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Datasheet

Botryosphaeria ribis (canker: apple)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 02 April 2012
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Natural Enemy
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Botryosphaeria ribis
  • Preferred Common Name
  • canker: apple
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Dothideomycetes
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    Compendia
    CAB International
    Wallingford
    Oxfordshire
    OX10 8DE
    UK
    compend@cabi.org
  • Distribution mapMore information

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Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar

Preferred Common Name

  • canker: apple

Other Scientific Names

  • Botryosphaeria berengiana De Not. [teleomorph] De Not.
  • Botryosphaeria mali V.A. Putterill [teleomorph] V.A. Putterill
  • Dothiorella gregaria Sacc. [anamorph] Sacc.
  • Dothiorella ribis (Fuckel) Sacc. [anamorph] (Fuckel) Sacc.
  • Fusicoccum aesculi Corda [anamorph] Corda
  • Fusicoccum tingens Goid. [anamorph] Goid.

International Common Names

  • English: cane blight: currant; canker: melaleuca; canker: pine; canker: walnut; dieback: conifers; dieback: currant; dieback: mango; fruit rot: apple; gummosis: citrus spp.; gummosis: peach; panicle and shoot blight: pistachio; stem blight: blueberry; tip dieback: mango; white rot: apple
  • Spanish: cancro; gomosis de los agrios
  • French: chancre du pin; gommose des agrumes

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Krebs: Apfel; Krebs: Jahannisbeere; Krebs: Kiefer
  • Italy: cancro

EPPO code

  • BOTSRI (Botryosphaeria ribis)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Dothideomycetes
  •                     Order: Botryosphaeriales
  •                         Family: Botryosphaeriaceae
  •                             Genus: Botryosphaeria
  •                                 Species: Botryosphaeria ribis

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

ASIA

BangladeshPresentRahman et al., 1983; CABI/EPPO, 2011
Brunei DarussalamPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
ChinaPresentTang, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2011; Deng et al., 1993
-FujianPresentZhang et al., 2002; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-HebeiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-HeilongjiangPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Hong KongPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-JiangsuPresentLiu & Xu, 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-JilinPresentSchmutzenhofer et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-LiaoningPresentSchmutzenhofer et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-Nei MengguPresentSchmutzenhofer et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-ShaanxiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-SichuanPresentYe XiaoYun, 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-ZhejiangPresentShe et al., 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2011
Georgia (Republic of)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
IndiaPresentGupta & Dutt, 1972; Anahosur & Fazalnoor, 1972; Saharan, 1974; Mazumdar, 1985; Singh & Prashar, 1988; Kachhwaha et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-Andhra PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-BiharPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-ChhattisgarhPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-DelhiPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-GujaratPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Himachal PradeshPresentSharma, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-Indian PunjabPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Jammu and KashmirPresentThakur, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-KeralaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Madhya PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-MaharashtraPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-ManipurPresentSrivastava & Verma, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-MeghalayaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-RajasthanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Tamil NaduPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Uttar PradeshPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-UttarakhandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-West BengalPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
IndonesiaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-JavaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-KalimantanPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-SumatraPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
IranPresentAschkan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2011
IsraelPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
JapanPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-HonshuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-KyushuPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Ryukyu ArchipelagoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
Korea, Republic ofPresentWon et al., 1972; Cho et al., 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2011
MalaysiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Peninsular MalaysiaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-SabahPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-SarawakPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
MyanmarPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
NepalPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
PakistanPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
Sri LankaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
TaiwanPresentChao & Wu, 1979; Kuo et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2011
ThailandPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
TurkeyPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011

AFRICA

Côte d'IvoirePresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
EthiopiaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
GhanaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
GuineaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
KenyaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
MadagascarPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
MalawiPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
MauritiusPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
MozambiquePresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
NigerPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
NigeriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
South AfricaPresentHerbert & Grech, 1985; Crous et al., 1989; Smith et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2011; Serfontein & Knox-Davies, 1990
TanzaniaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
TogoPresentIMI Herbarium unda
TunisiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
UgandaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
ZambiaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
ZimbabwePresentDenman et al., 2003; CABI/EPPO, 2011

