandiez and Maire (1931) Maire (1955) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Turkmenistan	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2004)
Uzbekistan	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2004)
Europe
Albania	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Austria	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Belgium	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Bulgaria	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Cyprus	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2004)
Czechia	Present	Native		Invasive	CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Stolcová (2002)
Czechoslovakia	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Denmark	Present	Native			Gibson and Kerchove (1999) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Finland	Present	Introduced			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004)
France	Present	Native			Jahandiez and Maire (1931) Maire (1955) Tutin et al. (1980) Guinochet and Vilmorin (1984) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
-Corsica	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Germany	Present	Native			Gibson and Kerchove (1999) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004) Goerke et al. (2007)
Greece	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
-Crete	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Hungary	Present	Native			Solymosi (1989) Dellei and Németh (1996) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Ireland	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Italy	Present	Native			Jahandiez and Maire (1931) Maire (1955) Zanin et al. (1993) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
-Sardinia	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
-Sicily	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Netherlands	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Norway	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Poland	Present	Native			Kosina and Frey (1996) Krzakowa (1997) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Portugal	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
-Azores	Present	Native			Jahandiez and Maire (1931) Maire (1955)
Romania	Present	Native			Groza (1986) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Russia	Present				CABI (Undated a)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Central Russia	Present				Gudzhinskas (1991) Popov (1994)
-Southern Russia	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
-Western Siberia	Present	Native			Maire (1955)
Serbia and Montenegro	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Spain	Present	Native			Jahandiez and Maire (1931) Maire (1955) Tutin et al. (1980) Valdes et al. (1987) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
-Balearic Islands	Present	Native			Jahandiez and Maire (1931) Maire (1955) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004) CABI (Undated)
Sweden	Present	Native		Invasive	Andersson et al. (2002) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004) CABI (Undated)
Switzerland	Present	Native		Invasive	Sergei et al. (2002) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
Ukraine	Present	Native			Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
United Kingdom	Present	Native		Invasive	Mortimer et al. (1993) Gibson and Kerchove (1999) Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2004) USDA-ARS (2004)
North America
United States	Present				CABI (Undated a)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Alabama	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Arizona	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Arkansas	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-California	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Colorado	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Connecticut	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Delaware	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Hawaii	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Idaho	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Illinois	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Indiana	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Kentucky	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Maryland	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Massachusetts	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Michigan	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Mississippi	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Missouri	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Nevada	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-New Jersey	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-New Mexico	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-New York	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-North Carolina	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Ohio	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Oklahoma	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Oregon	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Pennsylvania	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Rhode Island	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Tennessee	Present	Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Texas	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Utah	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Virginia	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-Washington	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
-West Virginia	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2004)
Oceania
Australia	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weiller et al. (1995)
-Victoria	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Mock and Amor (1982)
New Zealand	Present	Introduced	1867	Invasive	Talbot (1982) Forde and Edgar (1995)

Habitat

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B. sterilis occurs in ruderal situations, on wastelands and roadsides, but has also become increasingly abundant in arable habitats where shallow cultivation is practised. It is found in all the major soil types (clays, loams and sands; acid, neutral and alkaline) and grows in dry or moist soil. It can tolerate drought and strong winds but not maritime exposure (INRA, 2001).

Habitat List

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Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial
Terrestrial	Managed	Cultivated / agricultural land	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Managed forests, plantations and orchards	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Rail / roadsides	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Urban / peri-urban areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural forests	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)

Hosts/Species Affected

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B. sterilis is considered to be a noxious agricultural and horticultural weed in the Mediterranean region (Taleb, 1997; Cooper and Moerkerk, 2000; Hamal et al., 2001). The main crops affected are wheat, barley and crops in rotation with cereals (sugarbeet, sunflower, chickpea, faba bean and lentil; Taleb, 1997).

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

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Plant name	Family	Context
Beta vulgaris (beetroot)	Chenopodiaceae	Main
Cicer arietinum (chickpea)	Fabaceae	Main
Helianthus annuus (sunflower)	Asteraceae	Main
Hordeum vulgare (barley)	Poaceae	Main
Lens culinaris subsp. culinaris (lentil)	Fabaceae	Main
Triticum aestivum (wheat)	Poaceae	Main
Triticum turgidum (durum wheat)	Poaceae	Main
Vicia faba (faba bean)	Fabaceae	Main

Growth Stages

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Flowering stage, Post-harvest, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

Biology and Ecology

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Genetics

B. sterilis has a chromosome number of 2n=14 (Anon., 2000). However, a new polyploid number (2n=28) was reported by Queiros (1981).

Physiology and Phenology

The germination of B. sterilis seeds was inhibited by Pfr (the far-red-light-absorbing form of phytochrome). The degree of inhibition was dependent on the proportion of Pfr which had established in the seed. This inhibition was transitory and at 15°C was evident in 40% of seeds 1.5 days after sowing. Pfr inhibition persisted more at temperatures below 15° than at temperatures above 15°C which were inhibitory to germination anyway. The inhibitory effect of Pfr was also increased in conditions of low substrate moisture content (Hilton, 1984). Andersson et al. (2002) confirmed that germination of B. sterilis in Sweden is strongly inhibited by light, while there was much variation in dormancy. Longevity of B. sterilis is relatively short, with few seeds persisting beyond 12 months under field conditions (Lutman et al., 2003).

