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Datasheet

Argyrotaenia citrana (orange tortrix)

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 23 March 2017
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Argyrotaenia citrana
  • Preferred Common Name
  • orange tortrix
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Pupa
TitlePupa
Caption
CopyrightAlan L. Knight
Pupa
PupaAlan L. Knight

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald)

Preferred Common Name

  • orange tortrix

Other Scientific Names

  • Argyrotaenia franciscana Borden, 1926
  • Argyrotaenia purata Freeman, 1958
  • Cacoecia franciscana Penny, 1921
  • Eulia citrana Essig, 1928
  • Eulia franciscana Frost, 1926
  • Tortrix citrana Fernald, 1889

International Common Names

  • English: apple skinworm
  • French: tordeuse des citrus

EPPO code

  • ARGTCI (Argyrotaenia citrana)

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Metazoa
  •         Phylum: Arthropoda
  •             Subphylum: Uniramia
  •                 Class: Insecta
  •                     Order: Lepidoptera
  •                         Family: Tortricidae
  •                             Genus: Argyrotaenia
  •                                 Species: Argyrotaenia citrana

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

CountryDistributionLast ReportedOriginFirst ReportedInvasiveReferencesNotes

NORTH AMERICA

USARestricted distributionPowell, 1964
-CaliforniaRestricted distributionBasinger, 1938; Kido et al., 1971; Quayle, 1910; Penny, 1921
-OregonRestricted distributionRosenstiel, 1949; LaLone, 1980
-WashingtonRestricted distributionBreakey & Batchelor, 1948

Host plants/Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContext
Citrus limon (lemon)RutaceaeOther
Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit)RutaceaeOther
Malus domestica (apple)RosaceaeMain
Persea americana (avocado)LauraceaeOther
Prunus armeniaca (apricot)RosaceaeOther
Rubus (blackberry, raspberry)RosaceaeMain
Vaccinium (blueberries)EricaceaeOther
Vitis (grape)VitaceaeMain

Growth Stages

Top of pageFruiting stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms

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SignLife StagesType

Fruit

external feeding
malformed skin

Growing point

distortion
external feeding

Inflorescence

external feeding
webbing

Leaves

external feeding
leaves rolled or folded
webbing

Stems

external feeding

Natural Enemies

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Natural enemyTypeLife stagesSpecificityReferencesBiological control inBiological control on
Apanteles aristoteliaeParasiteLarvae
Exochus nigripalpis subobscurusParasiteLarvae
Meteorus argyrotaeniaeParasiteLarvae
Oncophanes americanusParasiteLarvae
Phytodietus vulgarisParasiteLarvae

Plant Trade

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Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes
Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyx
Fruits (inc. pods)
Growing medium accompanying plants
Leaves
Roots
Seedlings, Micropropagated plants
Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Branches
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

References

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Barnett WW, Bentley WJ, Bethell RS, Pickel C, Weddle PW, Zalom FG, 1991. Insects and mites. In: Flint ML, ed. Integrated pest management for apples and pear. Oakland, CA, USA: University California Press, Publication 3340, 91-93.

Bartges RJ, 1951. Studies concerning the synonymy of two tortricid moths, Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald) and Argyrotaenia franciscana (Walsingham). PhD thesis. Berkeley, CA, USA: University California.

Basinger AJ, 1938. The orange tortrix, Argyrotaenia citrana. Hilgardia, 11:635-665.

Boyce AM, Ortega JC, 1947. Control of orange worms. California Citrograph, 32:318-319.

Breakey EP, 1951. Natural control of the orange tortrix in western Washington. Journal Economic Entomology, 44:24.

Breakey EP, Batchelor GS, 1948. The orange tortrix, a pest of raspberries in western Washington. Journal Economic Entomology, 41:805-806.

Coop L, Knight A, Fisher G, 1989. Parasitism of orange tortrix on caneberry, Rubus spp. in Western Oregon and Washington. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 86:63-65

Coop LB, 1982. Orange tortrix: parasitoid complex and thermal constants for egg hatch. MS thesis. Corvallis, OR, USA: Oregon State University.

Coop LB, Croft BA, 1990. Diapause and life history attributes of Phytodietus vulgaris (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of Argyrotpnia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 83(6):1148-1151

Coquillett DW, 1894. Report on some of the injurious insects of California, the orange leafroller (Tortrix citrana Fernald). In: Riley CV, ed. Reports of observations and experiments in the practical work of the division. United States Department Agricultural Division, Entomological Bulletin, 32:1-59.

Coudriet DL, 1970. Rearing the orange tortrix on a synthetic diet. Journal Economic Entomology, 63:1004-1005.

Croft BA, Knight AL, Flexner JL, Miller RW, 1986. Competition between caged virgin female Argyrotpnia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and pheromone traps for capture of released males in a semi-enclosed courtyard. Environmental Entomology, 15(2):232-239

Croft BA, Mullin CA, 1984. Comparison of detoxification enzyme systems in Argyrotpnia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the ectoparasite, Oncophanes americanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environmental Entomology, 13(5):1330-1335

Ebeling W, Pence RJ, 1957. Orange tortrix on avocados. California Agriculture, 11:13-14.

Fernald CH, 1889. North America microlepidoptera. Tortrix citrana, new species. Entomology American, 5:18.

Freeman TN, 1944. A review of the North American species of the genus Argyrotaenia Stephens. Sci. Agr. (Ottawa), 25(2):81-94.

Hill AS, Carde RT, Kido H, Roelofs WL, 1975. Sex pheromone of the orange tortrix moth, Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1(2):215-224

Kido H, Flaherty DL, Kennett CE, McCalley NF, Bosch DF, 1981. Seeking the reasons for differences in orange tortrix infestations. California Agriculture, 35(7/8):27-28

Kido H, McCalley NF, Joos JL, 1981a. Orange tortrix, pp. 155-159 In: Grape pest management. Berkeley, CA, USA: University California Press.