NORTH AMERICA

CanadaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-AlbertaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-ManitobaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-OntarioPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Yukon TerritoryPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
MexicoPresentCarrion & Chacon, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2011
USAPresentWolf & Wolf, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-AlabamaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-ArizonaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-ArkansasPresentWolf & Wolf, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-CaliforniaPresentEnglish et al., 1975; Michailides, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-ConnecticutPresentStevens, 1926; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-DelawarePresentSmith & Fergus, 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-District of ColumbiaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-FloridaPresentRamos et al., 1991; Rayachhetry et al., 1996d; Ramos et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-GeorgiaWidespreadStevens, 1926; Wolf & Wolf, 1939; Smith & Fergus, 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-HawaiiPresentGardner & Hodges, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2011; Stevens & Shear, 1929
-IllinoisPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-IndianaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-IowaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-KansasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-KentuckyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-LouisianaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-MainePresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-MarylandPresentSmith & Fergus, 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-MassachusettsPresentStevens, 1926; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-MichiganPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-MinnesotaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-MississippiPresentWolf & Wolf, 1939; Filer & Randall, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-MissouriPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-MontanaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-NebraskaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-New JerseyPresentStevens, 1926; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-New MexicoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-New YorkPresentStevens, 1926; Grossenbacher & Duggar, 1911; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-North CarolinaPresentWolf & Wolf, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2011; Witcher & Clayton, 1962
-OhioPresentSchreiber, 1964; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-OklahomaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-PennsylvaniaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Rhode IslandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-South CarolinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-TennesseePresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-TexasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-VermontPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-VirginiaPresentWolf & Wolf, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-WashingtonPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-West VirginiaPresentSmith & Fergus, 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-WisconsinPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

BarbadosPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
Costa RicaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
CubaPresentStevens, 1926; CABI/EPPO, 2011
DominicaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
GrenadaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
HondurasPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
JamaicaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
PanamaPresentMejía et al., 2008
Trinidad and TobagoPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011

SOUTH AMERICA

ArgentinaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
BoliviaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
BrazilPresentKrugner et al., 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-Espirito SantoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Minas GeraisPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-ParaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-PernambucoPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Rio de JaneiroPresentMacedo & Barreto, 2008; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-Rio Grande do SulPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Santa CatarinaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Sao PauloPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
ChilePresentLatorre & Toledo, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2011
ColombiaPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
UruguayPresentPérez et al., 2008; CABI/EPPO, 2011
VenezuelaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011

EUROPE

CyprusPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
FrancePresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
GreecePresentRumbos, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-CretePresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Greece (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
ItalyPresentCutuli & Lanza, 1973; Vannacci & Lorenzini, 1981; Grasso, 1983; Corazza et al., 1986; Frisullo et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-Italy (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-SicilyPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
NetherlandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
PortugalPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-MadeiraPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-Portugal (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
SpainPresentRomero et al., 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-Spain (mainland)PresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
UKPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Channel IslandsPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-England and WalesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-ScotlandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011

OCEANIA

AustraliaPresentShearer et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2011
-New South WalesPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-QueenslandPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-VictoriaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
-Western AustraliaPresentDavidson & Tay, 1983; Fraser & Davison, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2011
FijiPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011
Micronesia, Federated states ofPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
New ZealandPresentSpiers, 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2011
Papua New GuineaPresentCABI/EPPO, 2011
Solomon IslandsPresentIMI Herbarium unda; CABI/EPPO, 2011

Growth Stages

Top of pageFruiting stage, Post-harvest, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

Top of page
SignLife StagesType

Fruit

lesions: black or brown

Growing point

dieback
lesions

Inflorescence

blight; necrosis

Leaves

wilting
yellowed or dead

Stems

canker on woody stem
dieback
discoloration of bark
gummosis or resinosis
internal discoloration
wilt

Whole plant

plant dead; dieback

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
Barkfruiting bodies; hyphaeYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, CalyxhyphaeYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Fruits (inc. pods)fruiting bodies; hyphaeYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Branchesfruiting bodies; hyphaeYesYesPest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Growing medium accompanying plants
Roots
True seeds (inc. grain)

References

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Anahosur KH, Fazalnoor K, 1972. Nuclear condition in the ascospores and conidia of Botryosphaeria ribis from India. Caryologia, 25(3):327-334

Aschkan M, 1973. Occurrence, pathogenicity and morphology of Botryosphaeria ribis inciting a canker of apple tree in Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 9(3/4):85-94; 33-37

Brooks FE, Ferrin DM, 1994. Branch dieback of southern California chaparral vegetation caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea. Phytopathology, 84(1):78-83

Brown EA II, Hendrix FF, 1981. Pathogenicity and histopathology of Botryosphaeria dothidea on apple stems. Phytopathology, 71(4):375-379

CABI/EPPO, 2011. Botryosphaeria ribis. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Map 1109 (Edition 1).

