Datasheet
Botryosphaeria stevensii (Botryosphaeria disease, grapevine)
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Identity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker
Preferred Common Name
- Botryosphaeria disease, grapevine
Other Scientific Names
- Diplodia mutila (Fr.) Mont. [anamorph] (Fr.) Mont.
- Diplodia quercina Westend. [anamorph] Westend.
- Diplodia quercus Fuckel [anamorph] Fuckel
- Diplodia samararum Sacc. [anamorph] Sacc.
- Physalospora mutila (Fr.) N.E. Stevens [anamorph] (Fr.) N.E. Stevens
- Sphaeria mutila Fr. [anamorph] Fr.
- Sphaeropsis malorum (Berk.) Berk. [anamorph] (Berk.) Berk.
International Common Names
- English: Botryosphaeria canker; Decline syndrome, grapevine
- French: dead-arm noir de la vigne
Local Common Names
- Hungary: black dead arm, grapevine
EPPO code
- BOTSST (Botryosphaeria stevensii)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageB. stevensii cannot be considered as an invasive pathogen. Although its incidence has increased in recent years in the Mediterranean region, this is due to an enhanced predisposition of oaks to attacks for climatic reasons. Its spread, however, seems to be limited by low temperatures, as argued by recent samplings of oak endophytic mycobiota performed in northern Italy, where this fungus is almost absent, and also by the only sporadic reports from northern Europe.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page
- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Fungi
- Phylum: Ascomycota
- Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
- Class: Dothideomycetes
- Order: Botryosphaeriales
- Family: Botryosphaeriaceae
- Genus: Botryosphaeria
- Species: Botryosphaeria stevensii
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
| Country | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | References | Notes | ASIA |
| India | Present | | | | | Raju & Madhukeshwara, 2004 | |
| -Karnataka | Present | | | | | Raju & Madhukeshwara, 2004 | |
AFRICA |
| Morocco | Widespread | | Native | | Not invasive | El Badri et al., 1999 | |
NORTH AMERICA |
| Canada | | | | | | | |
| -Ontario | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Shoemaker, 1964 | |
| USA | | | | | | | |
| -California | Present | | | | | Úrbez-Torres et al., 2006; Sims et al., 2016 | |
| -Ohio | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Proffer, 1996 | |
| -Pennsylvania | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Stanosz & Moorman, 1997 | |
SOUTH AMERICA |
| Chile | Present | | | | | Morales et al., 2012 | |
| Peru | Present | | | | | Alvarez-Loayza et al., 2008 | |
| Venezuela | Present | | | | Not invasive | Mohali & Encinas, 2001 | |
EUROPE |
| Albania | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Luisi et al., 2001 | |
| Bulgaria | Widespread | | Native | | Not invasive | Rossnev et al., 2000 | |
| Germany | Present, few occurrences | | Native | | Not invasive | Kehr & Wulf, 1993 | |
| Hungary | Widespread | | Native | | Not invasive | Lehoczky, 1974; Vajna, 1986; Vajna, 2003 | |
| Italy | Widespread | | Native | | Not invasive | Ragazzi & Mesturino, 1987; Luisi et al., 1996 | |
| -Sicily | Present | | | | | Sidoti & Granata, 2004 | |
| Poland | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Przybyl, 2002 | |
| Portugal | Widespread | | Native | | Not invasive | Natércia & Santos, 1995; Phillips, 2002 | |
| Spain | Widespread | | Native | | Not invasive | Collado et al., 1999; Luque & Girbal, 1989 | |
| Sweden | Present | | | | | Bakys et al., 2009a | |
| UK | Present | | Native | | Not invasive | Stevens, 1936 | |
| Ukraine | Present, few occurrences | | Native | | Not invasive | Merezhko, 1980 | |
OCEANIA |
| Australia | | | | | | | |
| -Western Australia | Present | | | | | Taylor et al., 2005 | |
| New Zealand | Present | | | | Not invasive | Laundon, 1973 | |
Habitat List
Top of page| Category | Habitat | Presence | Status | | Freshwater |
| Freshwater | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Littoral |
| Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Marine |
| Marine | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial-managed |
| Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial-natural/semi-natural |
| Cold lands / tundra | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Deserts | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Growth Stages
Top of pageFlowering stage, Fruiting stage, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage
List of Symptoms
Top of page| Sign | Life Stages | Type | Leaves |
| wilting | | |
| wilting | | |
| yellowed or dead | | |
| yellowed or dead | | |
Stems |
| canker on woody stem | | |
| canker on woody stem | | |
| dieback | | |
| dieback | | |
| necrosis | | |
| necrosis | | |
| wilt | | |
| wilt | | |
Plant Trade
Top of page| Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms | | Leaves | hyphae | Yes | | Pest or symptoms usually invisible |
| Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Branches | fruiting bodies; hyphae; spores | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
| Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport | | Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes |
| Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyx |
| Fruits (inc. pods) |
| Growing medium accompanying plants |
| Roots |
| True seeds (inc. grain) |
| Wood |
Wood Packaging
Top of page| Wood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport | | Loose wood packing material |
| Non-wood |
| Processed or treated wood |
| Solid wood packing material without bark |
References
Top of pageAlvarez-Loayza P, White JF Jr, Bergen M, Cadenas C, 2008. Diplodia mutila causing seedling mortality of the palm Iriartea deltoidea. Plant Pathology, 57(2):382. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01747.x
Bakry M, Sbay H, Mohamed A, Satrani B, Villemant C, 1999. Réaction de différentes provenances de chêne-liège à l’action pathogène de Diplodia mutila. Bulletin OILB-SROP, 22:19-24.