Optimum germination of B. sterilis seeds under laboratory conditions was achieved at about 15-25°C and soil depths of 0.5 cm (Mikulka, 1987).

Plant densities of Bromus spp. (including B. sterilis) in Morocco varied from 330 to 661 plants/m², with a maximum height of 102 cm and a leaf area index of 6. The net daily assimilation rate was 4 g/m² and daily growth rates varied from 3.2 to 7.7 g/m². The nitrogen content of leaves varied from 3.8 to 4.1% and total protein content of seeds was 10.9%. The weight of 1000 kernels varied from 20 to 24 g (Hamal et al., 1998).

Rainfall

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Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit	Description
Dry season duration	0	8	number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall

Rainfall Regime

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Winter

Soil Tolerances

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Soil drainage

free

Soil reaction

acid
alkaline
neutral

Soil texture

heavy
light
medium

Special soil tolerances

shallow

Notes on Natural Enemies

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B. sterilis has been reported as a host of Wheat streak mosaic virus (Rabenstein and Stanarius, 1981) and of Wheat dwarf virus (Mehner et al., 2003). It is susceptible to a Drechslera species (Pyrenophora chaetomioides) which may have potential as a mycoherbicide (Lawrie et al., 1998). The seeds are also predated by small animals; Povey et al. (1993) concluded that small mammals probably play a role in the population dynamics of major crop weeds, including B. sterilis, by feeding on their seeds in field margins.

Means of Movement and Dispersal

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In general, propagation is by seed. Long-distance dispersal could occur by contamination of crop seeds and forages and attachment to animals.

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport	Pest stages	Borne internally	Borne externally	Visibility of pest or symptoms
True seeds (inc. grain)	seeds		Yes	Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye

Impact Summary

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Category	Impact
Animal/plant collections	None
Animal/plant products	None
Biodiversity (generally)	Positive
Crop production	Negative
Environment (generally)	Positive
Fisheries / aquaculture	None
Forestry production	None
Human health	None
Livestock production	Negative
Native fauna	None
Native flora	Negative
Rare/protected species	None
Tourism	None
Trade/international relations	None
Transport/travel	None

Impact

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B. sterilis is a serious weed problem of autumn-sown cereals (Mortimer et al., 1993). In Morocco, five species of Bromus (B. rigidus, B. rubens, B. sterilis, B. madritensis and B. mollis) are causing problems in wheat in the Sais area: 17% of fields were slightly infested (density of Bromus (Dbr) < 90 plants/m²), 61% were moderately infested (90 < Dbr < 290 plants/m²) and 22% were highly infested (Dbr > 400 plants/m²) (Hamal et al., 2001).

Risk and Impact Factors

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Invasiveness

Proved invasive outside its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Highly mobile locally
Has high reproductive potential
Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year

Impact outcomes

Negatively impacts agriculture
Negatively impacts animal health

Impact mechanisms

Competition - monopolizing resources
Pest and disease transmission

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

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All Bromus species are very similar at the seedling and vegetative stages. The separation of B. sterilis, B. rigidus and B. diandrus in the field at all development stages is difficult (Maire, 1955; Cooper and Moerkerk, 2000). When flowering, B. sterilis differs from B. diandrus and B. rigidus in having lemmas 13-20 mm long (compared with 20-35 mm; Stace, 1991).

Prevention and Control

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Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Cultural Control

Compared with chemical control, control by cultural methods such as crop rotation and delayed drilling may be more economic. Cultural techniques aimed at preventing the invasion of Bromus spp. from hedgerows are also important (Jarvis, 1982).

Mechanical Control

Deep tillage decreases Bromus spp. germination (Peters et al., 1993; Hamal et al., 2001), whereas shallow tillage increased seedling emergence and subsequent seedbank decline (Anderson, 1998). Long-term studies conducted in the UK showed that ploughing was the most effective method of control. In the absence of ploughing, B. sterilis built up in subsequent crops, and dramatically increased in the third year of cropping (Turley et al., 1996).

Chemical Control

Under field conditions, good control of B. sterilis was obtained by applying fluazifop-P (Milkulka, 1987; Boatman, 1993). Removal of competition by B. sterilis on wheat was obtained by sulfosulfuron applications in the UK, Denmark and Germany (Gibson and Kerchove, 1999). Best control was also achieved by autumn application of tri-allate, isoproturon, metoxuron and metoxuron + simazine (Orson , 1981; Pollard and Richardson, 1981; Rule, 1989; Jarvis, 1982). However, metoxuron applied in April was much less effective (Pollard and Richardson, 1981). Good to excellent control of B. sterilis was obtained using terbutryn or methabenzthiazuron (Milkulka, 1987). The fungicide tridemorph has been trialled as a selective herbicide for the control of Bromus sterilis in barley (Watt, 1983).

References

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Sergei L; Yavorska M; Yavorska OG; Kholodny MG, 2002. The Nonnative Flora of the Kiev (Kyiv) Urban Area, Ukraine: A Checklist and Brief Analysis. Kiev, Ukaraine: Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Solymosi P, 1989. Studies of the occurrence of Bromus species in Pest County. Novenyvedelem, 25(5):193-198

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Distribution References

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Bromus sterilis (barren brome)

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