Carrion G, Chacon S, 1985. First record in Mexico of Botryosphaeria ribis and Mamiania fimbriata (Ascomycetes). Revista Mexicana de Micologia, 1:345-348

Chao G-P, Wu W-S, 1979. Mycological investigations on the cultivated plants at Highland farms (III). Memoirs of the College of Agriculture National Taiwan University, 19(1):87-95

Cho WD, Kim CH, Kim SC, 1986. Pathogen physiology, epidemiology and varietal resistance in white rot of apple. Korean Journal of Plant Protection, 25(2):63-70

Cline WO, Milholland RD, 1992. Root dip treatments for controlling blueberry stem blight caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea in container-grown nursery plants. Plant Disease, 76(2):136-138

Corazza L, Chilosi G, Avanzato D, 1986. Dieback of pistachio branches caused by Botryosphaeria ribis. Annali dell'Istituto Sperimentale per la Patologia Vegetale, 11:95-98

Crist CR, Schoeneweiss DF, 1975. The influence of controlled stresses on susceptibility of European white birch stems to attack by Botryosphaeria dothidea. Phytopathology, 65(4):369-373

Crous PW, Knox-Davies PS, Wingfield MJ, 1989. Newly recorded foliage fungi of Eucalyptus spp. in South Africa. Phytophylactica, 21(1):85-88

Cutuli G, Lanza G, 1973. Trametes hispida (Bagl.) Fr. Su piante di limone colpite da cancro gommoso (Botryosphaeria ribis Gross. e Dugg.) E da mal secco [Phoma (Deuterophoma) tracheiphila (Petri) Kanc. e Ghik.]. Annali dell'Istituto Sperimentale per I'Agrumicoltura, 6:309-313.

Davidson EM, Tay CS, 1983. Twig, branch, and upper trunk cankers of Eucalyptus marginata. Plant Disease, 67(11):1285-1287

Denman S, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Slippers B, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ, 2003. Circumscription of Botryosphaeria species associated with Proteaceae based on morphology and DNA sequence data. Mycologia, 95(2):294-307.

Drake CR, 1971. Source and longevity of apple fruit rot inocula of Botryosphaeria ribis and Physalospora obtusa under orchard conditions. Plant Disease Reporter, 55:122-126.

English H, Davis JR, DeVay JE, 1975. Relationship of Botryosphaeria dothidae and Hendersonula toruloidea to a canker disease of almond. Phytopathology, 65(2):114-122

Filer THJr, Randall WK, 1978. Resistance of twenty-one sweetgum families to Botryosphaeria ribis. Plant Disease Reporter, 62(1):38-39

Fraser D, Davison EM, 1985. Stem cankers of Eucalyptus saligna in Western Australia. Australian Forestry, 48(4):220-226

Frisullo S, Lops F, Sisto D, Trombetta NM, 1994. Pathogenic fungi in southern Italy. X. Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. et Duggar. on walnut. Informatore Fitopatologico, 44(2):61-64

Gardner DE, Hodges CS Jr, 1990. Diseases of Myrica faya (firetree, Myricaceae) in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Plant Pathology, 39(2):326-330

Grasso S, 1983. Fungi associated with citrus gummous cankers in Sicily. Informatore Fitopatologico, 33(12):43-46; [5 col. fig., 2 tab.]; 16 ref.

Grossenbacher JG, Duggar BM, 1911. A contribution to the life history, parasitism, and biology of Botryosphaeria ribis. New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Geneva Technical Bulletin, 18:114-188.

Gupta GK, Dutt K, 1972. Dothiorella fruit rot of apple in India. Progressive Horticulture, 4:59-62.