Kido H, Stafford EM, McCalley NF, 1971. Orange tortrix on grapes in Salinas Valley. California Agriculture, 25:10-11.

Kieffer JN, Shanks CH Jr, Turner WJ, 1983. Populations and control of insects and spiders contaminating mechanically harvested red raspberries in Washington and Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76(3):649-653

Knight AL, 1986. Regional population dynamics of Argyrotpnia citrana in northwest caneberry [Rubus]: phenology, overwintering survivorship, and movement as measured by pheromone traps and larval sampling. Dissertation Abstracts International, B (Sciences and Engineering) Thesis, Oregon State University, USA, 47(4):1399

Knight AL, 1996. Sexual biology and mating disruption of orange tortrix, Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 93:111-120; 28 ref.

Knight AL, Croft BA, 1986. Larval survivorship of Argyrotpnia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) overwintering on small fruits in the Pacific northwest. Journal of Economic Entomology, 79(6):1524-1529

Knight AL, Croft BA, 1987. Immature developmental requirements and factors influencing spring emergence of Argyrotpnia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on caneberries, Rubus spp., in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Economic Entomology, 80(4):799-805

Knight AL, Croft BA, 1987. Regional population dynamics and seasonal spatial patterns of Argyrotpnia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as measured by a pheromone trap grid and larva sampling. Environmental Entomology, 16(1):59-67

Knight AL, Croft BA, 1987. Temporal patterns of competition between a pheromone trap and caged female moths for males of Argyrotpnia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in a semienclosed courtyard. Environmental Entomology, 16(5):1185-1192

Knight AL, Croft BA, 1989. Host discrimination by the gregarious parasitoid Oncophanes americanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 65(2):146-150

Knight AL, Lacey LA, Stockhoff BA, Warner RL, 1998. Activity of Cry1 endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis for four tree fruit leafroller pest species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 15(2):93-103; 48 ref.

Knight AL, LaLone R, Fisher GC, Coop LB, 1988. Managing leafrollers on caneberries in Oregon. Corvallis, Oregon, USA: Oregon State University, Extension Circular 1263.

Knight AL, Weiss M, Weissling T, 1994. Diurnal patterns of adult activity of four orchard pests (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) measured by timing trap and actograph. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 11(2):125-136

LaLone RS, 1980. Pest management of leafrollers in caneberries grown in Oregon. Acta Horticulturae, 112:135-141.

Landry B, Powell JA, Sperling FAH, 1999. Systematics of the Argyrotaenia franciscana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) species group: evidence from mitochondrial DNA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 92(1):40-46; 32 ref.

Lange WH, 1936. The biology of the orange tortrix Eulia (Argyrotaenia) citrana Fernald. California State Department Agriculture Monthly Bulletin, 25:283-285.

Madsen HF, Borden AD, Clark RE, 1953. Orange tortrix on apricots. California Agriculture, 7:7-8.

Penny DD, 1921. A skin-feeding tortricid, Cacoecia franciscana injurious to apples in the Pajaro Valley. California Agriculture Monthly Bulletin, 10:146-150.

Powell JA, 1964. Biological and taxonomic studies on tortricine moths, with reference to the species in California. Berkeley/Los Angeles, USA: University of California Publications in Entomology/University of California Press, 32.

Quayle HJ, 1910. The orange tortrix, Tortrix citrana Fernald. Journal Economic Entomology, 3:401-403.

Quayle HJ, 1938. Insects of citrus and other subtropical fruits. New York, USA: Comstock Publishers.

Rosenstiel RG, 1949. Life history and control of the orange tortix in Oregon. Journal Economic Entomology, 42:37-40.

Schwartz JL, Lyon RL, 1970. Laboratory culture of orange tortrix, and its susceptibility to four insecticides. Journal Economic Entomology, 63:1788-1790.

Swezey SL, Werner MR, Buchanan M, Allison J, 1998. Comparison of conventional and organic apple production systems during three years of conversion to organic management in coastal California. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 13(4):162-180; 70 ref.

Walker KR, Welter SC, 1999. Effects of lure dose on efficacy of pheromone traps for monitoring Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in California apple orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology, 92(3):574-582; 30 ref.

Wolf WA, Roelofs WL, 1983. A chain-shortening reaction in orange tortrix moth sex pheromone biosynthesis. Insect Biochemistry, 13(4):375-379

Zalom F, Pickel C, 1988. Spatial and seasonal distribution of damage to apples by Argyrotpnia citrana (Fernald) and Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 5(1):11-15

Zaviezo T, Mills N, 1999. Aspects of the biology of Hyssopus pallidus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the codling moth (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Environmental Entomology, 28(4):748-754; 39 ref.

Distribution Maps

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Distribution map USA: Restricted distribution
Powell, 1964USA: Restricted distribution
Powell, 1964USA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the countryUSA
See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Present, no further details
  • = Evidence of pathogen
  • = Widespread
  • = Last reported
  • = Localised
  • = Presence unconfirmed
  • = Confined and subject to quarantine
  • = See regional map for distribution within the country
  • = Occasional or few reports
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Distribution map (asia)
Distribution map (europe)
Distribution map (africa)
Distribution map (north america) USA: Restricted distribution
Powell, 1964California: Restricted distribution
Basinger, 1938; Kido et al., 1971; Quayle, 1910; Penny, 1921Oregon: Restricted distribution
Rosenstiel, 1949; LaLone, 1980Washington: Restricted distribution
Breakey & Batchelor, 1948
Distribution map (central america) USA: Restricted distribution
Powell, 1964
Distribution map (south america)
Distribution map (pacific)