Bakys R, Vasaitis R, Barklund P, Thomsen IM, Stenlid J, 2009. Occurrence and pathogenicity of fungi in necrotic and non-symptomatic shoots of declining common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Sweden. European Journal of Forest Research, 128(1):51-60. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=110827
Barr ME, 1972. Preliminary studies on the Dothideales in temperate North America. Contrib. Univ. Mich. Herb., 9:523-638.
Bedini S, Bagnoli G, Sbrana C, Leporini C, Tola E, Dunne C, Filippi C, D'Andrea F, O'Gara F, Nuti MP, 1999. Pseudomonads isolated from within fruit bodies of Tuber borchii are capable of producing biological control or phytostimulatory compounds in pure culture. Symbiosis (Rehovot), 26(3):223-236; 3 pp. of ref.
Collado J, Platas G, Gonzßlez I, Pelßez F, 1999. Geographical and seasonal influences on the distribution of fungal endophytes in Quercus ilex. New Phytologist, 144(3):525-532; 30 ref.
El Badri N, Abadie M, Villemant C, 1999. Contribution à l’étude ultrastructurale du Diplodia mutila (Fr.) Mont. impliqué dans le processus de dépérissement du chêne-liège (Quercus suber L.), au Maroc. Bulletin OILB-SROP, 22:13-18.
Evidente A, Sparapano L, Fierro O, Bruno G, Giordano F, Motta A, 1997. Sphaeropsidins B and C, phytotoxic pimarane diterpenes from Sphaeropsis sapinea f.sp. cupressi and Diplodia mutila. Phytochemistry, 45(4):705-713; 17 ref.
Ingram DE, 1912. Preliminary notes on a twig blight of Quercus prinus. Phytopathology, 2:96-97.
Kehr RD, Wulf A, 1993. Fungi associated with above-ground portions of declining oaks (Quercus robur) in Germany. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 23(1):18-27
Kuch J, Cech TL, Konrad H, Bedlan G, 2014. First report of Diplodia mutila on Ligustrum vulgare, taxonomy of Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker. (Erstnachweis von Diplodia mutila an Ligustrum vulgare Beiträge zur Taxonomievon Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker.) Journal für Kulturpflanzen, 66(4):136-143. http://www.journal-kulturpflanzen.de
Laundon GF, 1973. Botryosphaeria obtusa, B. stevensii, and Otthia spiraeae in New Zealand. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 61:369-374.
Lehoczky J, 1974. Black dead-arm disease of grapevine caused by Botryosphaeria stevensii infection. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 9(3/4):319-327
Luisi N, Lerario P, Bianco MC, 1996. Botryosphaeria stevensii: pathogenicity on oaks and phytotoxic effects. Italia Forestale e Montana, 51(4):250-263; 23 ref.
Luisi N, Lerario P, Bianco MC, Mannerucci F, Trigona L, 2001. I Rapporto sullo Stato Fitosanitario delle Piante Forestali in Albania. Bari, Italy: University of Bari.
Luque J, Girbal J, 1988. Dieback of cork oak (Quercus suber) in Catalonia (NE Spain) caused by Botryosphaeria stevensii. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 19(1):7-13
Merezhko TO, 1980. Flora Fungorum RSS Ucrainica – Ordo Sphaeropsidales. Kiev, Ukraine: Naukova Dumka.
Mohali S, Encinas O, 2001. Association of Diplodia mutila with blue stain of Caribbean pine in Venezuela. Forest Pathology, 31(3):187-189; 12 ref.
Morales A, Latorre BA, Piontelli E, Besoain X, 2012. Botryosphaeriaceae species affecting table grape vineyards in Chile and cultivar susceptibility. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria, 39(3):445-458. http://agronomia.uc.cl/index.php?/en/Volume-39-Issue-3/View-category.html
NatTrcia M, Santos S, 1995. Phytopathological situation of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) in Portugal. Bulletin OILB/SROP, 18(6):38-42; 32 ref.
Phillips AJL, 2002. Botryosphaeria species associated with diseases of grapevines in Portugal. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 41(1):3-18; 34 ref.