Herbert JA, Grech NM, 1985. Branch dieback of macadamias in South Africa induced by Botryosphaeria ribis. Plant Disease, 69(1):83

Hildebrand EM, Weber PV, 1944. Varietal susceptibility of currants to the cane blight organism and to currant mosaic virus. Plant Disease Reporter, 28:1031-1036.

Hwang BK, 1983. Contents of sugars, fruit acids, amino acids and phenolic compounds of apple fruits in relation to their susceptibility to Botryosphaeria ribis. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 108(1):1-11

IMI Herbarium, 1900-. Herbarium specimen. International Mycological Institute (now CABI Bioscience) Herbarium. Egham, UK: CABI Bioscience.

Ivory MH, 1967. Fusicoccum tingens Goid.: A wound pathogen of pines in East Africa. East African Agriculture and Forestry Journal, 23:341-343.

Kachhwaha M, Chile A, Khare V, Mehta A, Mehta P, 1992. A new fruit rot disease of banana. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 22(2):211

Krugner TL, Caneva RA, Tomazello FM, 1973. Branch dieback in grafted eucalypt plants in Espirito Santo. IPEF, No. 6, 69-73.

Kuo KC, Kao CW, Leu LS, 1989. Grape cluster rot induced by Botryosphaeria ribis. Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan, 31(3):238-247

Latorre BA, Toledo MV, 1984. Occurrence and relative susceptibility of apple cultivars to Botryosphaeria canker in Chile. Plant Disease, 68(1):36-38

Liu SuQin, Xu HouZhi, 2000. Integrated control and characteristics of the main poplar diseases and insect outbreaks in Siyang County. Journal of Jiangsu Forestry Science & Technology, 27(6):33-35.

Luttrel ES, 1973. Loculoascomycetes. In: Ainsworth GC, Sparrow FK, Sussman AS, eds. The Fungi. Vol. IVA. New York, USA: Academic Press, 135-219.

Luttrell ES, 1950. Botryosphaeria stem canker of elm. Plant Disease Reporter, 34:138-139.

Maas JL, Uecker FA, 1984. Botryosphaeria dothidea cane canker of thornless blackberry. Plant Disease, 68(8):720-726

Macedo DMde, Barreto RW, 2008. First record of Botryosphaeria ribis associated with leaf spots on Magnolia aff. candollei in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 39(2):321-324. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-83822008000200023&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

Majumdar VL, 1985. Some fungi hitherto unrecorded on guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits. Indian Botanical Reporter, 4(2):195; 2 ref.

Mejía LC, Rojas EI, Maynard Z, Bael Svan, Arnold AE, Hebbar P, Samuels GJ, Robbins N, Herre EA, 2008. Endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents of Theobroma cacao pathogens. Biological Control, 46(1):4-14. [Special Issue: Endophytes.] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10499644

Michailides TJ, 1991. Pathogenicity, distribution, sources of inoculum, and infection courts of Botryosphaeria dothidea on pistachio. Phytopathology, 81(5):566-573

Milholland RD, 1970. Histopathology of Botryosphaeria canker of susceptible and resistant high bush blueberries. Phytopathology, 60:70-74.

Milholland RD, 1972. Histopathology and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeria dothidea on blueberry stems. Phytopathology, 62:654-660.

Morgan-Jones G, White JF Jr, 1987. Notes on Coelomycetes. II. Concerning the Fusicoccum anamorph of Botryosphaeria ribis. Mycotaxon, 30:117-125

Myers RL, 1975. The relationship of site condition to the capability of Melaleuca quinquenervia in Southwest Florida. MSc Thesis. Gainesville, USA: Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Florida.

Old KM, Gibbs R, Craig I, Myers BJ, Yuan ZQ, 1990. Effect of drought and defoliation on the susceptibility of eucalypts to cankers caused by Endothia gyrosa and Botryosphaeria ribis. Australian Journal of Botany, 38(6):571-581; 21 ref.

Pennycook SR, Samuels GJ, 1985. Botryosphaeria and Fusicoccum species associated with ripe fruit rot of Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit) in New Zealand. Mycotaxon, 24:445-458

Pérez CA, Allier N, Simeto S, Wingfield MJ, Slippers B, Blanchette RA, 2008. Botryosphaeriaceae from Eucalyptus and Native Myrtaceae in Uruguay. Agrociencia (Montevideo), 12(2):19-30.

Petrak, 1922. Beitrage zur kenntnis der Pilzflora der sudlichen Alpenlander und Norditaliens. Ann. Mycol., 20:126-139.

Punithalingam E, Holliday P, 1973. Botryosphaeria ribis. Description of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 395. Wallingford & Kew, UK: CAB International & Association of Applied Biology.

Pusey PL, 1989. Availability and dispersal of ascospores and conidia of Botryosphaeria in peach orchards. Phytopathology, 79(6):635-639

Pusey PL, 1989. Influence of water stress on susceptibility of nonwounded peach bark to Botryosphaeria dothidea. Plant Disease, 73(12):1000-1003

Pusey PL, Reilly CC, Okie WR, 1986. Symptomatic responses of peach trees to various isolates of Botryosphaeria dothidea. Plant Disease, 70(6):568-572

Rahman MA, Khisa SK, Basuk AC, 1983. Top dying of Sundri in the Sunderbans. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 12(1/2):69-71

Ramos LJ, Davenport TL, McMillan RTJr, Lara SP, 1997. The resistance of mango (Mangifera indica) cultivars to tip dieback disease in Florida. Plant Disease, 81(5):509-514; 23 ref.

Ramos LJ, Lara SP, McMillan RTJr, Narayanan KR, 1991. Tip dieback of mango (Mangifera indica) caused by Botryosphaeria ribis.. Plant Disease, 75(3):315-318; 30 ref.

Rayachhetry MB, Blakeslee GM, Center TD, 1996. Predisposition of melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) to invasion by the potential biological control agent Botryosphaeria ribis. Weed Science, 44(3):603-608; 27 ref.

Rayachhetry MB, Blakeslee GM, Charudattan R, 1996. Susceptibility of Melaleuca quinquenervia to Botryosphaeria ribis, a potential biological control agent. Plant Disease, 80(2):145-150; 35 ref.

Rayachhetry MB, Blakeslee GM, Miller T, 1996. Histopathology of Botryosphaeria ribis in Melaleuca quinquenervia: pathogen invasion and host response. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157(2):219-227; 26 ref.

Rayachhetry MB, Blakeslee GM, Webb RS, Kimbrough JW, 1996. Characteristics of the Fusicoccum anamorph of Botryosphaeria ribis, a potential biological control agent for Melaleuca quinquenervia in South Florida. Mycologia, 88(2):239-248; 35 ref.

Romero MA, Sánchez ME, Trapero A, 2005. First report of Botryosphaeria ribis as a branch dieback pathogen of olive trees in Spain. Plant Disease, 89(2):208. HTTP://www.apsnet.org

Rumbos IC, 1987. Twig and branch dieback of walnut trees induced by Botryosphaeria ribis. Plant Pathology, 36(4):602-605

Saccardo PA, 1880. Fungi galici. ser. II. Michelia, 2:38-135.

Saccardo PA, 1886. Fungi Italici Sphaeropsideae No. 1459.

Saharan GS, 1974. Botryosphaeria nut rot of pecan. Plant Disease Reporter, 58(11):1030-1031

Schmutzenhofer H, Mielke ME, Luo Y, Ostry ME, Wen J, 1996. Field Guide/Manual on the Identification and Management of Poplar Pests and Diseases in the Area of the "Three North 009 Project" (North-Eastern China). Rome, Italy: FAO.

Schoeneweiss DF, 1967. Susceptibility of weakened cottonwood stems to fungi associated with blackstem. Plant Disease Reporter, 51:933-935.

Schoeneweiss DF, 1981. Role of environmental stress in diseases of woody plants. Plant Disease, 65(4):308-314

Schreiber LR, 1964. Stem canker and die-back of Rhododendron caused by Botryosphaeria ribis Gross & Dug. Plant Disease Reporter, 48:207-210.