Proffer TJ, 1996. First report of Diplodia mutila on golden-chain tree (Laburnum x watereri). Plant Disease, 80(11):1303.
Przybyl K, 2002. Fungi associated with necrotic apical parts of Fraxinus excelsior shoots. Forest Pathology, 32(6):387-394; 19 ref.
Ragazzi A, Mesturino L, 1987. Diplodia mutila in Italy: is it associated with 'oak dieback'? Italia Forestale e Montana, 42(4):264-274.
Ragazzi A, Moricca S, Dellavalle I, 1997. Vegetative compatibility and pathogenicity of Diplodia mutila isolates on oak. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 27(6):391-396; 15 ref.
Ragazzi A, Moricca S, Vagniluca S, Comparini C, Dellavalle I, 1999. Leaf water potential and peroxidase activity in Quercus cerris and Quercus pubescens after inoculation with Diplodia mutila. Journal of Phytopathology, 147(1):55-59; 25 ref.
Ragazzi A, Moricca S, Vagniluca S, Dellavalle I, 1996. Antagonism of Acremonium mucronatum towards Diplodia mutila in tests in vitro and in situ. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 26(5):235-243; 31 ref.
Raju CG, Madhukeshwara SS, 2004. Studies on caulicolous and ramicolous fungi of Karnataka - IV: On Jack. Myforest, 40(4):375-383.
Rossnev B, Petkov P, 2000. Health status and pathological problems in the oak forest of northeastern Bulgaria. Lesotekhnicheski Universitet. Yubileen sbornik nauchni dokladi: 75 godini visshe lesotekhnichesko obrazovanie v B"lgariya. Sektsiya Gorsko stopanstvo, 109-114; 11 ref.
Schmidt RA, Fergus CL, 1965. Branch canker and dieback of Quercus prinus caused by a species of Botryodiplodia. Canad. J. Bot. 43 (6), (731-7). 18 refs.
Shoemaker RA, 1964. Conidial states of some Botryosphaeria species on Vitis and Quercus. Canad. J. Bot. 42 (9), (1297-1301 + 17 photos). 10 refs.
Sidoti A, Granata G, 2004. L’orniello (Fraxinus ornus): nuovo ospite di Diplodia mutila. Informatore Fitopatologico, 2:49-51.
Sidoti A, Granata G, 2004. Manna ash (Fraxinus ornus): a new host of Diplodia mutila. (L'orniello (Fraxinus ornus): nuovo ospite di Diplodia mutila.) Informatore Fitopatologico, 54(2):49-51.
Sims L, Schmidt D, Garbelotto M, Uhler M, Dahl J, 2016. First report of bristlecone fir branch canker in California caused by Diplodia mutila. Plant Disease, 100(12):2534. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis
Sivanesan A, 1984. The bitunicate ascomycetes and their anamorphs. The bitunicate ascomycetes and their anamorphs. Liechtenstein: J. Cramer Vaduz, 701 pp.
Stanosz GR, Moorman GW, 1997. Branch dieback of savin juniper in Pennsylvania caused by Diplodia mutila. Plant Disease, 81(1):111; 1 ref.
Stevens NE, 1936. Two species of Physalospora in England. Mycologia, 28:330-336.
Sutton BC, 1980. The Coelomycetes. Fungi imperfecti with pycnidia, acervuli and stromata. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Taylor A, St JHardy GE, Wood P, Burgess T, 2005. Identification and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeria species associated with grapevine decline in Western Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 34(2):187-195.
Tiberi R, Ragazzi A, 1998. Association between fungi and xylophagous insects of declining oaks in Italy. Redia, 81:83-91; 20 ref.
Úrbez-Torres JR, Leavitt GM, Voegel TM, Gubler WD, 2006. Identification and distribution of Botryosphaeria spp. associated with grapevine cankers in California. Plant Disease, 90(12):1490-1503. HTTP://www.apsnet.org
Vajna L, 1986. Branch canker and dieback of sessile oak (Quercus petrpa) in Hungary caused by Diplodia mutila. I. Identification of the pathogen. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 16(4):223-229
Vajna L, 2003. Hyperparasitic Stagonospora sp. on Botryosphaeria stevensii. Forest Pathology, 33:375-382.
Zhou S, Stanosz GR, 2001. Primers for amplification of mt SSU rDNA, and a phylogenetic study of Botryosphaeria and associated anamorphic fungi. Mycological Research, 105(9):1033-1044; many ref.
Zhou ShiGuo, Stanosz GR, 2001. Relationships among Botryosphaeria species and associated anamorphic fungi inferred from the analyses of ITS and 5.8S rDNA sequences. Mycologia, 93(3):516-527; 62 ref.
Distribution Maps
Top of page
- = Present, no further details
- = Evidence of pathogen
- = Widespread
- = Last reported
- = Localised
- = Presence unconfirmed
- = Confined and subject to quarantine
- = See regional map for distribution within the country
- = Occasional or few reports