Serfontein S, Knox-Davies PS, 1990. Leaf spot of Protea magnifica and copper leaf on Leucospermum cordifolium associated with Coleroa senniana. Phytophylactica, 22(1):103-107

Sharma SK, 1988. Prevalence of apple cankers in Himachal Pradesh and their control. Indian Journal of Plant Pathology, 6(2):125-127

She DeSong, Fu FengJuan, Chen Fei, Zhou ChuanLiang, Ma GenShen, 2005. The occurrence of diseases and pests on the trunk and branches of Yunhexueli pear cultivar and their control. South China Fruits, No.4:66-68.

Shear CL, Stevens NE, Wilcox MS, 1925. Botryosphaeria and Physalospora on currant and apple. Journal of Agricultural Research, 28:589-598.

Shearer BL, Fairman RG, Bathgate JA, 1995. Cryptodiaporthe melanocraspeda canker as a threat to Banksia coccinea on the south coast of Western Australia. Plant Disease, 79(6):637-641

Shearer BL, Tippett JT, Bartle JR, 1987. Botryosphaeria ribis infection associated with death of Eucalyptus radiata in species selection trials. Plant Disease, 71(2):140-145

Sinclair WA, Lyon HH, Johnson WT, 1998. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Ithaca, USA: Comstock Publishing Associates and Cornell University Press.

Singh RS, Prashar M, 1988. Two new post-harvest diseases of peach in India. Journal of Research, Punjab Agriculture University, 25:417-418.

Sivanesan A, 1984. The bitunicate ascomycetes and their anamorphs. The bitunicate ascomycetes and their anamorphs. Liechtenstein: J. Cramer Vaduz, 701 pp.

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Smith H, Kemp GHJ, Wingfield MJ, 1994. Canker and die-back of Eucalyptus in South Africa caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea. Plant Pathology, 43(6):1031-1034

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Spiers AG, 1977. Botryosphaeria dothidea infection of Salix species in New Zealand. Plant Disease Reporter, 61(8):664-667

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Distribution Maps

Top of page
Distribution map Argentina: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Australia: Present
Shearer et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2011Australia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryAustralia
See regional map for distribution within the countryBarbados: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Barbados: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Bangladesh: Present
Rahman et al., 1983; CABI/EPPO, 2011Brunei Darussalam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Bolivia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Brazil: Present
Krugner et al., 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2011Brazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryBrazil
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Canada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCanada
See regional map for distribution within the countryCôte d'Ivoire: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Chile: Present
Latorre & Toledo, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2011China: Present
Tang, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2011China: Present
Tang, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2011China
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryChina
See regional map for distribution within the countryColombia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Colombia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Cuba: Present
Stevens, 1926; CABI/EPPO, 2011Cuba: Present
Stevens, 1926; CABI/EPPO, 2011Cyprus: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Cyprus: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Dominica: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Spain: Present
Romero et al., 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2011Spain: Present
Romero et al., 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2011Spain
See regional map for distribution within the countryEthiopia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Fiji: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Micronesia, Federated states of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011France: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011UK: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011UK
See regional map for distribution within the countryUK
See regional map for distribution within the countryUK
See regional map for distribution within the countryGrenada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Ghana: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Guinea: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Greece: Present
Rumbos, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2011Greece: Present
Rumbos, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2011Greece
See regional map for distribution within the countryGreece
See regional map for distribution within the countryGreece
See regional map for distribution within the countryHonduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Indonesia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Indonesia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Indonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndonesia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIsrael: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Israel: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011India: Present
Gupta & Dutt, 1972; Anahosur & Fazalnoor, 1972; Saharan, 1974; Mazumdar, 1985; Singh & Prashar, 1988; Kachhwaha et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2011India
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIndia
See regional map for distribution within the countryIran: Present
Aschkan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2011Iran: Present
Aschkan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2011Iran: Present
Aschkan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2011Italy: Present
Cutuli & Lanza, 1973; Vannacci & Lorenzini, 1981; Grasso, 1983; Corazza et al., 1986; Frisullo et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2011Italy
See regional map for distribution within the countryItaly
See regional map for distribution within the countryItaly
See regional map for distribution within the countryJamaica: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Jamaica: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Japan: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Japan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryJapan
See regional map for distribution within the countryKenya: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Korea, Republic of: Present
Won et al., 1972; Cho et al., 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2011Sri Lanka: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Madagascar: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Myanmar: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Mauritius: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Malawi: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Mexico: Present
Carrion & Chacon, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2011Mexico: Present
Carrion & Chacon, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2011Malaysia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Malaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMalaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMalaysia
See regional map for distribution within the countryMozambique: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Niger: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Nigeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Netherlands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Nepal: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011New Zealand: Present
Spiers, 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2011Panama: Present
Mejía et al., 2008Panama: Present
Mejía et al., 2008Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Pakistan: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Portugal: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Portugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countryPortugal
See regional map for distribution within the countrySolomon Islands: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Togo: Present
Thailand: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Tunisia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Tunisia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Turkey: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Turkey: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Turkey: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Trinidad and Tobago: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Trinidad and Tobago: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Taiwan: Present
Chao & Wu, 1979; Kuo et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2011Taiwan: Present
Chao & Wu, 1979; Kuo et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2011Tanzania: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Uganda: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011USA: Present
Wolf & Wolf, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2011USA: Present
Wolf & Wolf, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2011USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUruguay: Present
Pérez et al., 2008; CABI/EPPO, 2011Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011South Africa: Present
Herbert & Grech, 1985; Crous et al., 1989; Smith et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2011Zambia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Zimbabwe: Present
Denman et al., 2003; CABI/EPPO, 2011
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia) Bangladesh: Present
Rahman et al., 1983; CABI/EPPO, 2011Brunei Darussalam: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011China: Present
Tang, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2011Fujian: Present
Zhang et al., 2002; CABI/EPPO, 2011Hebei: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Hong Kong: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Heilongjiang: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Jilin: Present
Schmutzenhofer et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2011Jiangsu: Present
Liu & Xu, 2000; CABI/EPPO, 2011Liaoning: Present
Schmutzenhofer et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2011Nei Menggu: Present
Schmutzenhofer et al., 1996; CABI/EPPO, 2011Sichuan: Present
Ye XiaoYun, 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2011Shaanxi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Zhejiang: Present
She et al., 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2011Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Indonesia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Java: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Kalimantan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Sumatra: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Israel: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011India: Present
Gupta & Dutt, 1972; Anahosur & Fazalnoor, 1972; Saharan, 1974; Mazumdar, 1985; Singh & Prashar, 1988; Kachhwaha et al., 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2011Andhra Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Bihar: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Chhattisgarh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Delhi: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Gujarat: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Himachal Pradesh: Present
Sharma, 1988; CABI/EPPO, 2011Jammu and Kashmir: Present
Thakur, 1995; CABI/EPPO, 2011Kerala: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Maharashtra: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Meghalaya: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Manipur: Present
Srivastava & Verma, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2011Madhya Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Indian Punjab: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Rajasthan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Tamil Nadu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Uttar Pradesh: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Uttarakhand: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011West Bengal: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iran: Present
Aschkan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2011Japan: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Honshu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Kyushu: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Ryukyu Archipelago: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Korea, Republic of: Present
Won et al., 1972; Cho et al., 1986; CABI/EPPO, 2011Sri Lanka: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Myanmar: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Malaysia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Peninsular Malaysia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Sabah: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Sarawak: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Nepal: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Pakistan: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Thailand: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Turkey: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Taiwan: Present
Chao & Wu, 1979; Kuo et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2011
Distribution map (europe) Cyprus: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Spain: Present
Romero et al., 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2011Spain (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011France: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011UK: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Channel Islands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011England and Wales: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Scotland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Georgia (Republic of): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Greece: Present
Rumbos, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2011Crete: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Greece (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Iran: Present
Aschkan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2011Italy: Present
Cutuli & Lanza, 1973; Vannacci & Lorenzini, 1981; Grasso, 1983; Corazza et al., 1986; Frisullo et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2011Italy (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Sicily: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Netherlands: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Portugal: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Madeira: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Portugal (mainland): Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Tunisia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Turkey: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011
Distribution map (africa) Côte d'Ivoire: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Cyprus: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Spain: Present
Romero et al., 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2011Ethiopia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Ghana: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Guinea: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Greece: Present
Rumbos, 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2011Crete: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Israel: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Iran: Present
Aschkan, 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2011Sicily: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Kenya: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Madagascar: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Mauritius: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Malawi: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Mozambique: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Niger: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Nigeria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Madeira: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Togo: Present
Tunisia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Turkey: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Tanzania: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Uganda: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011South Africa: Present
Herbert & Grech, 1985; Crous et al., 1989; Smith et al., 1994; CABI/EPPO, 2011Zambia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Zimbabwe: Present
Denman et al., 2003; CABI/EPPO, 2011
Distribution map (north america) Canada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Alberta: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Manitoba: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Ontario: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Yukon Territory: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Cuba: Present
Stevens, 1926; CABI/EPPO, 2011Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Jamaica: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Mexico: Present
Carrion & Chacon, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2011USA: Present
Wolf & Wolf, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2011Alabama: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Arkansas: Present
Wolf & Wolf, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2011Arizona: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011California: Present
English et al., 1975; Michailides, 1991; CABI/EPPO, 2011Connecticut: Present
Stevens, 1926; CABI/EPPO, 2011District of Columbia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Delaware: Present
Smith & Fergus, 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2011Florida: Present
Ramos et al., 1991; Rayachhetry et al. ,1996d; Ramos et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2011Georgia: Widespread
Stevens, 1926; Wolf & Wolf, 1939; Smith & Fergus, 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2011Hawaii: Present
Gardner & Hodges, 1990; CABI/EPPO, 2011Iowa: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Illinois: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Indiana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Kansas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Kentucky: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Louisiana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Massachusetts: Present
Stevens, 1926; CABI/EPPO, 2011Maryland: Present
Smith & Fergus, 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2011Maine: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Michigan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Minnesota: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Missouri: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Mississippi: Present
Wolf & Wolf, 1939; Filer & Randall, 1978; CABI/EPPO, 2011Montana: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011North Carolina: Present
Wolf & Wolf, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2011Nebraska: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011New Jersey: Present
Stevens, 1926; CABI/EPPO, 2011New Mexico: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011New York: Present
Stevens, 1926; Grossenbacher & Duggar, 1911; CABI/EPPO, 2011Ohio: Present
Schreiber, 1964; CABI/EPPO, 2011Oklahoma: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Pennsylvania: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Rhode Island: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011South Carolina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Tennessee: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Texas: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Virginia: Present
Wolf & Wolf, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2011Vermont: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Washington: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Wisconsin: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011West Virginia: Present
Smith & Fergus, 1971; CABI/EPPO, 2011
Distribution map (central america) Barbados: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Colombia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Cuba: Present
Stevens, 1926; CABI/EPPO, 2011Dominica: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Grenada: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Honduras: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Jamaica: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Mexico: Present
Carrion & Chacon, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2011Panama: Present
Mejía et al., 2008Trinidad and Tobago: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011USA: Present
Wolf & Wolf, 1939; CABI/EPPO, 2011Florida: Present
Ramos et al., 1991; Rayachhetry et al. ,1996d; Ramos et al., 1997; CABI/EPPO, 2011Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011
Distribution map (south america) Argentina: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Barbados: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Bolivia: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Brazil: Present
Krugner et al., 1973; CABI/EPPO, 2011Espirito Santo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Minas Gerais: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Para: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Pernambuco: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Rio de Janeiro: Present
Macedo & Barreto, 2008; CABI/EPPO, 2011Rio Grande do Sul: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Santa Catarina: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Sao Paulo: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Chile: Present
Latorre & Toledo, 1984; CABI/EPPO, 2011Colombia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Costa Rica: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Panama: Present
Mejía et al., 2008Trinidad and Tobago: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Uruguay: Present
Pérez et al., 2008; CABI/EPPO, 2011Venezuela: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011
Distribution map (pacific) Australia: Present
Shearer et al., 1987; CABI/EPPO, 2011New South Wales: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Queensland: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Victoria: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Western Australia: Present
Davidson & Tay, 1983; Fraser & Davison, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 2011China: Present
Tang, 1992; CABI/EPPO, 2011Fiji: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Micronesia, Federated states of: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Indonesia: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Kalimantan: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011New Zealand: Present
Spiers, 1977; CABI/EPPO, 2011Papua New Guinea: Present
CABI/EPPO, 2011Solomon Islands: Present
; CABI/EPPO, 2011Taiwan: Present
Chao & Wu, 1979; Kuo et al., 1989; CABI/EPPO, 2011